#333;">The Universe Will Fizzle Out Way Sooner Than Expected, Scientists Say

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Passant Rabie
Published May 13, 2025

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An illustration of a decaying neutron star.
Daniëlle Futselaar/artsource.nl

Around 13.8 billion years ago, a tiny but dense fireball gave birth to the vast cosmos that holds trillions of galaxies, including the Milky Way.
But our universe is dying, and it’s happening at a much faster rate than scientists previously estimated, according to new research.
The last stellar remnants of the universe will cease to exist in 10 to the power of 78 years (that’s a one with 78 zeros), according to a new estimate from a group of scientists at Radboud University in the Netherlands.
That’s still a long way off from when the universe powers down for good—but it’s a far earlier fade-to-black moment than the previous 10 to the power of 1,100 years estimate.
The new paper, published Monday in the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, is a follow-up to a previous study by the same group of researchers.
In their 2023 study, black hole expert Heino Falcke, quantum physicist Michael Wondrak, and mathematician Walter van Suijlekom suggested that other objects, like neutron stars, could evaporate in much the same way as black holes.
The original theory, developed by Stephen Hawking in 1974, proposed that radiation escaping near a black hole’s event horizon would gradually erode its mass over time.
The phenomenon, known as Hawking radiation, remains one of the most surprising ideas about black holes to this day.
Building on the theory of Hawking radiation, the researchers behind the new paper suggest that the process of erosion depends on the density of the object.
They found that neutron stars and stellar black holes take roughly the same amount of time to decay, an estimated 10 to the power of 67 years.
Although black holes have a stronger gravitational field that should cause them to evaporate faster, they also have no surface so they end up reabsorbing some of their own radiation, “which inhibits the process,” Wondrak said in a statement.
The researchers then calculated how long various celestial bodies would take to evaporate via Hawking-like radiation, leading them to the abbreviated cosmic expiration date. “So the ultimate end of the universe comes much sooner than expected, but fortunately it still takes a very long time,” Falcke said.
The study also estimates that it would take the Moon around 10 to the power of 90 years to evaporate based on Hawking radiation.
“By asking these kinds of questions and looking at extreme cases, we want to better understand the theory, and perhaps one day, we unravel the mystery of Hawking radiation,” van Suijlekom said.
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#666;">المصدر: https://gizmodo.com/the-universe-will-fizzle-out-way-sooner-than-expected-scientists-say-2000601411" style="color: #0066cc; text-decoration: none;">gizmodo.com

#0066cc;">#the #universe #will #fizzle #out #way #sooner #than #expected #scientists #say #passant #rabie #published #may #comments #illustration #decaying #neutron #stardaniëlle #futselaarartsourcenl #around #billion #years #ago #tiny #but #dense #fireball #gave #birth #vast #cosmos #that #holds #trillions #galaxies #including #milky #waybut #our #dying #and #its #happening #much #faster #rate #previously #estimated #according #new #research #last #stellar #remnants #cease #exist #power #thats #one #with #zeros #estimate #from #group #radboud #university #netherlandsthats #still #long #off #when #powers #down #for #goodbut #far #earlier #fadetoblack #moment #previous #estimatethe #paper #monday #journal #cosmology #astroparticle #physics #followup #study #same #researchersin #their #black #hole #expert #heino #falcke #quantum #physicist #michael #wondrak #mathematician #walter #van #suijlekom #suggested #other #objects #like #stars #could #evaporate #holesthe #original #theory #developed #stephen #hawking #proposed #radiation #escaping #near #holes #event #horizon #would #gradually #erode #mass #over #timethe #phenomenon #known #remains #most #surprising #ideas #about #this #daybuilding #researchers #behind #suggest #process #erosion #depends #density #objectthey #found #take #roughly #amount #time #decay #yearsalthough #have #stronger #gravitational #field #should #cause #them #they #also #surface #end #reabsorbing #some #own #which #inhibits #said #statementthe #then #calculated #how #various #celestial #bodies #via #hawkinglike #leading #abbreviated #cosmic #expiration #dateso #ultimate #comes #fortunately #takes #very #saidthe #estimates #moon #based #radiationby #asking #these #kinds #questions #looking #extreme #cases #want #better #understand #perhaps #day #unravel #mystery #saiddaily #newsletteryou #isaac #schultz #march #february #margherita #bassi #january

#333;">GM’s new ‘manganese rich’ battery promises cheaper EVs in 2028

General Motors revealed Tuesday a new battery chemistry called lithium-manganese-rich (LMR), which it says should slash costs while delivering driving range that’s just shy of the most advanced batteries on the market. 
“With LMR, we can deliver over 400-mile range in our in our trucks while significantly reducing our battery costs,” Kurt Kelty, GM’s vice president of battery, propulsion and sustainability, told TechCrunch.
LMR will also dramatically reduce the amount of nickel and cobalt compared with GM’s most advanced cells, two critical minerals that aren’t readily available from domestic sources in the United States.
Today, the Chevrolet Silverado EV uses nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) cells to drive 492 miles on a full charge.
That impressive range comes with a hefty price tag.
The electric trucks start at over $73,000 for the general public (a fleet version costs less).
GM is planning a version with cheaper lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) cells, which would drop the price by $6,000, but also cuts range to 350 miles. 
The new technology would preserve the LFP price cuts without sacrificing as much range.
GM says the new cells will be cheaper for a few reasons.
For one, manganese is cheaper than cobalt or nickel.
The LMR chemistry will have zero to 2% cobalt, 30% – 40% nickel, and 60% – 70% manganese.
That’s significantly less than today’s leading NMC cells, which are up to 10% cobalt and 80% nickel.
Previous attempts at manganese-rich batteries have tended to degrade quickly.
GM thinks it has cracked the problem.
The automaker experimented with a range of materials and manufacturing processes to arrive at the current formulation.

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LMR battery packs will contain prismatic cells instead of pouches.
Today’s Ultium batteries use the latter.
Kelty said switching to prismatic cells, which have a rigid shell, will help the company build a battery pack with more than 50% fewer parts.
“It’s a huge, huge cost savings we’ll get,” he said.
GM has big plans for LMR, with the chemistry potentially spreading throughout the EV lineup.
Andy Oury, business planning manager at GM, said that LMR could “take up a huge chunk in the middle” of the market, pushing LFP to entry level vehicles and pricey NMC to applications that need long range and high energy density.
The new cells will be made by Ultium Cells, GM’s joint venture with LG Energy Solution.
Through Ultium, the two companies have invested billions of dollars in battery manufacturing in the United States. 
Both have been pursuing LMR for years.
GM has more than 50 patents on LMR, though LG has also been working on the technology itself.
Kelty acknowledged it’s possible that LG could make it’s own version of LMR cells that don’t infringe on GM’s patents, making the chemistry more widely available.
“It’ll be interesting to see how this all plays out,” Kelty said.
GM’s LMR research has been underway for a decade.
Its efforts kicked into high gear in the last couple years as engineers successfully produced large-format cells similar to those in EVs on the road today.
GM has made about 300 large format cells so far, and its testing regime equates to around 1.5 million miles of typical driving, said Kushal Narayanaswamy, director of advanced cell engineering at the automaker.
That leaves just a few short years for the company to modify its existing manufacturing plants to accommodate the new chemistry and then scale up production.
Scaling, in particular, tripped up the first Ultium cells.
Kelty is confident that GM can hit the 2028 target. 
“It meets all our performance metrics, we have a partner that’s going to manufacture it, and we’ve got a manufacturing location,” he said.
“The other thing is, the supply chain is much more local than high-nickel or LFP, so we’re really incentivized to do this.
There’s a lot of things coming together here that really make us want to go quickly.”

#666;">المصدر: https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/13/gms-new-manganese-rich-battery-promises-cheaper-evs-in-2028/" style="color: #0066cc; text-decoration: none;">techcrunch.com

#0066cc;">#gms #new #manganese #rich #battery #promises #cheaper #evs #general #motors #revealed #tuesday #chemistry #called #lithiummanganeserich #lmr #which #says #should #slash #costs #while #delivering #driving #range #thats #just #shy #the #most #advanced #batteries #marketwith #can #deliver #over #400mile #our #trucks #significantly #reducing #kurt #kelty #vice #president #propulsion #and #sustainability #told #techcrunchlmr #will #also #dramatically #reduce #amount #nickel #cobalt #compared #with #cells #two #critical #minerals #that #arent #readily #available #from #domestic #sources #united #statestoday #chevrolet #silverado #uses #nickelmanganesecobalt #nmc #drive #miles #full #chargethat #impressive #comes #hefty #price #tagthe #electric #start #for #public #fleet #version #lessgm #planning #lithiumironphosphate #lfp #would #drop #but #cuts #milesthe #technology #preserve #without #sacrificing #much #rangegm #few #reasonsfor #one #than #nickelthe #have #zero #manganesethats #less #todays #leading #are #nickelprevious #attempts #manganeserich #tended #degrade #quicklygm #thinks #has #cracked #problemthe #automaker #experimented #materials #manufacturing #processes #arrive #current #formulation #techcrunch #eventjoin #sessions #aisecure #your #spot #industry #event #speakers #openai #anthropic #coherefor #limited #time #tickets #entire #day #expert #talks #workshops #potent #networkingexhibit #show #decisionmakers #what #youve #built #big #spendavailable #through #may #tables #lastberkeley #cajune #5register #nowlmr #packs #contain #prismatic #instead #pouchestodays #ultium #use #latterkelty #said #switching #rigid #shell #help #company #build #pack #more #fewer #partsits #huge #cost #savings #well #get #saidgm #plans #potentially #spreading #throughout #lineupandy #oury #business #manager #could #take #chunk #middle #market #pushing #entry #level #vehicles #pricey #applications #need #long #high #energy #densitythe #made #joint #venture #solutionthrough #companies #invested #billions #dollars #statesboth #been #pursuing #yearsgm #patents #though #working #itselfkelty #acknowledged #its #possible #make #own #dont #infringe #making #widely #availableitll #interesting #see #how #this #all #plays #out #saidgms #research #underway #decadeits #efforts #kicked #into #gear #last #couple #years #engineers #successfully #produced #largeformat #similar #those #road #todaygm #about #large #format #far #testing #regime #equates #around #million #typical #kushal #narayanaswamy #director #cell #engineering #automakerthat #leaves #short #modify #existing #plants #accommodate #then #scale #productionscaling #particular #tripped #first #cellskelty #confident #hit #targetit #meets #performance #metrics #partner #going #manufacture #weve #got #location #saidthe #other #thing #supply #chain #local #highnickel #were #really #incentivized #thistheres #lot #things #coming #together #here #want #quickly

#333;">Qatar's luxury jet donation poses significant security risks, experts say. It poses a "counterintelligence nightmare," a former CIA field operative said.

The Trump administration's plan to accept a luxury jet donated by the Qatari government to use as Air Force One raises significant security concerns, intelligence experts and government officials say, as President Donald Trump said it would be "stupid" not to accept a free plane.Trump on Monday defended the administration's plans to receive a luxury jet donated by the Qatari government during remarks at the White House, calling the donation a "very nice gesture.""I would never be one to turn down that kind of an offer.
I mean, I could be a stupid person and say, 'No, we don't want a free, very expensive airplane.' But it was, I thought it was a great gesture," he said.MORE: Trump admin live updatesRhode Island Sen.
Jack Reed, the top Democrat on the Senate Armed Services Committee, slammed the move, arguing that using the plane as Air Force One would "pose immense counterintelligence risks by granting a foreign nation potential access to sensitive systems and communications.""This reckless disregard for national security and diplomatic propriety signals a dangerous willingness to barter American interests for personal gain," Reed said in a statement Monday.
"It is an affront to the office of the presidency and a betrayal of the trust placed in any U.S.
leader to safeguard the nation's sovereignty."Air Force One a 'high-value target'Air Force One sits on the tarmac, May 12, 2025, at Joint Base Andrews, Maryland.Win McNamee/Getty ImagesThe primary aircraft used in the current Air Force One fleet includes two aging Boeing 747-200 jumbo jets that have been operational since 1990.
Despite flying for more than 35 years, the current pair of Air Force One jets are considered some of the safest and secure aircraft in the world.Many of the security features on the plane remain classified.
It has anti-missile defenses or countermeasure systems to protect against surface-to-air and air-to-air missiles, and the communication devices can also withstand the pulse of a nuclear blast.
It is also outfitted with sophisticated communications capability to allow the president to securely run the country from the plane and protect him from cyberattacks."It's designed to transport the president in a safe way and be able to withstand physical attacks, but to also ensure that the president maintains communication with military, his cabinet, other government leaders in a safe and secure manner," said John Cohen, an ABC News contributor and former acting Homeland Security official.
"Any building or vehicle or airplane that the president is located is a high-value target for foreign intelligence services who want to gather as much information about the president."Air Force One can also remain in the air for several days due to its ability to refuel in midair.
The plane also houses a small medical facility where doctors could perform surgery if needed.All of these systems would likely need to be installed on the Boeing 747-8 that Trump would receive as a gift from Qatar.MORE: Trump defends Qatar jumbo jet offer, says it would be 'stupid' to turn away free planeA jet donated by Qatar would also be a "counterintelligence nightmare," ABC News contributor Darrell Blocker, a former CIA field operative, said."If you go back to almost anything that is given by a foreign government, there are regulations and restrictions and guidelines for ensuring that they're not being bugged, and a plane would be an absolute nightmare to be able to confirm that it's not," Blocker told ABC News Live on Monday.
"From an intelligence perspective, it's not the brightest move."Blocker cited that when the U.S.
embassy was being built in Moscow in the 1980s, the U.S.
had to "take it down to its bare bones" because the Russians "put bugs through every room, every facility.""I think the people of Troy, when they accepted that horse, regretted it after the fact also," he said.The complexity and time needed to retrofit and inspect the plane raise questions on cost and a timeline."Even under the best of circumstances, it's going to take a significant effort for the military to be satisfied that the aircraft is constructed safely, that it's not compromised from the standpoint of intelligence collection capabilities being planted on it, and that it is built in a way that it will be able to assimilate the sensitive communications and countermeasure capabilities that are that are present on any plane that's Air Force One," Cohen said.
"To be done right, it's not going to happen quickly.""In order to adequately ensure that this airplane -- which was operated by a foreign government that happens to have a relationship with Iran and China and Russia -- in order to ensure that that plane has not had collection capabilities introduced into it when it was constructed, they're gonna have to basically tear it down to the airframe," he added.White House working on 'legal details'Both the U.S.
Air Force and the Department of Defense referred questions to the White House when asked about the possible transfer of the Qatari-owned Boeing 747 to the Department of Defense."The plane will be donated to the Department of Defense, and as with any foreign gift given to the United States Government, all proper safety and security protocols will be followed," White House spokesperson Anna Kelly told ABC News.House Speaker Mike Johnson said Monday he would not comment on Trump preparing to receive the jet from Qatar because he hasn't seen the "details."The White House is working on the "legal details" of the Qatari government's donation to the Defense Department, press secretary Karoline Leavitt said Monday in an appearance on Fox News."But, of course, any donation to this government is always done in full compliance with the law.
And we commit ourselves to the utmost transparency and we will continue to do that," Leavitt added.President Donald Trump boards Air Force One at Joint Base Andrews, Md., on his way to Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, May 12, 2025.Manuel Balce Ceneta/APTrump said during remarks at the White House on Monday that he doesn't plan to use the plane after he leaves office.
Pressed by ABC News Senior Political Correspondent Rachel Scott on what he would say to people who view the luxury plane as a personal gift to him, Trump said it was not a gift to him but "a gift to the Department of Defense."Sources familiar with the proposed arrangement told ABC News that the plane would be a gift that is to be available for use by Trump as the new Air Force One until shortly before he leaves office, at which time ownership of the plane will be transferred to the Trump presidential library foundation.If a private contractor were able to complete the modifications needed to the donated plane before the end of Trump's presidency, many of the systems installed would then need to be removed should the Trump presidential library foundation take possession of the plane upon Trump leaving office due to the sensitive nature of the technology.Ultimately, Cohen said he suspects that members of the intelligence community and the military will assess the risk to national security and "the level of effort to minimize the risk to national security.""If they're doing their job, the president's national security team will explain to him the level of risk that exists if a foreign intelligence service were able to introduce collection capabilities that could intercept face-to-face communications on the plane, electronic communications coming from the plane," Cohen said.
"They should also be explaining to him the level of effort that it will involve in order for that risk to be mitigated.
And with that information, he can then make an informed decision on whether and under what conditions to accept the airplane."

#666;">المصدر: https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/qatars-luxury-jet-donation-poses-significant-security-risks/story?id=121722135" style="color: #0066cc; text-decoration: none;">abcnews.go.com

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#333;">Lessons must be learned from past PFI failures, government infrastructure advisor warns

Comments from NISTA’s Matthew Vickerstaff come as ministers weigh up benefits of relaunching initiative next monthThe government’s new infrastructure advisory body has said ministers would need to “learn from the mistakes” of the past if a new generation of PFI contracts are launched as part of the upcoming infrastructure strategy.
Matthew Vickerstaff, deputy chief executive of the The National Infrastructure and Service Transformation Authority (NISTA), said there was still a “constant drumbeat” of construction issues on schools built through private finance initiatives (PFI).
Matthew Vickerstaff speaking at the Public Accounts Committee yesterday afternoon
Chancellor Rachel Reeves is understood to be considering reinstating a form of private financing to pay for public projects, including social infrastructure schemes such as schools, ahead of the launch of its 10-Year Infrastructure Strategy next month.
It would be the first major rollout of PFI in England since 2018, when then chancellor Philip Hammond declared the successor scheme to the original PFI programme as “inflexible and overly complex”.
>> See also: PFI: Do the numbers add up?
Speaking at a meeting of the Public Accounts Committee in Parliament yesterday, Vickerstaff highlighted issues that had blighted historic PFI schemes where construction risk had been transferred to the private sector.
“Just what we’re seeing on school projects, leaking roofs is a consistent, constant drum beat, fire door stopping, acoustics, lighting levels, the ability of classrooms to be operable in a white board environment, problems around leisure centres or sports facilities, contamination of land, latent defects of refurbishments on old buildings creating real problems,” he said.
“The dash to get the schools ready for September, I cannot tell you how many PFI schools have that problem, and we need to get the private sector to fix it.”
But while Vickerstaff said he was “ambivalent” about a new generation of PFI contracts, he argued contractual arrangements on new schemes could contain less risk for the public purse if the government did decide to opt for this route in its infrastructure strategy.
“I would say that compared with 25 years ago, the asset management, the building information systems and computer aided facilities management has vastly improved so we’re dealing with a generation of contracts that would certainly by improved whether it’s public sector or private sector,” he said.
“I’m ambivalent but what we need to make sure is that we learn from the mistakes and definitely get them to fix what we’re experiencing in some situations.”
Vickerstaff added: “In terms of lessons learned, making sure construction is monitored by a clerk of works and independently certified would be a really important factor moving forward, because construction defects have been a problem because the construction contracts whether it be public sector or private sector have not been well monitored or controlled.”
Meanwhile, a new report by PwC has called on the government to explore a new generation of public-private finance in order to address the deficit in infrastructure including schools and healthcare.
The research, published today, found “strong market appetite” for a new model of public-private partnerships which could be based on the Mutual Investment Model developed in Wales.
PwC corporate finance associate director Dan Whittle said: “There is a strong view that public-private finance has a valuable role to play as a strategic tool to close the UK’s infrastructure gap, particularly at a time when we are constrained by fiscal rules.
“There is no need to reinvent the fundamentals of the PPP model.
What must continue to evolve is how we implement this model with refined risk allocation to reflect the current appetite of the market, smarter contract management, and a genuine partnership approach.”
The government is expected to unveil its infrastructure strategy alongside its spending review in June.

#666;">المصدر: https://www.bdonline.co.uk/news/lessons-must-be-learned-from-past-pfi-failures-government-infrastructure-advisor-warns/5135938.article" style="color: #0066cc; text-decoration: none;">www.bdonline.co.uk

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