The Smithsonian Transfers Rare 2,300-Year-Old Silk Manuscripts to China
The Smithsonian Transfers Rare 2,300-Year-Old Silk Manuscripts to China
The Zidanku Silk Manuscripts were smuggled into the United States in the 1940s. Scholars say they provide remarkable insights into ancient Chinese philosophy and religion
Newly transferred fragments of the Zidanku Silk Manuscripts on view in Beijing on May 18
Fu Tian / China News Service / VCG via Getty Images
In the early hours of May 18, an airplane touched down in Beijing carrying precious cargo: fragile fragments of 2,300-year-old philosophical texts, which were making a long-awaited homecoming.
The Zidanku Silk Manuscripts arrived from Washington, D.C., where the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Asian Arthad formally deaccessioned them several days earlier during a ceremony at the Chinese Embassy. The museum transferred the artifacts to China’s National Cultural Heritage Administration, ending their 79-year voyage overseas.
“As a museum of Asian art, much of our work engages with cultures around the globe,” Chase F. Robinson, the director of the museum, tells Smithsonian magazine in an email. “We value the work that we do with our international partners. These relationships allow us to serve as a global and national resource for understanding the arts and cultures of Asia and their interaction with America, past and present.”
The museum acquired the manuscripts in 1992, when it received fragments known as Volumes II and III in a bamboo basket as a gift from an anonymous donor. Volume I is privately owned and was not included in the recent transfer.
Dating to around 300 B.C.E., the Zidanku Manuscripts are the oldest known silk manuscripts found in China and the only ones from the Warring States period. They’re thought to be a divination guide that offers rare insights into ancient Chinese philosophy and religion.
Fragments of Volumes II and III of the Zidanku Silk Manuscripts
National Museum of Asian Art, Smithsonian Institution
Volume II, also known as “Wuxing Ling,” contains lunar calendar illustrations and accompanying text that explains “seasonal taboos and auspicious practices,” per the Chinese news agency Xinhua. The texts in Volume III, or “Gongshou Zhan,” are arranged in a rare circular pattern and are read clockwise. They may offer guidance for attacking and defending cities.
“The Dead Sea Scrolls are foundational to understanding the religious roots of Judaism and Christianity,” Li Ling, a scholar of Chinese studies at Peking University, tells the Chinese broadcaster CCTV, per South China Morning Post’s Luna Sun. “The Zidanku manuscripts are no less vital to Chinese civilization. They speak to our ancient knowledge systems, our understanding of the cosmos and the details of everyday life.”
In the 1940s, the manuscript fragments were looted from a tomb near the city of Changsha in China’s Hunan Province. A Chinese collector gave them to John Hadley Cox, an American collector who brought them back to the United States.
Arthur M. Sackler, a pharmaceutical marketer and art collector, bought Volume I, the most complete portion of the manuscript, in 1965. Questions surrounding how the other two volumes arrived at the Smithsonian remain largely “unsettled,” Robinson tells the Art Newspaper’s Gabriella Angeleti.
“In the case of these particular manuscripts, there are gaps,” he adds. “Our colleagues in China have done an excellent job of piecing together whatever evidence there is.”
Museum officials say the transfer resulted from a collaboration with China’s National Cultural Heritage Administration. Because the decision wasn’t based on provenance research, it was processed through the museum’s standard deaccession protocols.While the fragments never went on display at the museum, they have been “documented, researched, diligently preserved and undergone scientific analysis,” according to a statement from the museum. They have also been the subject of scholarship, including Li’s two-volume monograph The Chu Silk Manuscripts from Zidanku, Changsha, published in 2020 and 2025.
Efforts to secure the transfer of the manuscript fragments began in 2022, after the Smithsonian issued a new ethical returns policy that detailed how to handle objects in its collections that it “would not have acquired under present-day ethical and professional standards.”
“This transfer reflects a carefully considered decision, grounded in our focus on sound stewardship and the belief that these materials belong in dialogue with their cultural and archaeological context,” Robinson says in the statement.
While the physical manuscripts have returned to China and will go on view at the National Museum of China in July, the Smithsonian will retain digital versions of the documents for further research.
At last week’s ceremony, Xie Feng, China’s ambassador to the U.S., noted that more than 40 artifacts had been returned to China from the U.S. since the beginning of this year, per the South China Morning Post.
“The return of the Zidanku manuscripts reflects a national revival as lost treasures of Chinese civilization make their way home,” he said.
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#smithsonian #transfers #rare #2300yearold #silk
The Smithsonian Transfers Rare 2,300-Year-Old Silk Manuscripts to China
The Smithsonian Transfers Rare 2,300-Year-Old Silk Manuscripts to China
The Zidanku Silk Manuscripts were smuggled into the United States in the 1940s. Scholars say they provide remarkable insights into ancient Chinese philosophy and religion
Newly transferred fragments of the Zidanku Silk Manuscripts on view in Beijing on May 18
Fu Tian / China News Service / VCG via Getty Images
In the early hours of May 18, an airplane touched down in Beijing carrying precious cargo: fragile fragments of 2,300-year-old philosophical texts, which were making a long-awaited homecoming.
The Zidanku Silk Manuscripts arrived from Washington, D.C., where the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Asian Arthad formally deaccessioned them several days earlier during a ceremony at the Chinese Embassy. The museum transferred the artifacts to China’s National Cultural Heritage Administration, ending their 79-year voyage overseas.
“As a museum of Asian art, much of our work engages with cultures around the globe,” Chase F. Robinson, the director of the museum, tells Smithsonian magazine in an email. “We value the work that we do with our international partners. These relationships allow us to serve as a global and national resource for understanding the arts and cultures of Asia and their interaction with America, past and present.”
The museum acquired the manuscripts in 1992, when it received fragments known as Volumes II and III in a bamboo basket as a gift from an anonymous donor. Volume I is privately owned and was not included in the recent transfer.
Dating to around 300 B.C.E., the Zidanku Manuscripts are the oldest known silk manuscripts found in China and the only ones from the Warring States period. They’re thought to be a divination guide that offers rare insights into ancient Chinese philosophy and religion.
Fragments of Volumes II and III of the Zidanku Silk Manuscripts
National Museum of Asian Art, Smithsonian Institution
Volume II, also known as “Wuxing Ling,” contains lunar calendar illustrations and accompanying text that explains “seasonal taboos and auspicious practices,” per the Chinese news agency Xinhua. The texts in Volume III, or “Gongshou Zhan,” are arranged in a rare circular pattern and are read clockwise. They may offer guidance for attacking and defending cities.
“The Dead Sea Scrolls are foundational to understanding the religious roots of Judaism and Christianity,” Li Ling, a scholar of Chinese studies at Peking University, tells the Chinese broadcaster CCTV, per South China Morning Post’s Luna Sun. “The Zidanku manuscripts are no less vital to Chinese civilization. They speak to our ancient knowledge systems, our understanding of the cosmos and the details of everyday life.”
In the 1940s, the manuscript fragments were looted from a tomb near the city of Changsha in China’s Hunan Province. A Chinese collector gave them to John Hadley Cox, an American collector who brought them back to the United States.
Arthur M. Sackler, a pharmaceutical marketer and art collector, bought Volume I, the most complete portion of the manuscript, in 1965. Questions surrounding how the other two volumes arrived at the Smithsonian remain largely “unsettled,” Robinson tells the Art Newspaper’s Gabriella Angeleti.
“In the case of these particular manuscripts, there are gaps,” he adds. “Our colleagues in China have done an excellent job of piecing together whatever evidence there is.”
Museum officials say the transfer resulted from a collaboration with China’s National Cultural Heritage Administration. Because the decision wasn’t based on provenance research, it was processed through the museum’s standard deaccession protocols.While the fragments never went on display at the museum, they have been “documented, researched, diligently preserved and undergone scientific analysis,” according to a statement from the museum. They have also been the subject of scholarship, including Li’s two-volume monograph The Chu Silk Manuscripts from Zidanku, Changsha, published in 2020 and 2025.
Efforts to secure the transfer of the manuscript fragments began in 2022, after the Smithsonian issued a new ethical returns policy that detailed how to handle objects in its collections that it “would not have acquired under present-day ethical and professional standards.”
“This transfer reflects a carefully considered decision, grounded in our focus on sound stewardship and the belief that these materials belong in dialogue with their cultural and archaeological context,” Robinson says in the statement.
While the physical manuscripts have returned to China and will go on view at the National Museum of China in July, the Smithsonian will retain digital versions of the documents for further research.
At last week’s ceremony, Xie Feng, China’s ambassador to the U.S., noted that more than 40 artifacts had been returned to China from the U.S. since the beginning of this year, per the South China Morning Post.
“The return of the Zidanku manuscripts reflects a national revival as lost treasures of Chinese civilization make their way home,” he said.
Get the latest stories in your inbox every weekday.
#smithsonian #transfers #rare #2300yearold #silk
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