NASA Engineers Revive Long-Dormant Thrusters on Voyager 1, the Farthest Spacecraft From Earth, in a 'Miracle Save'
NASA Engineers Revive Long-Dormant Thrusters on Voyager 1, the Farthest Spacecraft From Earth, in a ‘Miracle ’
In the nick of time, NASA teams addressed clogging issues in the probe’s backup roll thrusters, before the only antenna capable of sending commands to it went offline
An artistic rendering of one of the Voyager probes.
NASA/JPL-Caltech
In a nail-biting mission to secure Voyager 1 before the only antenna that can send commands to the spacecraft goes offline for upgrades, NASA engineers revived thrusters aboard the probe that have been considered dead for more than two decades.
“It was such a glorious moment,” Todd Barber, the mission’s propulsion lead at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, says in a statement. “Team morale was very high that day.”
Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 launched in 1977 to study Jupiter and Saturn as well as examine some of the planets’ moons. Since then, however, their mission has been repeatedly extended. The pair of probes also investigated Uranus and Neptune, 48 moons in the solar system and achieved what no human-made object had ever done before: They entered interstellar space. Voyager 1 first left our solar system in 2012, and Voyager 2 followed in 2018. Needless to say, the probes have transcended their mission, which was originally intended to last just five years, per Mashable’s Elisha Sauers.
The aging Voyagers have hit several hiccups in recent years, and the latest involved Voyager 1’s roll thrusters. Among various propulsion devices, the roll thrusters rotate the probes, keeping the antennas facing toward Earth for communication and the spacecraft pointed at a guide star, which is used for orientation. Each has a primary and backup set of roll thrusters, which NASA engineers toggle between using to avoid clogging their fuel tubes from overuse.
In 2004, however, Voyager 1’s primary roll thrusters stopped working after two internal heaters lost power, according to NASA’s statement. The team concluded that the heaters were as good as dead and continued the mission with only the backup roll thrusters.
“I think at that time, the team was OK with accepting that the primary roll thrusters didn’t work, because they had a perfectly good backup,” Kareem Badaruddin, Voyager mission manager at JPL, explains in the statement. “And frankly, they probably didn’t think the Voyagers were going to keep going for another 20 years.” After all, “it’s amazing that the two spacecraft are still working,” as former Voyager project scientist Ed Stone toldSpace.com’s Mike Wall in 2017, four decades after the mission’s launch.Now, the backup roll thrusters’ fuel tubes have accumulated enough buildup residue to likely cause serious problems later this year, so the team decided to re-evaluate the situation. Their work was even more time-sensitive given that Australia’s Deep Space Station 43—the only antenna in NASA’s Deep Space Network powerful enough to send commands to Voyager 1 and 2—was about to go offline. Planned upgrades between May 4, 2025, and February of next year are making it unusable, with only brief windows of operation in August and December.
Without the antenna, the team can’t send instructions to either probe. And if the backup roll thruster were to become totally clogged while the antenna is offline, it might be impossible for engineers to fix the issue.
The team suggested the thrusters’ heaters had stopped working because their circuits had unexpectedly flipped a switch back in 2004. If engineers could get the probe to flip the switch back, that might fix the problem.
Testing out this solution, however, was risky, because it first required turning the primary thrusters on, then flipping the switch and restarting the heaters. With the long-dormant thrusters operating, they were at risk of automatically firing if Voyager 1 moved too far from its guiding star. If this happened while the heaters were still off, it could result in an explosion. In other words, the engineers needed to keep the star tracker pointed as closely as possible to the guiding star while working.
As if that wasn’t dramatic enough, it currently takes around 23 hours for scientists’ command to reach Voyager 1, and then another 23 hours for the probe’s response to return to Earth. The team thus had to wait around two days to see if their approach had worked. If it hadn’t, they wouldn’t receive that message until 23 hours after their command might have already caused serious damage.
Fortunately, after the team sent their command in March, Voyager 1 reported a strong rise in the thruster heaters’ temperatures—a sign of success.
“These thrusters were considered dead. And that was a legitimate conclusion. It’s just that one of our engineers had this insight that maybe there was this other possible cause, and it was fixable,” Barber says in the statement. “It was yet another miracle save for Voyager.”
This isn’t the first time a team has had to scramble to keep a Voyager spacecraft alive. Given the mission’s unexpected longevity, NASA scientists and engineers must continuously mitigate age-related maintenance problems on the probes, per Space.com’s Samantha Mathewson.
Last fall, for instance, engineers briefly lost touch with Voyager 1 when it turned off its primary radio transmitter to save power. Instead, the probe reconnected with NASA using a backup transmitter that hadn’t been used in more than four decades. Voyager 1 also spent months sending incomprehensible data back to Earth, until NASA teams figured out a fix. Voyager 2 is not immune from these issues—it also dropped communication with NASA for some time in 2023.
Teams have begun shutting off certain instruments on the probes to preserve power. By doing so, NASA suggests the two spacecraft will be able to operate with at least one instrument into the next decade. Even once they lose power and the ability to communicate with scientists back on Earth, however, the probes will continue to silently travel away from our planet.
“In the absence of sun or wind or anything that’s going to wear them down, they could easily outlast us—our entire civilization, outlast our planet,” Jim Bell, an Arizona State University planetary scientist and author of the book, The Interstellar Age: Inside the Forty-Year Voyager Mission, told Scientific American’s Clara Moskowitz in 2015. “The Earth will eventually be swallowed by the sun and the Voyagers could still be out there.”
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NASA Engineers Revive Long-Dormant Thrusters on Voyager 1, the Farthest Spacecraft From Earth, in a 'Miracle Save'
NASA Engineers Revive Long-Dormant Thrusters on Voyager 1, the Farthest Spacecraft From Earth, in a ‘Miracle ’
In the nick of time, NASA teams addressed clogging issues in the probe’s backup roll thrusters, before the only antenna capable of sending commands to it went offline
An artistic rendering of one of the Voyager probes.
NASA/JPL-Caltech
In a nail-biting mission to secure Voyager 1 before the only antenna that can send commands to the spacecraft goes offline for upgrades, NASA engineers revived thrusters aboard the probe that have been considered dead for more than two decades.
“It was such a glorious moment,” Todd Barber, the mission’s propulsion lead at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, says in a statement. “Team morale was very high that day.”
Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 launched in 1977 to study Jupiter and Saturn as well as examine some of the planets’ moons. Since then, however, their mission has been repeatedly extended. The pair of probes also investigated Uranus and Neptune, 48 moons in the solar system and achieved what no human-made object had ever done before: They entered interstellar space. Voyager 1 first left our solar system in 2012, and Voyager 2 followed in 2018. Needless to say, the probes have transcended their mission, which was originally intended to last just five years, per Mashable’s Elisha Sauers.
The aging Voyagers have hit several hiccups in recent years, and the latest involved Voyager 1’s roll thrusters. Among various propulsion devices, the roll thrusters rotate the probes, keeping the antennas facing toward Earth for communication and the spacecraft pointed at a guide star, which is used for orientation. Each has a primary and backup set of roll thrusters, which NASA engineers toggle between using to avoid clogging their fuel tubes from overuse.
In 2004, however, Voyager 1’s primary roll thrusters stopped working after two internal heaters lost power, according to NASA’s statement. The team concluded that the heaters were as good as dead and continued the mission with only the backup roll thrusters.
“I think at that time, the team was OK with accepting that the primary roll thrusters didn’t work, because they had a perfectly good backup,” Kareem Badaruddin, Voyager mission manager at JPL, explains in the statement. “And frankly, they probably didn’t think the Voyagers were going to keep going for another 20 years.” After all, “it’s amazing that the two spacecraft are still working,” as former Voyager project scientist Ed Stone toldSpace.com’s Mike Wall in 2017, four decades after the mission’s launch.Now, the backup roll thrusters’ fuel tubes have accumulated enough buildup residue to likely cause serious problems later this year, so the team decided to re-evaluate the situation. Their work was even more time-sensitive given that Australia’s Deep Space Station 43—the only antenna in NASA’s Deep Space Network powerful enough to send commands to Voyager 1 and 2—was about to go offline. Planned upgrades between May 4, 2025, and February of next year are making it unusable, with only brief windows of operation in August and December.
Without the antenna, the team can’t send instructions to either probe. And if the backup roll thruster were to become totally clogged while the antenna is offline, it might be impossible for engineers to fix the issue.
The team suggested the thrusters’ heaters had stopped working because their circuits had unexpectedly flipped a switch back in 2004. If engineers could get the probe to flip the switch back, that might fix the problem.
Testing out this solution, however, was risky, because it first required turning the primary thrusters on, then flipping the switch and restarting the heaters. With the long-dormant thrusters operating, they were at risk of automatically firing if Voyager 1 moved too far from its guiding star. If this happened while the heaters were still off, it could result in an explosion. In other words, the engineers needed to keep the star tracker pointed as closely as possible to the guiding star while working.
As if that wasn’t dramatic enough, it currently takes around 23 hours for scientists’ command to reach Voyager 1, and then another 23 hours for the probe’s response to return to Earth. The team thus had to wait around two days to see if their approach had worked. If it hadn’t, they wouldn’t receive that message until 23 hours after their command might have already caused serious damage.
Fortunately, after the team sent their command in March, Voyager 1 reported a strong rise in the thruster heaters’ temperatures—a sign of success.
“These thrusters were considered dead. And that was a legitimate conclusion. It’s just that one of our engineers had this insight that maybe there was this other possible cause, and it was fixable,” Barber says in the statement. “It was yet another miracle save for Voyager.”
This isn’t the first time a team has had to scramble to keep a Voyager spacecraft alive. Given the mission’s unexpected longevity, NASA scientists and engineers must continuously mitigate age-related maintenance problems on the probes, per Space.com’s Samantha Mathewson.
Last fall, for instance, engineers briefly lost touch with Voyager 1 when it turned off its primary radio transmitter to save power. Instead, the probe reconnected with NASA using a backup transmitter that hadn’t been used in more than four decades. Voyager 1 also spent months sending incomprehensible data back to Earth, until NASA teams figured out a fix. Voyager 2 is not immune from these issues—it also dropped communication with NASA for some time in 2023.
Teams have begun shutting off certain instruments on the probes to preserve power. By doing so, NASA suggests the two spacecraft will be able to operate with at least one instrument into the next decade. Even once they lose power and the ability to communicate with scientists back on Earth, however, the probes will continue to silently travel away from our planet.
“In the absence of sun or wind or anything that’s going to wear them down, they could easily outlast us—our entire civilization, outlast our planet,” Jim Bell, an Arizona State University planetary scientist and author of the book, The Interstellar Age: Inside the Forty-Year Voyager Mission, told Scientific American’s Clara Moskowitz in 2015. “The Earth will eventually be swallowed by the sun and the Voyagers could still be out there.”
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