LUBBOCK — Every winter, after the sea of cotton has been harvested in the South Plains and the ground looks barren, technicians with the High Plains Underground Water Conservation District check the water levels in nearly 75,000 wells across 16 counties. For years, their measurements have shown what farmers and water conservationists fear most—the Ogallala Aquifer, an underground water source that’s the lifeblood of the South Plains agriculture industry, is running dry. That’s because of a century-old law called the rule of capture. The rule is simple: If you own the land above an aquifer in Texas, the water underneath is yours. You can use as much as you want, as long as it’s not wasted or taken maliciously. The same applies to your neighbor. If they happen to use more water than you, then that’s just bad luck. To put it another way, landowners can mostly pump as much water as they choose without facing liability to surrounding landowners whose wells might be depleted as a result. Following the Dust Bowl—and to stave off catastrophe—state lawmakers created groundwater conservation districts in 1949 to protect what water is left. But their power to restrict landowners is limited. “The mission is to save as much water possible for as long as possible, with as little impact on private property rights as possible,” said Jason Coleman, manager for the High Plains Underground Water Conservation District. “How do you do that? It’s a difficult task.” A 1953 map of the wells in Lubbock County hangs in the office of the groundwater district. [Photo: Annie Rice for The Texas Tribune] Rapid population growth, climate change, and aging water infrastructure all threaten the state’s water supply. Texas does not have enough water to meet demand if the state is stricken with a historic drought, according to the Texas Water Development Board, the state agency that manages Texas’ water supply. Lawmakers want to invest in every corner to save the state’s water. This week, they reached a historic $20 billion deal on water projects. High Plains Underground Water District General Manager Jason Coleman stands in the district’s meeting room on May 21 in Lubbock. [Photo: Annie Rice for The Texas Tribune] But no one wants to touch the rule of capture. In a state known for rugged individualism, politically speaking, reforming the law is tantamount to stripping away freedoms. “There probably are opportunities to vest groundwater districts with additional authority,” said Amy Hardberger, director for the Texas Tech University Center for Water Law and Policy. “I don’t think the political climate is going to do that.” State Sen. Charles Perry, a Lubbock Republican, and Rep. Cody Harris, a Palestine Republican, led the effort on water in Austin this year. Neither responded to requests for comment. Carlos Rubinstein, a water expert with consulting firm RSAH2O and a former chairman of the water development board, said the rule has been relied upon so long that it would be near impossible to undo the law. “I think it’s better to spend time working within the rules,” Rubinstein said. “And respect the rule of capture, yet also recognize that, in and of itself, it causes problems.” Even though groundwater districts were created to regulate groundwater, the law effectively stops them from doing so, or they risk major lawsuits. The state water plan, which spells out how the state’s water is to be used, acknowledges the shortfall. Groundwater availability is expected to decline by 25% by 2070, mostly due to reduced supply in the Ogallala and Edwards-Trinity aquifers. Together, the aquifers stretch across West Texas and up through the Panhandle. By itself, the Ogallala has an estimated three trillion gallons of water. Though the overwhelming majority in Texas is used by farmers. It’s expected to face a 50% decline by 2070. Groundwater is 54% of the state’s total water supply and is the state’s most vulnerable natural resource. It’s created by rainfall and other precipitation, and seeps into the ground. Like surface water, groundwater is heavily affected by ongoing droughts and prolonged heat waves. However, the state has more say in regulating surface water than it does groundwater. Surface water laws have provisions that cut supply to newer users in a drought and prohibit transferring surface water outside of basins. Historically, groundwater has been used by agriculture in the High Plains. However, as surface water evaporates at a quicker clip, cities and businesses are increasingly interested in tapping the underground resource. As Texas’ population continues to grow and surface water declines, groundwater will be the prize in future fights for water. In many ways, the damage is done in the High Plains, a region that spans from the top of the Panhandle down past Lubbock. The Ogallala Aquifer runs beneath the region, and it’s faced depletion to the point of no return, according to experts. Simply put: The Ogallala is not refilling to keep up with demand. “It’s a creeping disaster,” said Robert Mace, executive director of the Meadows Center for Water and the Environment. “It isn’t like you wake up tomorrow and nobody can pump anymore. It’s just happening slowly, every year.” [Image: Yuriko Schumacher/The Texas Tribune] Groundwater districts and the law The High Plains Water District was the first groundwater district created in Texas. Over a protracted multi-year fight, the Legislature created these new local government bodies in 1949, with voter approval, enshrining the new stewards of groundwater into the state Constitution. If the lawmakers hoped to embolden local officials to manage the troves of water under the soil, they failed. There are areas with groundwater that don’t have conservation districts. Each groundwater districts has different powers. In practice, most water districts permit wells and make decisions on spacing and location to meet the needs of the property owner. The one thing all groundwater districts have in common: They stop short of telling landowners they can’t pump water. In the seven decades since groundwater districts were created, a series of lawsuits have effectively strangled groundwater districts. Even as water levels decline from use and drought, districts still get regular requests for new wells. They won’t say no out of fear of litigation. The field technician coverage area is seen in Nathaniel Bibbs’ office at the High Plains Underground Water District. Bibbs is a permit assistant for the district. [Photo: Annie Rice for The Texas Tribune] “You have a host of different decisions to make as it pertains to management of groundwater,” Coleman said. “That list has grown over the years.” The possibility of lawsuits makes groundwater districts hesitant to regulate usage or put limitations on new well permits. Groundwater districts have to defend themselves in lawsuits, and most lack the resources to do so. A well spacing guide is seen in Nathaniel Bibbs’ office. [Photo: Annie Rice for The Texas Tribune] “The law works against us in that way,” Hardberger, with Texas Tech University, said. “It means one large tool in our toolbox, regulation, is limited.” The most recent example is a lawsuit between the Braggs Farm and the Edwards Aquifer Authority. The farm requested permits for two pecan orchards in Medina County, outside San Antonio. The authority granted only one and limited how much water could be used based on state law. It wasn’t an arbitrary decision. The authority said it followed the statute set by the Legislature to determine the permit. “That’s all they were guaranteed,” said Gregory Ellis, the first general manager of the authority, referring to the water available to the farm. The Braggs family filed a takings lawsuit against the authority. This kind of claim can be filed when any level of government—including groundwater districts—takes private property for public use without paying for the owner’s losses. Braggs won. It is the only successful water-related takings claim in Texas, and it made groundwater laws murkier. It cost the authority $4.5 million. “I think it should have been paid by the state Legislature,” Ellis said. “They’re the ones who designed that permitting system. But that didn’t happen.” An appeals court upheld the ruling in 2013, and the Texas Supreme Court denied petitions to consider appeals. However, the state’s supreme court has previously suggested the Legislature could enhance the powers of the groundwater districts and regulate groundwater like surface water, just as many other states have done. While the laws are complicated, Ellis said the fundamental rule of capture has benefits. It has saved Texas’ legal system from a flurry of lawsuits between well owners. “If they had said ‘Yes, you can sue your neighbor for damaging your well,’ where does it stop?” Ellis asked. “Everybody sues everybody.” Coleman, the High Plains district’s manager, said some people want groundwater districts to have more power, while others think they have too much. Well owners want restrictions for others, but not on them, he said. “You’re charged as a district with trying to apply things uniformly and fairly,” Coleman said. Can’t reverse the past Two tractors were dropping seeds around Walt Hagood’s farm as he turned on his irrigation system for the first time this year. He didn’t plan on using much water. It’s too precious. The cotton farm stretches across 2,350 acres on the outskirts of Wolfforth, a town 12 miles southwest of Lubbock. Hagood irrigates about 80 acres of land, and prays that rain takes care of the rest. Walt Hagood drives across his farm on May 12, in Wolfforth. Hagood utilizes “dry farming,” a technique that relies on natural rainfall. [Photo: Annie Rice for The Texas Tribune] “We used to have a lot of irrigated land with adequate water to make a crop,” Hagood said. “We don’t have that anymore.” The High Plains is home to cotton and cattle, multi-billion-dollar agricultural industries. The success is in large part due to the Ogallala. Since its discovery, the aquifer has helped farms around the region spring up through irrigation, a way for farmers to water their crops instead of waiting for rain that may not come. But as water in the aquifer declines, there are growing concerns that there won’t be enough water to support agriculture in the future. At the peak of irrigation development, more than 8.5 million acres were irrigated in Texas. About 65% of that was in the High Plains. In the decades since the irrigation boom, High Plains farmers have resorted to methods that might save water and keep their livelihoods afloat. They’ve changed their irrigation systems so water is used more efficiently. They grow cover crops so their soil is more likely to soak up rainwater. Some use apps to see where water is needed so it’s not wasted. A furrow irrigation is seen at Walt Hagood’s cotton farm. [Photo: Annie Rice for The Texas Tribune] Farmers who have not changed their irrigation systems might not have a choice in the near future. It can take a week to pump an inch of water in some areas from the aquifer because of how little water is left. As conditions change underground, they are forced to drill deeper for water. That causes additional problems. Calcium can build up, and the water is of poorer quality. And when the water is used to spray crops through a pivot irrigation system, it’s more of a humidifier as water quickly evaporates in the heat. According to the groundwater district’s most recent management plan, 2 million acres in the district use groundwater for irrigation. About 95% of water from the Ogallala is used for irrigated agriculture. The plan states that the irrigated farms “afford economic stability to the area and support a number of other industries.” The state water plan shows groundwater supply is expected to decline, and drought won’t be the only factor causing a shortage. Demand for municipal use outweighs irrigation use, reflecting the state’s future growth. In Region O, which is the South Plains, water for irrigation declines by 2070 while demand for municipal use rises because of population growth in the region. Coleman, with the High Plains groundwater district, often thinks about how the aquifer will hold up with future growth. There are some factors at play with water planning that are nearly impossible to predict and account for, Coleman said. Declining surface water could make groundwater a source for municipalities that didn’t depend on it before. Regions known for having big, open patches of land, like the High Plains, could be attractive to incoming businesses. People could move to the country and want to drill a well, with no understanding of water availability. The state will continue to grow, Coleman said, and all the incoming businesses and industries will undoubtedly need water. “We could say ‘Well, it’s no one’s fault. We didn’t know that factory would need 20,000 acre-feet of water a year,” Coleman said. “It’s not happening right now, but what’s around the corner?” Coleman said this puts agriculture in a tenuous position. The region is full of small towns that depend on agriculture and have supporting businesses, like cotton gins, equipment and feed stores, and pesticide and fertilizer sprayers. This puts pressure on the High Plains water district, along with the two regional water planning groups in the region, to keep agriculture alive. “Districts are not trying to reduce pumping down to a sustainable level,” said Mace with the Meadows Foundation. “And I don’t fault them for that, because doing that is economic devastation in a region with farmers.” Hagood, the cotton farmer, doesn’t think reforming groundwater rights is the way to solve it. What’s done is done, he said. “Our U.S. Constitution protects our private property rights, and that’s what this is all about,” Hagood said. “Any time we have a regulation and people are given more authority, it doesn’t work out right for everybody.” Rapid population growth, climate change, and aging water infrastructure all threaten the state’s water supply. [Photo: Annie Rice for The Texas Tribune] What can be done The state water plan recommends irrigation conservation as a strategy. It’s also the least costly water management method. But that strategy is fraught. Farmers need to irrigate in times of drought, and telling them to stop can draw criticism. In Eastern New Mexico, the Ogallala Land and Water Conservancy, a nonprofit organization, has been retiring irrigation wells. Landowners keep their water rights, and the organization pays them to stop irrigating their farms. Landowners get paid every year as part of the voluntary agreement, and they can end it at any point. Ladona Clayton, executive director of the organization, said they have been criticized, with their efforts being called a “war” and “land grab.” They also get pushback on why the responsibility falls on farmers. She said it’s because of how much water is used for irrigation. They have to be aggressive in their approach, she said. The aquifer supplies water to the Cannon Air Force Base. “We don’t want them to stop agricultural production,” Clayton said. “But for me to say it will be the same level that irrigation can support would be untrue.” There is another possible lifeline that people in the High Plains are eyeing as a solution: the Dockum Aquifer. It’s a minor aquifer that underlies part of the Ogallala, so it would be accessible to farmers and ranchers in the region. The High Plains Water District also oversees this aquifer. If it seems too good to be true—that the most irrigated part of Texas would just so happen to have another abundant supply of water flowing underneath—it’s because there’s a catch. The Dockum is full of extremely salty brackish water. Some counties can use the water for irrigation and drinking water without treatment, but it’s unusable in others. According to the groundwater district, a test well in Lubbock County pulled up water that was as salty as seawater. Rubinstein, the former water development board chairman, said there are pockets of brackish groundwater in Texas that haven’t been tapped yet. It would be enough to meet the needs on the horizon, but it would also be very expensive to obtain and use. A landowner would have to go deeper to get it, then pump the water over a longer distance. “That costs money, and then you have to treat it on top of that,” Rubinstein said. “But, it is water.” Landowners have expressed interest in using desalination, a treatment method to lower dissolved salt levels. Desalination of produced and brackish water is one of the ideas that was being floated around at the Legislature this year, along with building a pipeline to move water across the state. Hagood, the farmer, is skeptical. He thinks whatever water they move could get used up before it makes it all the way to West Texas. There is always brackish groundwater. Another aquifer brings the chance of history repeating—if the Dockum aquifer is treated so its water is usable, will people drain it, too? Hagood said there would have to be limits. Disclosure: Edwards Aquifer Authority and Texas Tech University have been financial supporters of The Texas Tribune. Financial supporters play no role in the Tribune’s journalism. Find a complete list of them here. This article originally appeared in The Texas Tribune, a member-supported, nonpartisan newsroom informing and engaging Texans on state politics and policy. Learn more at texastribune.org.

Want more housing market stories from Lance Lambert’s ResiClub in your inbox? Subscribe to the ResiClub newsletter. Zillow economists have an economic model known as the Zillow Market Heat Index to gauge the competitiveness of housing markets across the country. This model looks at key indicators—including home price changes, inventory levels, and days on market—to generate a score showing whether a market favors sellers or buyers. A higher score indicates a hotter metro-level housing market where sellers have more power. A lower score indicates a colder metro-level housing market where buyers have more power. According to Zillow, a score of 70 or above is a strong sellers market, and a score from 55 to 69 is a sellers market. A score of 44 to 55 indicates a neutral market. A score from 28 to 44 reflects a buyers market, and a score of 27 or below is a strong buyers market. Nationally, Zillow rates the U.S. housing market at 55 for its April 2025 reading, published in May 2025, right on the border between a sellers market and a neutral market. That said, Zillow’s reading varies significantly across the county. Among the 250 largest metro area housing markets, these 10 are the hottest markets, where sellers have the most power, according to Zillow: Rochester, NY: 169 Buffalo, NY: 126 Charleston, WV: 107 Syracuse, NY: 105 Hartford, CT: 97 Albany, NY: 97 Manchester, NH: 93 Anchorage, AK: 86 Boston, MA: 85 Lansing, MI: 85 And these 10 are the coldest markets, where buyers have the most power, according to Zillow: Jackson, TN: 23 Macon, GA: 25 Gulfport, MS: 26 Brownsville, TX: 27 Naples, FL: 27 Cape Coral, FL: 30 Daphne, AL: 30 Panama City, FL: 30 Punta Gorda, FL: 31 Beaumont, TX: 33 5 takeaways on Zillow’s latest assessment Directionally, there’s a lot Zillow gets right. We believe Zillow has correctly identified many regional housing markets where buyers have gained the most leverage—particularly around the Gulf. It also highlights areas where sellers have maintained, relatively speaking, some degree of control, including large portions of the Northeast and Midwest. In ResiClub’s view, Zillow is slightly overstating Northeast and Midwest tightness. While there are still some relatively competitive pockets in those regions, Zillow’s model appears to exaggerate the strength of seller conditions. In the real world, many of these markets feel more neutral or only slightly tilted toward sellers—not full-blown “strong sellers markets” as the model suggests. Zillow also appears to be overstating seller strength on the West Coast. Conditions on the West Coast have clearly softened over the past year, and Zillow’s model doesn’t fully reflect that shift. The softest housing markets right now are Southwest Florida and Central Texas. Based on our own housing market analysis, Florida, in particular, Southwest Florida currently stands out as the softest region in the country, followed by Central Texas markets such as Austin and San Antonio. Zillow’s Market Heat Index is useful—but I believe ResiClub’s monthly reports—especially our inventory analysis across +800 metros and +3,000 counties and our home price analysis across 800+ metros and 3,000+ counties—do a better job of keeping housing stakeholders ahead of market shifts and better informed on current market dynamics. What did this Zillow analysis look like back in spring 2022 at the climax of the pandemic housing boom? Below is Zillow’s April 2022 reading—published in May 2022.

Photo Credit: Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Ancient DNA from Yunnan Uncovers Ghost Lineage Linked to Tibetan Ancestry Highlights 7,100-year-old Xingyi_EN carries DNA from a mysterious ghost lineage Study links ancient Yunnan DNA to modern Tibetan ancestry Central Yunnan ancestry tied to early Austroasiatic populations Advertisement A new study on a 7,100-year-old skeleton from China has revealed a "ghost" lineage that only existed in theories until now. Skeleton of the early Neolithic woman, known as Xingyi_EN, unearthed at the Xingyi archaeological site in southwestern China's Yunnan province. Her DNA links her to a deeply divergent human population that may have contributed to the ancestry of modern Tibetans. This study also reveals a distinct Central Yunnan ancestry connected to early Austroasiatic-speaking groups. This discovery makes Yunnan as a key region to understand the ancient genetic history of East and Southeast Asia. The detailed analysis of 127 human genomes from southwestern China is published in a study in the journal Science.Xingyi_EN: A Genetic Link to a Mysterious PastAccording to the study, radiocarbon dating indicates Xingyi_EN lived around 7,100 years ago and isotope analysis suggests she lived as a hunter-gatherer. Genetic sequencing revealed her ancestry from a deeply diverged human lineage—now named the Basal Asian Xingyi lineage. This lineage diverged from other modern human groups over 40,000 years ago and remained isolated for thousands of years without mixing with other populations.This "ghost" lineage does not match DNA from Neanderthals or Denisovans but appears to have later contributed to the ancestry of some modern Tibetans. Xingyi_EN represents the first physical evidence of this previously unknown population.Yunnan's significance as a reservoir of deep human diversityMost of the skeletons that the researchers sampled were dated between 1,400 and 7,150 years ago and came from Yunnan province, which today has the highest ethnic and linguistic diversity in all of China."Ancient humans that lived in this region may be key to addressing several remaining questions on the prehistoric populations of East and Southeast Asia," the researchers wrote in the study. Those unanswered questions include the origins of people who live on the Tibetan Plateau, as previous studies have shown that Tibetans have northern East Asian ancestry. For the latest tech news and reviews, follow Gadgets 360 on X, Facebook, WhatsApp, Threads and Google News. For the latest videos on gadgets and tech, subscribe to our YouTube channel. If you want to know everything about top influencers, follow our in-house Who'sThat360 on Instagram and YouTube. Further reading: Ancient DNA, Yunnan, Ghost Lineage, Tibetan Ancestry, Human Evolution, Xingyi_EN, Paleogenetics, Archaeogenomics, Prehistoric Asia, Science Study Gadgets 360 Staff The resident bot. If you email me, a human will respond. More Related Stories

It might be a good idea to start charging your phone before you travel—airlines around the world are now tightening their rules surrounding portable chargers and power banks.If you're traveling via Southwest Airlines in the future, you’ll need to keep your portable charger visible anytime you're using it, which means no leaving your phone to charge in your baggage or the overhead storage compartment. The airline stopped short of a full ban, however, and you can still bring up to 20 spare batteries on your next Southwest flight. You are also still allowed to store these in your hand luggage, just not use them. Meanwhile, storing the lithium-based batteries most portable chargers use in checked luggage has been banned in almost all countries since 2021. Though Southwest is the first major US airline to introduce these types of rules, it's certainly not alone internationally. Airlines like Malaysia's AirAsia announced similar restrictions on portable chargers on April 1, while Thailand’s Thai Airways has also introduced comparable rules in recent months.Recommended by Our EditorsThe spate of new restrictions comes after an airplane fire in Busan, South Korea, earlier this year. The true cause of the incident is still unknown, though investigators suspect it may have been due to a malfunctioning lithium-ion battery. These types of batteries, although generally safe, can be highly combustible under specific circumstances, like extreme overheating or manufacturing defects. A Southwest spokesperson told The New York Times that the new rules will help its flight attendants react quicker in the event of battery fire, citing “multiple incident reports” involving batteries on its flights. Though the rules could be inconvenient for some, Southwest passengers simply aren’t going to be forced to accept dead batteries anytime soon. As of 2023, Southwest began introducing USB charging ports on all of its planes, meaning you should be able to get by with just a simple USB cable in a pinch, rather than needing a charging bank. 

May 30, 20252 min readLawmakers Form First Extreme Heat Caucus, Citing ‘Deadly Risk’The House of Representatives’ first caucus to address extreme heat is being launched by a Democrat from the Southwest and a Republican from the NortheastBy Ariel Wittenberg & E&E News A construction worker in Folsom, Calif., during a July 2024 heatwave that brought daytime highs of 110 degrees Fahrenheit. David Paul Morris/Bloomberg via Getty ImagesCLIMATEWIRE | An Arizona Democrat and a New York Republican are teaming up to form the Congressional Extreme Heat Caucus in an attempt to find bipartisan solutions for deadly temperatures.“We hope this caucus can make sure the United States is better prepared for the inevitable increase in temperatures, not just in Arizona and the Southwest but all across the country,” Arizona Rep. Greg Stanton (D) said in an interview.He's creating the caucus with New York Rep. Mike Lawler, a moderate Republican who bucked his party last year by expressing support for the nation's first proposed regulation to protect workers from heat by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.On supporting science journalismIf you're enjoying this article, consider supporting our award-winning journalism by subscribing. By purchasing a subscription you are helping to ensure the future of impactful stories about the discoveries and ideas shaping our world today.“Extreme heat kills more Americans each year than any other weather event — over 1,300 lives lost, including 570 in New York alone — and it’s a growing threat to the Hudson Valley,” Lawler said in a statement. “That’s why I’m co-chairing the Heat Caucus to drive real solutions, raise awareness, and protect our communities from this deadly risk.”Stanton said he was excited to team up with Lawler, who understands that heat jeopardizes health even in northern climates.“He is from New York and I’m proud he recognizes how heat is important for workers,” he said.The caucus will be open to House lawmakers who have bipartisan ideas for addressing extreme heat. Noting that many Republicans have slammed OSHA's proposed heat rule, Stanton said the caucus doesn't have to find consensus on every policy, but members should be willing to search for common ground."It is important to have that conversation on what we can come together and agree on because that's how we get legislation passed in this town, even if we don't agree on how far to go," he said.Lawler and Stanton teamed up earlier this spring to protest workforce reductions at the Department of Health and Human Services that could degrade heat-related programs.In April, the pair wrote a letter to Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr., protesting layoffs that purged the entire staff of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice as well as the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program, which helps families pay for heating and cooling.“As we head into another summer — with projections suggesting 2025 will rank again among the warmest years on record, we cannot afford to limit our ability to counter the impacts of extreme heat,” they wrote in April with nine other lawmakers.Among the caucus' priorities is making LIHEAP funding more evenly distributed to southern states to help pay for cooling assistance. The program was initially created to help low-income families pay their heating bills during winter, and the majority of its funding still goes toward cold-weather states.“We have had too many deaths of people in their homes because they are unable to access programs that would help them access air conditioning,” Stanton said.Reprinted from E&E News with permission from POLITICO, LLC. Copyright 2025. E&E News provides essential news for energy and environment professionals.

​​In a quiet residential pocket of Southwest Portland, a mid-century ranch house has been transformed into a family home that embraces its landscape, celebrates material craft, and amplifies the Pacific Northwest’s nuanced natural light. Led by Jeff and Jenny Guggenheim of Guggenheim Architecture and Design Studio, the project reimagines a dated layout with a new architectural clarity — one defined by intimate volumes, warm materials, and integrated moments of delight. “This project began with the desire to create a more functional kitchen and a larger living room that did a better job embracing the backyard,” said Jeff Guggenheim. From that foundational brief, the design grew into a full reorganization of the home, centered on spatial flow, daylight, and a connection to nature. A House That Unfolds The original home, while structurally sound, lacked visual and spatial cohesion. The design team addressed this by establishing a new living room addition as the project’s anchor. “We used the living room as the anchor point,” Guggenheim explained, “and brought similar materials throughout the house to create a consistent aesthetic.” This strategy informed every subsequent design move, from the cabinetry details to the new openings created through Marvin doors and windows. “We didn’t want the house to feel like one part was remodeled and the other wasn’t,” Guggenheim said. “We wanted it to feel like it was all built at the same time.” Cohesion was therefore prioritized in the spatial layout, with a focus on subtle transitions between rooms. “When we’re designing a home, we think about flow and cohesiveness — how you might pass through different spaces and ensuring that those spaces all relate to each other,” he said. “There are threads of similarity that hold it together.” The Joy of Whimsical Architecture Though grounded in modernism, the house also reflects the spirit of the young family that lives there. “Early on in our design process, our client requested spaces that were modern yet warm, and also contained an element of whimsy,” Guggenheim explained. “They have two younger kids and this is a family home.” Whimsy is introduced through unexpected spatial gestures and opportunities for interaction, such as the inclusion of the Marvin Skycove, an innovative glass alcove that extends beyond the envelope of the home. “It’s a window that you can occupy,” Guggenheim said. “You can imagine curling up and reading a book in it, or just looking out at the clouds and daydreaming.” The Skycove supports what the client described as “moments of delight” — an idea that became a conceptual touchstone throughout the design process. “That was the first design meeting I’ve ever been in where we had a client request moments of delight,” he recalled. “How do you create that? Sometimes it’s as simple as a place to sit and read or a dining space that opens to the outdoors.” Windows That Frame Experience Daylight and ventilation played a pivotal role in shaping the home’s interior experience. The kitchen features a Marvin Awaken Skylight positioned directly above the island and sink. The Awaken Skylight is designed to enhance both natural and artificial light in the home, pairing venting capabilities with built-in, tunable lighting that adjusts throughout the day to mirror the changing color temperature of daylight. “We recognized right away that natural light was going to be very important,” Guggenheim said. “We put the skylight front and center, as it gets great morning daylight. When you wake up, you want to make your coffee and be greeted by the rising sun.” In other areas of the home, Marvin’s range of products allowed for functional variation while maintaining a unified aesthetic. “One thing that our office really appreciates about the Marvin product lines is that they all work so well together,” he noted. “We can pick and choose depending on the use of that window, and people can move through the space and feel like they belong to the same design language.” For Guggenheim, windows and doors are more than just architectural components—they are instruments for memory and belonging. “These are the apertures to time and experience,” he said. “You see the sun rise through them and the sunset through them. You see the moon, the stars. Those are the touchpoints that bring delight into a space.” Rooted in the Pacific Northwest While the home’s interiors were comprehensively reimagined, its relationship to the street and neighborhood was handled with care. “We didn’t really make any large changes to the street-facing side,” Guggenheim explained. “The house feels very appropriate to the neighborhood. It doesn’t stick out. That was really important to us.” The home’s exterior scale and material palette allow it to blend naturally into its surroundings while hinting at something more refined within. “I was driving away from here recently and I thought, it’s really nice that the house can be this high level of design but still respectful to its neighbors,” he added. Natural materials, from white oak cabinetry to cast concrete fireplaces, reinforce the project’s grounding in place. “Everything was meticulously crafted,” said Guggenheim. “Everyone who came to the site cared deeply about what they were creating — and that included the window systems.” The ability to match that craftsmanship through Marvin was essential. “It would have been inappropriate to spec a window that didn’t rise to the same level,” he said. “We wanted doors and windows that could complement our cabinetry and its details and also meet the expectations we had for all the other trades on our site.” For Guggenheim, that trust in product is paramount. “Our clients have a lot of trust in us and what we do for them,” he concluded. “And with this in mind, I like to specify Marvin products because I trust that they’re going to be quality, function well, and be well supported through their lifetime.” For architects seeking to create these kinds of connections for their clients, visit Marvin.com. Project photography by 22 Waves. The post Portland Renewal: A Modern Family Home Defined by Light, Craft and Connection appeared first on Journal.

10 Warm Color Palettes That’ll Brighten Your Day Preston Lee • May 30, 2025 In this article:See more ▼Post may contain affiliate links which give us commissions at no cost to you.There’s nothing quite like the embracing quality of warm colors to make a design feel inviting and alive. As someone who’s spent years working with color, I can tell you that warm palettes have this incredible ability to create instant emotional connection – they draw people in, make them feel comfortable, and add that special touch of energy that cooler tones just can’t match. Whether you’re designing a brand identity that needs to feel approachable, creating an interior space that welcomes guests, or crafting digital experiences that feel human and engaging, warm color palettes are your secret weapon. I’ve curated eight of my favorite warm color combinations that never fail to bring projects to life. 👋 Psst... Did you know you can get unlimited downloads of 59,000+ fonts and millions of other creative assets for just $16.95/mo? Learn more »The 10 Most Inviting Warm Color Palettes 1. Fireplace Embers This palette captures the deep, glowing warmth of a crackling fire, moving from the darkest burnt wood tones through bright flames to golden sparks. There’s something primal and comforting about these colors that instantly makes any space feel like home. #582707 #972D07 #FF4B3E #FFB20F #FFE548 Download this color palette 735×1102 Pinterest image 2160×3840 Vertical wallpaper 900×900 Square 3840×2160 4K Wallpaper I love how this combination builds intensity from the rich chocolate browns through vibrant reds to sunny yellows. It’s perfect for brands that want to convey both reliability and energy. 2. Sunset Adobe Inspired by southwestern architecture bathed in golden hour light, this palette brings together warm earth tones with vibrant coral and cooling sage. It’s sophisticated warmth with just the right amount of contrast. #FAD089 #FF9C5B #F5634A #ED303C #3B8183 Download this color palette 735×1102 Pinterest image 2160×3840 Vertical wallpaper 900×900 Square 3840×2160 4K Wallpaper The unexpected teal at the end grounds this palette beautifully, preventing it from becoming too intense while adding depth and sophistication. Perfect for luxury brands with a natural, artisanal feel. 3. Sunset Glow This palette captures those magical golden hour moments when the sky transforms into a canvas of warm brilliance. I find myself reaching for these colors whenever I want to create something that feels optimistic and energizing.Get 300+ Fonts for FREEEnter your email to download our 100% free "Font Lover's Bundle". For commercial & personal use. No royalties. No fees. No attribution. 100% free to use anywhere. #FF6B35 #F7931E #FFD23F #FFF8E7 Download this color palette 735×1102 Pinterest image 2160×3840 Vertical wallpaper 900×900 Square 3840×2160 4K Wallpaper The interplay between the deep coral and bright amber creates movement, while the cream base keeps everything grounded. Perfect for brands that want to convey warmth and reliability. 4. Autumn Harvest Nothing says cozy quite like the rich, earthy tones of fall foliage. This palette brings together the deep warmth of changing leaves with the golden light of shorter days. #8B4513 #CD853F #DAA520 #F4E4BC Download this color palette 735×1102 Pinterest image 2160×3840 Vertical wallpaper 900×900 Square 3840×2160 4K Wallpaper I love using this combination for projects that need to feel established and trustworthy. There’s something about these colors that speaks to tradition and quality. 5. Desert Bloom Inspired by the surprising bursts of color found in arid landscapes, this palette combines the warmth of sun-baked earth with vibrant desert flowers. #E07A5F #F2CC8F #81B29A #F4F3EE Download this color palette 735×1102 Pinterest image 2160×3840 Vertical wallpaper 900×900 Square 3840×2160 4K Wallpaper The sage green might seem like an unexpected addition, but it perfectly balances the intensity of the coral and creates a sophisticated warmth that’s both modern and timeless. 6. Campfire Stories This palette evokes those perfect evenings around a crackling fire, when conversation flows as freely as the warm light dancing across faces. #D2691E #CD5C5C #F4A460 #FDF5E6 Download this color palette 735×1102 Pinterest image 2160×3840 Vertical wallpaper 900×900 Square 3840×2160 4K Wallpaper These colors work beautifully together because they share that flickering, organic quality of firelight. I often recommend this palette for hospitality brands or any project that wants to feel welcoming and communal. 7. Spiced Chai Drawing inspiration from aromatic spices and comfort drinks, this palette brings together the warmth of cinnamon, cardamom, and rich cream. #A0522D #DEB887 #F5DEB3 #FFFAF0 Download this color palette 735×1102 Pinterest image 2160×3840 Vertical wallpaper 900×900 Square 3840×2160 4K Wallpaper There’s something incredibly soothing about these colors. They remind me of cozy cafes and intimate conversations, making them perfect for brands in the wellness or food space. 8. Coral Reef This vibrant palette captures the living warmth of tropical waters, where coral formations create stunning displays of natural color. #FF7F7F #FFB347 #FFCCCB #FFF5EE Download this color palette 735×1102 Pinterest image 2160×3840 Vertical wallpaper 900×900 Square 3840×2160 4K Wallpaper The soft peachy tones create depth while maintaining that cheerful, energetic feeling. I love using this palette for brands targeting younger audiences or projects that need to feel fresh and lively. 9. Terracotta Dreams Inspired by Mediterranean architecture and handcrafted pottery, this palette brings together earthy reds with warm neutrals that feel both ancient and contemporary. #CD853F #A0522D #DEB887 #F5F5DC Download this color palette 735×1102 Pinterest image 2160×3840 Vertical wallpaper 900×900 Square 3840×2160 4K Wallpaper These colors have been beloved by cultures around the world for centuries, and there’s good reason for that enduring appeal. They create spaces and designs that feel both sophisticated and approachable. 10. Golden Hour This palette captures that perfect moment when everything is bathed in warm, golden light – when ordinary scenes become magical and every color seems to glow from within. #FFD700 #FFA500 #FF8C00 #FFFACD Download this color palette 735×1102 Pinterest image 2160×3840 Vertical wallpaper 900×900 Square 3840×2160 4K Wallpaper I find these colors work exceptionally well for luxury brands or any project that wants to convey premium quality and elegance without feeling cold or distant. Why Warm Colors Work So Well Before diving deeper into how to use these palettes, it’s worth understanding why warm colors have such powerful psychological effects. Warm colors – reds, oranges, yellows, and their variations – literally make us feel warmer. They increase our heart rate slightly, create feelings of energy and excitement, and make spaces feel more intimate and cozy. From a design perspective, warm colors advance visually, meaning they appear to come forward in a composition. This makes them excellent for creating focal points and drawing attention. They’re also associated with comfort, friendliness, and approachability – qualities that most brands and spaces want to embody. As a designer, I’ve noticed that warm palettes tend to make people linger longer, whether that’s on a website, in a store, or in a room. There’s something inherently inviting about these colors that makes people want to stay and explore. Making Warm Palettes Work in Modern Design The challenge with warm color palettes is that they can sometimes feel overwhelming or dated if not handled carefully. Here’s how I approach using them in contemporary projects: Start with restraint. You don’t need to use every color in a palette at full saturation. Often, using one or two colors as the primary focus and letting others play supporting roles creates more sophisticated results. Consider your lighting. Warm colors can look dramatically different under various lighting conditions. Always test your palette in the actual environment where it will be seen, whether that’s on different screens or under different types of artificial lighting. Balance temperature. While these are warm palettes, introducing small amounts of cooler tones can create visual interest and prevent the overall feeling from becoming too intense. Notice how several of my palettes include sage greens or cool creams. Think about texture. Warm colors often work beautifully with textural elements. Consider how these colors might look on different materials – matte versus glossy finishes, rough versus smooth textures. Use white space strategically. Warm colors can feel crowded if not given room to breathe. Generous white space or neutral backgrounds help warm colors feel more sophisticated and less overwhelming. Warm Palettes Across Different Applications The beauty of warm color palettes lies in their versatility. I’ve successfully used variations of these combinations across virtually every type of design project. In branding, warm palettes work exceptionally well for companies in food service, hospitality, wellness, education, and family-oriented businesses. They convey approachability and trustworthiness while still feeling energetic and modern. For interior spaces, these palettes create environments where people naturally want to gather and connect. I particularly love using warm colors in dining areas, living rooms, and any space designed for conversation and relaxation. In digital design, warm palettes can make websites and apps feel more human and less sterile. They’re especially effective for call-to-action buttons, as warm colors naturally draw the eye and encourage interaction. For packaging and product design, warm colors suggest quality, craftsmanship, and attention to detail. They’re particularly effective for artisanal products, gourmet foods, and premium lifestyle brands. The Cultural Context of Warmth It’s fascinating to consider how different cultures have embraced warm colors throughout history. From the ochres and umbers used in cave paintings to the vibrant oranges and reds found in Indian textiles, warm colors have always been associated with life, energy, and celebration. In contemporary design, we’re seeing a renewed appreciation for these earthy, warm tones as people seek more authentic, human-centered experiences. After years of cool, minimalist aesthetics dominating design trends, there’s a growing hunger for color palettes that feel more emotionally resonant and personally meaningful. This shift isn’t just aesthetic – it reflects deeper cultural changes toward valuing comfort, community, and authentic connection over stark perfection. Seasonal Considerations While warm colors work year-round, they do have natural seasonal associations that can be leveraged strategically. The autumn-inspired palettes feel most natural during fall months, while the coral and sunset palettes align beautifully with summer energy. However, I’ve found that using warm colors counter-seasonally can create particularly memorable impressions. A warm, cozy palette during winter months can provide welcome relief from the cold, while warm colors in spring can feel fresh and optimistic. Bringing It All Together Working with warm color palettes is ultimately about understanding the emotional response you want to create. These colors have the power to make people feel welcomed, energized, and comfortable – but they require thoughtful application to achieve their full potential. Whether you choose the earthy sophistication of Terracotta Dreams or the vibrant energy of Coral Reef, remember that the most successful warm palettes are those that feel intentional and balanced. Don’t be afraid to experiment, but always consider how your color choices serve the overall goals of your project. The world needs more warmth – in our interactions, our spaces, and our visual experiences. These eight palettes offer you the tools to bring that warmth into your design work, creating experiences that don’t just look good, but feel good too. So go ahead, embrace the warmth. Let these colors bring life and energy to your next project, and watch as they transform not just the visual impact, but the emotional resonance of your work. After all, great design isn’t just about what we see – it’s about how it makes us feel. Preston Lee Preston Lee is a graphic and web designer who grew up drawing, painting, and building with Lego. Okay, let's face it: he still does all of those things. But now, he gets paid to design websites, design graphics, write, and do all kinds of creative things. His advice has been featured by Entrepreneur, Inc, Forbes, Adobe, and many more. 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Europa, a moon of Jupiter, has long been one of the most exciting targets in the search for life beyond Earth. Many scientists believe that an ocean lies below its icy surface, potentially hosting geologic activity capable of supporting life, but what happens on the moon’s seafloor is still largely a mystery. Although discussions on Europa are mostly centered around this hidden ocean, the shell of ice that envelops the moon has its own surprises. A study recently published in The Planetary Science Journal suggests that Europa’s surface ice is constantly changing. The evidence explored in the study paints a better picture of Europa’s outermost layer, and it may even reveal the interior processes that shape the moon’s unique structure. Europa's Surface IceEuropa has the smoothest surface out of any known object in our Solar System, but it’s far from lacking variety. The surface is rife with distinct geologic features, such as ridges, plains, and cracks, that cross over each other. Their disorderly appearance is linked to a fitting name, “chaos terrain.”Some regions with chaos terrain also provide insight on Europa’s surface ice. Most of Europa’s surface is made of amorphous ice, which lacks a crystalline structure. Scientists previously believed that Europa’s surface was entirely covered by a thin layer of amorphous ice, and that below this was crystalline ice (the form that most ice on Earth takes). However, the researchers involved with the new study have confirmed that certain areas of Europa’s surface contain crystalline ice, aligning with spectral data captured by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). This same ice also appears below the surface in these regions as well. “We think that the surface is fairly porous and warm enough in some areas to allow the ice to recrystallize rapidly,” said lead author Richard Cartwright, a spectroscopist at Johns Hopkins University, in a statement.Activity in the OceanA few other factors have convinced the researchers that an ocean exists below Europa's icy surface. The regions where ice recrystallizes show evidence of sodium chloride (what we know as table salt), carbon dioxide, and hydrogen peroxide. “Our data showed strong indications that what we are seeing must be sourced from the interior, perhaps from a subsurface ocean nearly 20 miles (30 kilometers) beneath Europa’s thick icy shell,” said author Ujjwal Raut, a program manager at the Southwest Research Institute. “This region of fractured surface materials could point to geologic processes pushing subsurface materials up from below.”The Europa Clipper's MissionAlthough Europa and its subsurface ocean will be a crucial target for future space exploration, some scientists have expressed doubts regarding its capacity to sustain life. A series of obstacles could make finding life on Europa more difficult. At an American Geophysical Union conference last year, scientists reported that the ice layer covering the moon's surface is thicker than expected, indicating that there may not be enough heat or activity in the subsurface ocean to support life. Scientists aren’t yet sure if an abundance of hydrothermal vents or seafloor volcanoes sit at the bottom of the ocean — these features have been crucial in driving life on our own planet. Observations of Europa haven’t fully confirmed the existence of plumes, either, which would be a clear sign that material from the ocean could be transported to the surface. About 5 years from now, in 2030, scientists will get an unprecedented view of Europa as NASA's Europa Clipper approaches the icy moon. Launched last October, the Europa Clipper will reveal many secrets that still surround the moon's surface and the ocean below. Among its various objectives, the mission will look for plumes, which would be able to eject microbes — if they truly do exist on the moon — into space for the Europa Clipper to examine. Article SourcesOur writers at Discovermagazine.com use peer-reviewed studies and high-quality sources for our articles, and our editors review for scientific accuracy and editorial standards. Review the sources used below for this article:The Planetary Science Journal. JWST Reveals Spectral Tracers of Recent Surface Modification on EuropaThe Planetary Society. Europa, Jupiter’s possible watery moonThe Planetary Society. Could Europa Clipper find life?Jack Knudson is an assistant editor at Discover with a strong interest in environmental science and history. Before joining Discover in 2023, he studied journalism at the Scripps College of Communication at Ohio University and previously interned at Recycling Today magazine.

This summer is predicted to be another scorcher, with record breaking temperatures across the U.S. beginning in June. While traditional summer crops do require heat, which is why we wait for summer to grow them, extreme heat waves or heat domes are a different thing altogether. Plants have a series of behaviors they'll display when under heat pressure. They can wilt, which is what it sounds like, due to water stress. Leaves will droop, and the solution isn't necessarily more water, but letting the plant ride out the wave with some shade, if you can provide it. Plants may bolt, which is when they stop growing leaves or fruit and instead, thinking they are at the end of their life, send up a flower, which will quickly go to seed. Once this flower is present, which the plant focuses all its energy on, the fruit and leaves will become bitter. Unfortunately, there's nothing you can do to "solve" bolting, except pull the plant and start over. And heat isn't the only threat: Fruit and leaves can also experience sun scald, which is basically a sunburn. You can see these spots on your tomatoes and pumpkins, which appear white, rather than red like they would on human skin. In most cases, plants will survive sunburn, but it puts the plant under additional stress and makes it more susceptible to other garden threats like disease. The best solution is to choose plants that will tolerate heat spikes, and then provide some support to your plants by watering evenly, giving shade when you can in the afternoon sun, and not planting, transplanting, or fertilizing during these spikes, all of which are stressful for plants. Greens that will survive a heat spikeWhile there are bolt-resistant lettuces you can grow, a true heat dome is simply too much stress, and most lettuce will go to seed. For heat-resistant greens, consider kale, which is hardy in both extreme cold and heat. Collards, known for the greens they produce, are also going to survive a heat wave without wilting, which is why they're popular across the south. The crop you might not have heard of yet is malabar spinach. While traditional spinach is a spring and shoulder season crop and won't do well even in an average summer, malabar (which is not actually related to real spinach) is a vining plant from India that tastes remarkably similar and has become popular for its resilience. Okra and corn are at home in the heatConsidering crops that have been popular in geographies that experience more heat than we're used to is a good strategy for finding vegetables that'll survive extreme temperatures. Okra is from Ethiopia, so heat resistance is part of the plant's DNA. Okra sometimes gets a bad rap for becoming slimy in recipes, but I urge you to consider growing it. There are two varieties of okra: I recommend only planting the spineless variety. The "spines" are spikes that can make touching and harvesting okra painful. Credit: Amanda Blum Corn may be a resource hog in your garden, requiring a lot of additional nitrogen to be productive, but it is also highly tolerant. Corn can survive in over 110 degree temperatures and still produce crops reliably, so long as those temperature spikes aren't extended. A true summer crop, corn needs 70 degree weather to grow, which is why you wait until June to plant corn seed. Vining plants like luffa, tepary beans, and yardlong beans To be fair, most people don't eat luffa (though you can); they know it instead as loofah, a sponge-like material used in "natural" scrubbing. But truly, luffa is a form of vining squash, which will grow prolifically, adores the sun, and thrives in prolonged heat. When the fruit is allowed to dry on the vine, the flesh can be stripped off, leaving behind the luffa, which looks precisely like loofah you purchase, and can be used immediately. There are plenty of pole beans (beans that climb, as opposed to bush beans, which do not) that originated in hot climates and will do well in a heat wave. Tepary beans, for instance: These beans are native to the Southwest U.S. and Mexico, and will spend the summer climbing and producing pods. Harvest them in the fall before the rain starts, and store them as dry beans. Yardlong beans are closer to a green bean. Still a vining bean, they can produce beans that are well over a foot long, as their name suggests. These summer stars prefer less water, and they will thrive anywhere they have support, like a trellis. Soybeans need the heatWhile not a vining bean, but a bush bean, soybeans are an easy crop to grow if you've got enough heat. These sun-tolerant plants will produce a limited amount of pods per plant, so they need to be grown in groups, but they require almost no support except watering. Harvest the pods and eat the beans steamed fresh, as you would in your favorite Japanese restaurant, or dry them to make soy milk or tofu. Squash and melons love the heatThere are two kinds of squash: summer and winter. Summer squash includes crops like zucchini, yellow squash, and pumpkins. Winter squash includes crops like acorn squash, butternut, spaghetti, and others. Both kinds of squash are traditionally grown in summer, and both are surprisingly resilient in heat. While you might experience sunburn on some fruit, squash is famous for providing shade due to the large leaves, and they will not only take care of most fruit, shielding it, but will also protect nearby plants by shading them, as well. So long as you keep your melons apart from your cucumbers and squash so they don't cross pollinate, your vining melons are likely to survive a heat wave with the same caveats as squash: Look for fruit that is exposed and cover it from sunburn, but the plant will mostly take care of that on its own. Sweet potatoes are built for high tempsOriginally from Polynesia, sweet potatoes are an excellent crop for beginning gardeners. They're easy to cultivate seedlings (called slips) from any sweet potato you bring home from the store. Once planted, they produce prolific above-ground vines that are showy with flowers, while below ground the potatoes grow over 120 days. These plants not only tolerate but thrive in heat.