The artificial-intelligence company has told investors it raised $5 billion in its latest funding round.

A movie poster is made to promote a film. Hung on a wall at home, it becomes an advertisement for a sense of self.

Cynthia Erivo and Ariana Grande star in director Jon M. Chus lavishly entertaining adaptation of the Broadway hit set in the land of Oz.

Qubits on rails Qubit that makes most errors obvious now available to customers Can a small machine that makes error correction easier upend the market? John Timmer Nov 20, 2024 3:58 pm | 9 A graphic representation of the two resonance cavities that can hold photons, along with a channel that lets the photon move between them. Credit: Quantum Circuits A graphic representation of the two resonance cavities that can hold photons, along with a channel that lets the photon move between them. Credit: Quantum Circuits Story textSizeSmallStandardLargeWidth *StandardWideLinksStandardOrange* Subscribers only Learn moreWe're nearing the end of the year, and there are typically a flood of announcements regarding quantum computers around now, in part because some companies want to live up to promised schedules. Most of these involve evolutionary improvements on previous generations of hardware. But this year, we have something new: the first company to market with a new qubit technology.The technology is called a dual-rail qubit, and it is intended to make the most common form of error trivially easy to detect in hardware, thus making error correction far more efficient. And, while tech giant Amazon has been experimenting with them, a startup called Quantum Circuits is the first to give the public access to dual-rail qubits via a cloud service.While the tech is interesting on its own, it also provides us with a window into how the field as a whole is thinking about getting error-corrected quantum computing to work.Whats a dual-rail qubit?Dual-rail qubits are variants of the hardware used in transmons, the qubits favored by companies like Google and IBM. The basic hardware unit links a loop of superconducting wire to a tiny cavity that allows microwave photons to resonate. This setup allows the presence of microwave photons in the resonator to influence the behavior of the current in the wire and vice versa. In a transmon, microwave photons are used to control the current. But there are other companies that have hardware that does the reverse, controlling the state of the photons by altering the current.Dual-rail qubits use two of these systems linked together, allowing photons to move from the resonator to the other. Using the superconducting loops, it's possible to control the probability that a photon will end up in the left or right resonator. The actual location of the photon will remain unknown until it's measured, allowing the system as a whole to hold a single bit of quantum informationa qubit.This has an obvious disadvantage: You have to build twice as much hardware for the same number of qubits. So why bother? Because the vast majority of errors involve the loss of the photon, and that's easily detected. "It's about 90 percent or more [of the errors]," said Quantum Circuits' Andrei Petrenko. "So it's a huge advantage that we have with photon loss over other errors. And that's actually what makes the error correction a lot more efficient: The fact that photon losses are by far the dominant error."Petrenko said that, without doing a measurement that would disrupt the storage of the qubit, it's possible to determine if there is an odd number of photons in the hardware. If that isn't the case, you know an error has occurredmost likely a photon loss (gains of photons are rare but do occur). For simple algorithms, this would be a signal to simply start over.But it does not eliminate the need for error correction if we want to do more complex computations that can't make it to completion without encountering an error. There's still the remaining 10 percent of errors, which are primarily something called a phase flip that is distinct to quantum systems. Bit flips are even more rare in dual-rail setups. Finally, simply knowing that a photon was lost doesn't tell you everything you need to know to fix the problem; error-correction measurements of other parts of the logical qubit are still needed to fix any problems. The layout of the new machine. Each qubit (gray square) involves a left and right resonance chamber (blue dots) that a photon can move between. Each of the qubits has connections that allow entanglement with its nearest neighbors. Credit: Quantum Circuits In fact, the initial hardware that's being made available is too small to even approach useful computations. Instead, Quantum Circuits chose to link eight qubits with nearest-neighbor connections in order to allow it to host a single logical qubit that enables error correction. Put differently: this machine is meant to enable people to learn how to use the unique features of dual-rail qubits to improve error correction.One consequence of having this distinctive hardware is that the software stack that controls operations needs to take advantage of its error detection capabilities. None of the other hardware on the market can be directly queried to determine whether it has encountered an error. So, Quantum Circuits has had to develop its own software stack to allow users to actually benefit from dual-rail qubits. Petrenko said that the company also chose to provide access to its hardware via its own cloud service because it wanted to connect directly with the early adopters in order to better understand their needs and expectations.Numbers or noise?Given that a number of companies have already released multiple revisions of their quantum hardware and have scaled them into hundreds of individual qubits, it may seem a bit strange to see a company enter the market now with a machine that has just a handful of qubits. But amazingly, Quantum Circuits isn't alone in planning a relatively late entry into the market with hardware that only hosts a few qubits.Having talked with several of them, there is a logic to what they're doing. What follows is my attempt to convey that logic in a general form, without focusing on any single company's case.Everyone agrees that the future of quantum computation is error correction, which requires linking together multiple hardware qubits into a single unit termed a logical qubit. To get really robust, error-free performance, you have two choices. One is to devote lots of hardware qubits to the logical qubit, so you can handle multiple errors at once. Or you can lower the error rate of the hardware, so that you can get a logical qubit with equivalent performance while using fewer hardware qubits. (The two options aren't mutually exclusive, and everyone will need to do a bit of both.)The two options pose very different challenges. Improving the hardware error rate means diving into the physics of individual qubits and the hardware that controls them. In other words, getting lasers that have fewer of the inevitable fluctuations in frequency and energy. Or figuring out how to manufacture loops of superconducting wire with fewer defects or handle stray charges on the surface of electronics. These are relatively hard problems.By contrast, scaling qubit count largely involves being able to consistently do something you already know how to do. So, if you already know how to make good superconducting wire, you simply need to make a few thousand instances of that wire instead of a few dozen. The electronics that will trap an atom can be made in a way that will make it easier to make them thousands of times. These are mostly engineering problems, and generally of similar complexity to problems we've already solved to make the electronics revolution happen.In other words, within limits, scaling is a much easier problem to solve than errors. It's still going to be extremely difficult to get the millions of hardware qubits we'd need to error correct complex algorithms on today's hardware. But if we can get the error rate down a bit, we can use smaller logical qubits and might only need 10,000 hardware qubits, which will be more approachable.Errors firstAnd there's evidence that even the early entries in quantum computing have reasoned the same way. Google has been working iterations of the same chip design since its 2019 quantum supremacy announcement, focusing on understanding the errors that occur on improved versions of that chip. IBM made hitting the 1,000 qubit mark a major goal but has since been focused on reducing the error rate in smaller processors. Someone at a quantum computing startup once told us it would be trivial to trap more atoms in its hardware and boost the qubit count, but there wasn't much point in doing so given the error rates of the qubits on the then-current generation machine.The new companies entering this market now are making the argument that they have a technology that will either radically reduce the error rate or make handling the errors that do occur much easier. Quantum Circuits clearly falls into the latter category, as dual-rail qubits are entirely about making the most common form of error trivial to detect. The former category includes companies like Oxford Ionics, which has indicated it can perform single-qubit gates with a fidelity of over 99.9991 percent. Or Alice & Bob, which stores qubits in the behavior of multiple photons in a single resonance cavity, making them very robust to the loss of individual photons.These companies are betting that they have distinct technology that will let them handle error rate issues more effectively than established players. That will lower the total scaling they need to do, and scaling will be an easier problem overalland one that they may already have the pieces in place to handle. Quantum Circuits' Petrenko, for example, told Ars, "I think that we're at the point where we've gone through a number of iterations of this qubit architecture where we've de-risked a number of the engineering roadblocks." And Oxford Ionics told us that if they could make the electronics they use to trap ions in their hardware once, it would be easy to mass manufacture them.None of this should imply that these companies will have it easy compared to a startup that already has experience with both reducing errors and scaling, or a giant like Google or IBM that has the resources to do both. But it does explain why, even at this stage in quantum computing's development, we're still seeing startups enter the field.John TimmerSenior Science EditorJohn TimmerSenior Science Editor John is Ars Technica's science editor. He has a Bachelor of Arts in Biochemistry from Columbia University, and a Ph.D. in Molecular and Cell Biology from the University of California, Berkeley. When physically separated from his keyboard, he tends to seek out a bicycle, or a scenic location for communing with his hiking boots. 9 Comments Prev story

Best Hail-Mary Revenue for Publishers 2024 Google stops letting sites like Forbes rule search for Best CBD Gummies If you've noticed strange sites on "Best" product searches, so has Google. Kevin Purdy Nov 20, 2024 2:47 pm | 46 Credit: Getty Images Credit: Getty Images Story textSizeSmallStandardLargeWidth *StandardWideLinksStandardOrange* Subscribers only Learn more"Updating our site reputation abuse policy" is how Google, in almost wondrously opaque fashion, announced yesterday that big changes have come to some big websites, especially those that rely on their domain authority to promote lucrative third-party product recommendations.If you've searched for reviews and seen results that make you ask why so many old-fashioned news sites seem to be "reviewing" products latelyespecially products outside that site's expertisethat's what Google is targeting."This is a tactic where third-party content is published on a host site in an attempt to take advantage of the host's already-established ranking signals," Google's post on its Search Central blog reads. "The goal of this tactic is for the content to rank better than it could otherwise on a different site, and leads to a bad search experience for users."Search firm Sistrix cited the lost traffic to the third-party review content inside Forbes, The Wall Street Journal, CNN, Fortune, and Time as worth $7.5 million last week, according to AdWeek. Search rankings dropped by up to 97 percent at Time's affiliate review site, Time Stamped, and 43 percent at Forbes Advisor. The drops are isolated to the affiliate subdomains of the sites, so their news-minded primary URLs still rank where relevant.Trusted names in CBD gummies and pet insuranceThe "site reputation abuse" Google is targeting takes many forms, but it has one common theme: using an established site's domain history to quietly sell things. Forbes, a well-established business news site, has an ownership stake in Forbes Marketplace (named Forbes Advisor in site copy) but does not fully own it.Under the strength of Forbes' long-existing and well-linked site, Forbes Marketplace/Advisor has dominated the search term "best cbd gummies" for "an eternity," according to SEO analyst Lily Ray. Forbes has similarly dominated "best pet insurance," and long came up as the second result for "how to get rid of roaches," as detailed in a blog post by Lars Lofgren. If people click on this high-ranking result, and then click on a link to buy a product or request a roach removal consultation, Forbes typically gets a cut.Forbes Marketplace had seemingly also provided SEO-minded review services to CNN and USA Today, as detailed by Lofgren. Lofgren's term for this business, "Parasite SEO," took hold in corners critical of the trend. Ars has contacted Forbes for comment and will update this post with response.The unfair, exploitative nature of parasite SEOGoogle writes that it had reviewed "situations where there might be varying degrees of first-party involvement" (most publishers' review sites indicate some kind of oversight or editorial standards linked to the primary site). But however arranged, "no amount of first-party involvement alters the fundamental third-party nature of the content or the unfair, exploitative nature of attempting to take advantage of the host sites' ranking signals."As such, using third-party content in such a way as to take advantage of a high search quality ranking, outside the site's primary focus, is considered spam. That delivers a major hit to a site's Google ranking, and the impact is already being felt.The SEO reordering does not affect more established kinds of third-party content, like wire service reports, syndication, or well-marked sponsored content, as detailed in Google's spam policy section about site reputation abuse. As seen on the SEO subreddit, and on social media, Google has given sites running afoul of its updated policy a "Manual Action" rather than relying only on its algorithm to catch the often opaque arrangements.Kevin PurdySenior Technology ReporterKevin PurdySenior Technology Reporter Kevin is a senior technology reporter at Ars Technica, covering open-source software, PC gaming, home automation, repairability, e-bikes, and tech history. He has previously worked at Lifehacker, Wirecutter, iFixit, and Carbon Switch. 46 Comments

Lisa Morgan, Freelance WriterNovember 20, 20248 Min ReadEgor Kotenko via Alamy Stock Digital transformation changed the nature of the IT/business partnership. Specifically, IT has become a driving force in reducing operating costs, making the workforce more productive and improving value streams. These shifts are also reflected in the way IT is structured."When it comes to recruiting and attracting IT talent, it is time for IT leadership to shine. Their involvement in the process needs to be much more active to find the resources that teams need right now. And more than anything, its not the shiny new roles we are struggling to hire for. Its [the] on-prem network engineer and cloud architect you need to drive business outcomes right now. Its the cybersecurity analyst, says Brittany Lutes, research director at Info-Tech Research Group in an email interview.Most organizations arent sunsetting roles, she says. Instead, theyre more focused on retaining talent and ensuring that talent has the right skills and degree of competency in those skills.It takes time to hire new resources, ensure the institutional knowledge is understood, and then get those people to continue learning new skills or applications of the skills they were hired for, says Lutes. We are better off to retain people, explore opportunities to bring in new levels or job titles with HR to satisfy development desires, and understand what the new foundational and technical skills exist that we need to grow in our organization. We have opportunities to use technology in exciting new ways to make every role from CIO to the service desk analyst more efficient and more engaging. This year I think many organizations will work to embrace that.Related:Brittany Lutes, Info-Tech Research GroupBusiness and Technology Shifts Mean IT Changes?Julia Stalnaya, CEO and founder of B2B hiring platform Unbench, believes IT hiring in 2025 is poised for significant transformation, shaped by technological advancements, evolving workforce expectations and changing business needs.The 2024 layoffs across tech industries have introduced new dynamics into the hiring process for 2025. Companies [are] adapting to leaner staffing models increasingly turn to subcontracting and flexible hiring solutions, says Stalnaya.There are several drivers behind these changes. They include technological advancements such as data-driven recruitment, AI and automation.As a result of the pandemic, remote work expanded the talent pool beyond geographical boundaries, allowing companies to hire top talent from diverse locations. This trend necessitates more flexible work arrangements and a shift in how companies handle employee engagement and collaboration.Related:Skills-based hiring will focus more on specific skills and less on traditional qualifications. This reflects the need for targeted competencies aligned with business objectives, says Stalnaya. This trend is significant for roles in rapidly evolving fields like AI, cloud engineering and cybersecurity.Some traditional IT roles will continue to decline as AI takes on more routine tasks while other roles grow. She anticipates the following:AI specialists who work across departments to deploy intelligent systems that enhance productivity and innovationCybersecurity experts, including ethical hackers, cybersecurity analysts and cloud security specialists. In addition to protecting data, they will also help ensure compliance with security standards and develop strategies to safeguard against emerging threats.Data analysts and scientists who help the business leverage insights for strategic decision-makingBlockchain developers able to build decentralized solutionsHowever, organizations must invest in training and development and embrace flexible work options if they want to attract and keep talent, which may conflict with mandatory return to office (RTO) policies.Related:The 2024 layoffs have had a profound impact on the IT hiring landscape. With increased competition for fewer roles, companies now have access to a larger talent pool. Still, they must adapt their recruitment strategies to attract top candidates who are selective about company culture, flexibility and growth opportunities, says Stalnaya. This environment also highlights the importance of subcontracting.Julia Stalnaya, UnbenchGreg Goodin, managing director of talent solutions company EXOS TALENT expects companies to start hiring to get new R&D projects off the ground and to become more competitive.Dont expect it to bounce back to pandemic or necessarily pre-pandemic levels, says Goodin. IT as a career and industry has reached a maturation point where hypergrowth will be more of an outlier and more consistent 3% to 5% year-over-year growth [the norm]. Fiscal responsibility will become the expectation. Hiring trends will most likely run in parallel with this new cycle with compensation leveling out.Whats Changing, Why and How?Interest rates are higher than they have been in recent history, which has directly influenced companies' hiring practices. Not surprisingly, AI has also had an impact, making workforces more productive and reducing costs.Meanwhile, hiring has become more data-driven, enabling organizations to better understand what full-time and contingent labor they need.During the pandemic, companies continued to hire, even if they didnt have a plan for what the new talent would be doing, according to Goodin.This led to a hoarding of employees and spending countless unnecessary dollars to have people essentially doing nothing, says Goodin. This was one of many reasons companies started to reset their workforce with mass layoffs. Expect more thoughtful, data-driven hiring practices to make sure an ROI is being realized for each employee [hired].The IT talent shortage persists, so universities and bootcamps have been attempting to churn out talent thats aligned with market needs. Companies have also had more options, such as hiring internationally, including H-1B visas.Technology moves at a rapid pace, so it is important to maintain an open mind to new ways of solving problems, while not jumping the gun on a passing fad, says Goodin. Continue to invest in your existing workforce and upskill them, when possible. This will lead to better employee engagement [and] decreased costs associated with hiring and training up new talent into your organization.Soft-skills such as communication, character, and emotional quotient will all be that much more coveted in a world utilizing AI and automation to supplement human-beings, he says.IT and the Business IT has always supported the business, but its role is now more of a partnership and a thought leader when it comes to succeeding in an increasingly tech-fueled business environment.By 2025, I believe IT hiring will reflect a new paradigm as the line between IT and other business functions continues to blur, driven by AIs growing role in daily operations. Instead of being confined to back office support, IT will become a foundational aspect of strategic business operations, blending into departments like marketing, finance, and HR. This blur will likely accelerate next year, with roles and responsibilities traditionally managed by IT -- like data security, process automation and analytics -- becoming collaborative efforts with other departments, says Etoulia Salas-Burnett, director of the Center for Digital Business at Howard University. In an email interview This shift demands IT professionals who can bridge technical expertise with business strategy, making the boundary between IT and other business functions increasingly indistinct.In 2025, she believes several newer roles will become more common, including AI integration specialists, AI ethics and compliance officer, digital transformation strategist and automation success managers. Waning titles include help desk technician and network administrator, she says.Stephen Thompson, former VP of Talent at Docusign says the expansion of cloud services and serverless architectures has driven costs up, absorbing a growing portion of IT budgets. In some cases, server expenses rival the total cost of all employees at certain companies.Enterprise organizations are actively seeking integrations with platforms like Salesforce, ServiceNow, and SAP. The serverless shift and the continuous need for integration engineers have required IT departments to evolve, becoming stronger engineering partners and application developers for critical in-house systems in sales, marketing, and HR, says Thompson in an email interview. As a result, 2025 may resemble the 2012 to 2015 period, with new technologies promising growth, and a high demand for scalable engineering expertise. Companies will seek software engineers who not only maintain but also optimize system performance, ensuring a significant return on investment. These professionals turn the seemingly impossible into reality, saving IT departments millions in the process.Green Tech Will Become More PopularFrom smaller AI models to biodegradable and recycled packaging, tech is necessarily becoming greener.We are already seeing many companies review their carbon footprint and prioritize sustainability projects, in response to climate change [and] customer and client demand. CIOs and other tech leaders will likely face more pressure to prove their sustainability and green plans within their IT projects, says Matt Collingwood, founder & managing director at VIQU IT Recruitment. This may include legacy systems needing to be phased out, tracking energy consumption across the business and supply chain, and more. In turn, this will create an increasing demand for IT roles within infrastructure, systems engineering and development.In the meantime, organizations should be mindful about algorithmic and human bias in hiring.Organizations need to make sure that they are hiring inclusively, says Collingwood. This means anonymizing CVs to reduce chances of unconscious bias, as well as putting job adverts through a gender decoder to ensure the business is not inadvertently putting off great female tech professionals.About the AuthorLisa MorganFreelance WriterLisa Morgan is a freelance writer who covers business and IT strategy and emergingtechnology for InformationWeek. She has contributed articles, reports, and other types of content to many technology, business, and mainstream publications and sites including tech pubs, The Washington Post and The Economist Intelligence Unit. Frequent areas of coverage include AI, analytics, cloud, cybersecurity, mobility, software development, and emerging cultural issues affecting the C-suite.See more from Lisa MorganNever Miss a Beat: Get a snapshot of the issues affecting the IT industry straight to your inbox.SIGN-UPYou May Also LikeReportsMore Reports

In recent years, IT job interviews have undergone a significant transformation. The traditional model, characterized by casual face-to-face conversations and subjective evaluations, is gradually being replaced by a more structured, skills-focused approach. This shift reflects a broader change in how organizations value and assess talent, moving away from an overemphasis on degrees in favor of the candidate's actual abilities and accomplishments.Major technology companies like Google, IBM, and Comcast have signed the Tear the Paper Ceiling initiative, signaling a significant change in hiring practices across various industries. In part, these companies are reacting to ongoing IT skill gaps, which IDC predicts will be responsible for more than $5.5 trillion in losses by 2026, causing significant harm to 90% of companies. Especially in an age where online resources for obtaining technical skills are so widely available, this shift will open job opportunities for candidates who possess the capabilities to perform well but lack a degree.The Rise of Structured InterviewsAs the emphasis shifts toward skills-based hiring, the interview process itself is evolving. HR departments are increasingly adopting structured interviews, recognizing their effectiveness in predicting job performance and employee retention compared to less formal traditional approaches.Related:Effectively structured interviews employ consistency in questioning across all candidates for a given position, and these questions focus on real-world applications of skills and achieved results. Structured interviews are most predictive of job performance when conducted by a panel of trained interviewers, and, after the interview is done, each panelist evaluates the candidate using standardized evaluation criteria before they come to a consensus.Preparing for the New Interview LandscapeAs job seekers navigate this evolving landscape, it's important to prepare for skills-based interviews. Here are some key things to consider:1. Analyze the job description: The job description serves as a roadmap for interview preparation. Carefully dissect both explicit and implicit skill requirements, using this information to guide their preparation.2. Brush up on technical proficiency: With the increased likelihood of technical or skills-based questions during the interview process, be prepared to demonstrate your technical abilities that are relevant for the job in real-time. This might entail solving coding challenges or troubleshooting complex scenarios relevant to the role.Related:3. Develop a repertoire of skills stories: Prepare a collection of compelling examples that illustrate how youve applied your skills to achieve results in the past like those that will be required on the job to which you are applying. Dont forget so-called soft skills. Companies are placing an increased emphasis on these for technical positions, so make sure to highlight your experience applying skills like planning, interpersonal communication, teamwork, and problem-solving to overcome challenges or achieve a goal.4. Align with organizational values: Understanding and demonstrating alignment with a companys culture and core values has become increasingly important. Research the organization's ethos and prepare concrete examples from your professional experience that reflect these values.5. Highlight individual contributions: In skills-based interviews, its not enough to simply be part of a successful team. Interviewers want to understand your specific role and contributions to solving problems or achieving goals. When discussing accomplishments, focus on what you contributed to the teams success, the methods and approaches you employed, and the quantifiable outcomes that resulted from these efforts.Related:The Implications of Skills-Based HiringThe shift toward skills-based hiring has far-reaching implications for both job seekers and employers. For candidates, it means a greater emphasis on demonstrating tangible technical and soft skills, including the impact candidates have had, rather than relying solely on what degrees they possess. This approach can level the playing field by allowing individuals to showcase their capabilities regardless of their educational background or prior career path.For employers, skills-based hiring offers the potential for more diverse and capable teams. By focusing on competencies rather than degrees, organizations can tap into a broader talent pool and potentially identify great candidates who would have been arbitrarily rejected in the past because they didnt have a computer science or engineering degree.Embracing the Future of HiringAs we move further into the era of skills-based hiring, both IT job seekers and employers must adjust their approaches. For candidates, this means shifting focus from degrees to capabilities and preparing to demonstrate their core skills and results during the interview process. Its no longer just about having a polished resume; its about being ready to show what you can do.For organizations, the challenge lies in developing robust, fair, and effective skills-based hiring processes. This may involve rethinking job requirements, redesigning interview processes, and investing in new assessment tools.Ultimately, the evolution of job interviews reflects a broader shift in how we value and assess talent in the modern workplace. By embracing these changes and preparing accordingly, both candidates and employers can navigate the workplace more effectively, leading to better matches between individuals and roles, and ultimately, more successful and satisfying professional relationships.

A pigeon-inspired robot has solved the mystery of how birds fly without the vertical tail fins that human-designed aircraft rely on. Its makers say the prototype could eventually lead to passenger aircraft with less drag, reducing fuel consumption.Tail fins, also known as vertical stabilisers, allow aircraft to turn from side to side and help avoid changing direction unintentionally. Some military planes, such as the Northrop B-2 Spirit, are designed without a tail fin because it makes them less visible to radar. Instead, they use flaps that create extra drag on just one side when needed, but this is an inefficient solution. AdvertisementBirds have no vertical fin and also dont seem to deliberately create asymmetric drag. David Lentink at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands and colleagues designed PigeonBot II (pictured below) to investigate how birds stay in control without such a stabiliser.PigeonBot II, a robot designed to mimic the flying techniques of birdsEric ChangThe teams previous model, built in 2020, flew by flapping its wings and changing their shape like a bird, but it still had a traditional aircraft tail. The latest design, which includes 52 real pigeon feathers, has been updated to include a bird-like tail and test flights have been successful. The latest science news delivered to your inbox, every day.Sign up to newsletterLentink says the secret to PigeonBot IIs success is in the reflexive tail movements programmed into it, designed to mimic those known to exist in birds. If you hold a pigeon and tilt it from side to side or back and forward, its tail automatically reacts and moves in complex ways, as if to stabilise the animal in flight. This has long been thought to be the key to birds stability, but now it has been proven by the robotic replica.The researchers programmed a computer to control the nine servomotors in Pigeonbot II to steer the craft using propellers on each wing, but also to automatically twist and fan the tail in response, to create the stability that would normally come from a vertical fin. Lentink says these reflexive movements are so complex that no human could directly fly Pigeonbot II. Instead, the operator issues high level commands to an autopilot, telling it to turn left or right, and a computer on board determines the appropriate control signals.After many unsuccessful tests during which the control systems were refined, it was finally able to take off, cruise and land safely.Now we know the recipe of how to fly without a vertical tail. Vertical tails, even for a passenger aircraft, are just a nuisance. It costs weight, which means fuel consumption, but also drag its just unnecessary drag, says Lentink. If you just copy our solution [for a large scale aircraft] it will work, for sure. [But] if you want to translate this into something thats a little bit easier to manufacture, then there needs to be an additional layer of research.Journal reference:Science Robotics DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.ado4535 Topics:

Leader and EnvironmentBy 2050, 70 per cent of the world's population will live in urban centres - that's just one reason why mayors will be essential to addressing the climate crisis, making vital adaptations to cities to make them more bearable in a warming world 20 November 2024 Guy Corbishley/AlamyIt hasnt been a good year for people who care about climate change. A hoped-for peak in carbon emissions has failed to emerge, meaning we continue to warm the planet at an accelerating rate (see Humanity has warmed the planet by 1.5C since 1700). Meanwhile, the election of Donald Trump for a second term as US president is likely to see the country retreat on climate action, with his pledge to drill, baby, drill for new oil and gas supplies.Similar sentiments towards fossil fuels come from Ilham Aliyev, the president of Azerbaijan, who has called the natural resources of his oil-rich nation a gift from God. Aliyev made the comments at the COP29 climate summit, hosted in Azerbaijans capital, Baku. Ironically, this gift will become increasingly inaccessible as the Caspian Sea dries up in a warming world, stranding billions of dollars of fossil fuel infrastructure (see COP29 host Azerbaijan faces climate disaster as Caspian Sea dries up).In light of this failure by politicians on the international stage to get to grips with the reality of climate change, other leaders need to step up and, surprisingly, city mayors may be best placed to do so.AdvertisementAdapting cities to cope with the specific effects of urban heat will be essentialWhile mayors cant be expected to influence the global climate, they oversee the well-being of the more than 50 per cent of the worlds population who live in urban centres a figure expected to grow to 70 per cent by 2050, at which point temperatures will have risen by 2.5C under current projections. Adapting cities to cope with the specific effects of urban heat will be essential, from promoting green spaces to investing in buildings that can be cooled without air conditioning (see Extreme heat is now making cities unlivable. How can we survive it?).The good news is many mayors are already aware of their responsibilities. Londons mayor, Sadiq Khan, is aiming for the city to reach net zero by 2030. Anne Hidalgo, mayor of Paris, France, has planted trees and banned cars in certain areas. And Karen Bass, mayor of Los Angeles, has promised a green transformation ahead of the city hosting the Olympics in 2028. Organisations like C40 and Climate Mayors are helping unite local politicians across the world in action. This wont solve climate change, but it will make living in a warming world more bearable for many.Topics:

Imagine sitting down with an AI model for a spoken two-hour interview. A friendly voice guides you through a conversation that ranges from your childhood, your formative memories, and your career to your thoughts on immigration policy. Not long after, a virtual replica of you is able to embody your values and preferences with stunning accuracy. Thats now possible, according to a new paper from a team including researchers from Stanford and Google DeepMind, which has been published on arXiv and has not yet been peer-reviewed. Led by Joon Sung Park, a Stanford PhD student in computer science, the team recruited 1,000 people who varied by age, gender, race, region, education, and political ideology. They were paid up to $100 for their participation. From interviews with them, the team created agent replicas of those individuals. As a test of how well the agents mimicked their human counterparts, participants did a series of personality tests, social surveys, and logic games, twice each, two weeks apart; then the agents completed the same exercises. The results were 85% similar. If you can have a bunch of small yous running around and actually making the decisions that you would have madethat, I think, is ultimately the future, Joon says. In the paper the replicas are called simulation agents, and the impetus for creating them is to make it easier for researchers in social sciences and other fields to conduct studies that would be expensive, impractical, or unethical to do with real human subjects. If you can create AI models that behave like real people, the thinking goes, you can use them to test everything from how well interventions on social media combat misinformation to what behaviors cause traffic jams. Such simulation agents are slightly different from the agents that are dominating the work of leading AI companies today. Called tool-based agents, those are models built to do things for you, not converse with you. For example, they might enter data, retrieve information you have stored somewhere, orsomedaybook travel for you and schedule appointments. Salesforce announced its own tool-based agents in September, followed by Anthropic in October, and OpenAI is planning to release some in January, according to Bloomberg. The two types of agents are different but share common ground. Research on simulation agents, like the ones in this paper, is likely to lead to stronger AI agents overall, says John Horton, an associate professor of information technologies at the MIT Sloan School of Management, who founded a company to conduct research using AI-simulated participants. This paper is showing how you can do a kind of hybrid: use real humans to generate personas which can then be used programmatically/in-simulation in ways you could not with real humans, he told MIT Technology Review in an email. The research comes with caveats, not the least of which is the danger that it points to. Just as image generation technology has made it easy to create harmful deepfakes of people without their consent, any agent generation technology raises questions about the ease with which people can build tools to personify others online, saying or authorizing things they didnt intend to say. The evaluation methods the team used to test how well the AI agents replicated their corresponding humans were also fairly basic. These included the General Social Surveywhich collects information on ones demographics, happiness, behaviors, and moreand assessments of the Big Five personality traits: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Such tests are commonly used in social science research but dont pretend to capture all the unique details that make us ourselves. The AI agents were also worse at replicating the humans in behavioral tests like the dictator game, which is meant to illuminate how participants consider values such as fairness. To build an AI agent that replicates people well, the researchers needed ways to distill our uniqueness into language AI models can understand. They chose qualitative interviews to do just that, Joon says. He says he was convinced that interviews are the most efficient way to learn about someone after he appeared on countless podcasts following a 2023 paper that he wrote on generative agents, which sparked a huge amount of interest in the field. I would go on maybe a two-hour podcast podcast interview, and after the interview, I felt like, wow, people know a lot about me now, he says. Two hours can be very powerful. These interviews can also reveal idiosyncrasies that are less likely to show up on a survey. Imagine somebody just had cancer but was finally cured last year. Thats very unique information about you that says a lot about how you might behave and think about things, he says. It would be difficult to craft survey questions that elicit these sorts of memories and responses. Interviews arent the only option, though. Companies that offer to make digital twins of users, like Tavus, can have their AI models ingest customer emails or other data. It tends to take a pretty large data set to replicate someones personality that way, Tavus CEO Hassaan Raza told me, but this new paper suggests a more efficient route. What was really cool here is that they show you might not need that much information, Raza says, adding that his company will experiment with the approach. How about you just talk to an AI interviewer for 30 minutes today, 30 minutes tomorrow? And then we use that to construct this digital twin of you.