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December 18, 2024The Scientists Versus Dartmouth: Inside a Sexual Harassment Scandal That Shook Science to Its CoreIn 2017, a group of students at Dartmouth College filed a lawsuit that revealed an entrenched culture of power and abuse, and in doing so, they sparked a wider conversation about sexual violence in science.By Sharon Shattuck edited by Jeffery DelViscioTranscriptTEXT CARD: 2020Dartmouth College, N.H.Vassiki Chauhan: In September 2015, I arrived from the Boston Airport on the Dartmouth Coach that loops around the green.On supporting science journalismIf you're enjoying this article, consider supporting our award-winning journalism by subscribing. By purchasing a subscription you are helping to ensure the future of impactful stories about the discoveries and ideas shaping our world today.I felt hopeful about things that were going to happen here, things Id get to learn, and science Id get to do. But it doesnt feel very much like that anymore.Im Vassiki Chauhan. Im a Ph.D. student in the field of cognitive neuroscience. Im pursuing my Ph.D. at Dartmouth, and I specifically work on how humans perceive faces of other people.When I was in the ninth grade, I got my hands on a book about theory of relativity and Einsteins life, and how he became a scientist, and that just blew my mind.I became really intrigued by physics, I spent all my pocket money buying books about cosmology, general relativity and quantum mechanics, like I was really really really into it.Because I was interested in physics, I loved thinking about artificial intelligence and robotics...so it kind of all came together in the end.When I was pulling into Hanover, and I flew in from Mumbai, I was captivated by these red brick buildings. I felt like I was kind of walking into a dream when I got there.Once I got here, I noticed that in order to fit in, there was a certain amount of requirement to go together and get a drink.There were three tenured professors in the department of psychological and brain sciences. Todd Heatherton, Bill Kelley and Paul Whalen. They brought in a lot of grants, they were very famous.The professors would be in the bar, and all of a sudden, you know, some women in the group would suddenly have new drinks in their hands that they didnt even choose, that they didnt pay for, and we knew that they were paid for by the professors.That was highly normalized, so uh, I just went with it.Kristina Rapuano: The mentorship was so heavily entangled in this drinking culture like, if there was a drink in front of you, like to turn it down almost felt like you were turning down advising.Sasha Brietzke: Either you go out to the bar and have a beer with him and hell read your papers, or you dont, and youre neglected.Annemarie Brown: There are now so many red flags. And none of them registered to me at all at the time as a red flag. They would try to keep us from talking to each other about our experiences, and it worked pretty well.Rapuano: Bill Kelley and Paul Whalen would routinely make jokes about our physical appearance, as though this were a competition.Andrea Courtney: I witnessed Paul Whalen kiss someone on the forehead, and there were just lots of hugs and inappropriate touching.Marissa Evans: The text messages went from like "Oh, what are you up to?" to "Oh, I've been drinking. Like a girl like you would never have a guy like me. Sending nude photos and telling me like what he wanted to do with meRapuano: When I entered graduate school with Bill Kelley, I experienced a lot of heavy grooming behaviors, from really day one. Until he physically took advantage of me at a conference. This being my advisor, I kind of just...I didnt push back, I didnt say anything. I felt trapped.Chauhan: Cumulatively it's like all consistent with, you know, how predators behave.One day Paul Whalen, he invited me to his house for a farewell party for one of his RAs and there were a bunch of other graduate students there. And then, we went to a bar and after that, I was like okay, if you want to get another beer, this place is closing down, we can go to your house.Id been to his house before, and I didnt feel like it was anything out of the ordinary.And I was trying to play music and he had gone to grab beers or something and I just . . . I felt his body behind me. And you know, you don't forget a thing like that. You don't forget that Oh my god, what's really happening right now?I always remember saying noI used the word, I used the action. I was explicit. And I, I know that to the core.He had so much power and influence and weight, and I was just this graduate student from India, like, early stages of my PhD.It was just this deep and insidious violation of trust and human behavior.Brietzke: I didn't know for a while the degree of wrongdoing that had happened. I'd heard rumors.I went to a conference, an academic conference, and Todd Heatherton came to like a post conference event at a karaoke bar, extremely intoxicated. Um, and he like summoned me over to where he was sitting, and kind of grabbed me by, um, the butt and sat me on his lap. I just remember feeling this intense sense of embarrassment and shame and that I would never be taken seriously as a scientist.I started just kind of raging really, in the hotel, in the conference hotel. And then, after that I just started talking to people.Courtney: To be honest, it took comparing my experience with the other women before I started to realize I wasnt the problem.Brown: We realized how eerie and startling the similarities were between the patterns of these women.We realized, these men meant to do this.Brietzke: At first it's just like oh, this is just my experience. And then it's oh, other people had these experiences with these three men. And it's like oh, a lot of women.Rapuano: So we sort of organized ourselves and met with the chairs of the department. Without even naming the professors they understood. They knew exactly who we were talking about and decided to launch a Title IX investigation.Brietzke: A committee determined that the three professors should be fired.But before that could be finalized, Bill and Paul resigned, and Todd retired.Chauhan: If you either allow three professors to resign or retire after a year-long investigation, you're not setting a precedent. You're just doing the easiest, least costly thing for the institution.At that point it just felt like okay, maybe what we need to do to effect real change is sue the college from our side.Because they need to treat us better.Rapuano: When we first decided to file a lawsuit, I did want to remain anonymous.Brietzke: I felt like I was detonating my career without really knowing the full extent of the damages.Chauhan: I was worried about not being seen as a scientist. Being seen as a victim.But in order to have our stories resonate with other women, in order to get institutions to take interest in what we had to say, we had to go all-in.We had to basically put our lives at stake for the impact we wanted to make.ABC World News Tonight archival: The stunning accusations from several young women, accusing three male professors at Dartmouth of turning their department into a 21st century Animal House, they say, calling it a predators club.Courtney: The response was overwhelmingly positive and that was, very, very encouraging.Rapuano: I've had faculty from other institutions reach out and ask for more information about our case so that they can make changes within their own departments.Chauhan: A lot of Indian women reached out to me and they're like given our culture I can't believe this is something that you decided to do, and it makes me feel like this is an option for me as well.TEXT CARD: In 2019 the plaintiffs and 70+ class members reached a $14-million settlement with Dartmouth.TEXT CARD: Under the settlement, Dartmouth invested $1.5-million to hire diverse faculty and support a nonprofit working to end gender-based violence.TEXT CARD: 2024Harlem, New York CityRapuano: During the lawsuit, I think it was really important for our names and our faces to be part of that, because it humanized what that case represented. But it's important to know that our narratives don't end with that case. It's a story that is constantly evolving and unfolding, and it is our lives, and we're not defined by that case, but it transforms who we are to this day.So I ended up becoming a research scientist at a startup. I'm really grateful that I've been able to land in a place where I can still do my science, but that has these more checks and balances, and I don't need to worry about that kind of abuse of power being wielded over me.One of the things that I started doing is actually weight lifting. So I lift heavy weights three to four times a week. I can squat much more than my body weight. Yeah, its really fun. It feels good to be in your own body and, like, feel powerful.Chauhan: I was a graduate student at Dartmouth when the lawsuit came out. So I had to finish my PhD in the aftermath of all of that. So in some ways there was a lot of hostility in that moment, in that environment.Given that so much unexpected stuff had happened, I felt like there was no way science would hold onto me. It felt like nobody would want me, in fact. But um, I kept following the path of my curiosity, and that brought me to New York City.So now I'm working as a postdoc at Barnard College.Chauhan (tape): I cant wait to show this to youI also work as a publisher now, or volunteer as a publisher, with Science for the People.This is the issue that I got involved with. Its about technology.We also have a robust, amazing New York City chapter where we engage in direct action together.It's a really fulfilling experience to not feel alone in wanting science to be more than a profession.Rapuano: I've been very fortunate to maintain a very close tie with my best friend Vassiki.She's fiercely living her life in every aspect, both in her science as a postdoc, her activist work. I'm just always in awe of her.Chauhan: What Ive learned is that if you want to make change, don't go at it alone. Try to do it with people who will share the burden, and have the same goals as you and as a result can keep you accountable.There are very few things I think of as permanent, but our friendship is one of those things.TEXT CARD: Scientific American reviewed the complaint filed by the interviewees as part of the lawsuit.TEXT CARD: In October 2024 we reached out to Dartmouth for comment on this story. The college replied:There is no place for sexual violence or harassment at Dartmouth. We work every day to ensure a learning and research environment that is safe, respectful, equitable, and inclusive for all students, faculty, and staff.Dartmouth had no prior knowledge of misconduct and applauds the efforts of the women who brought these concerns to light in 2017. Upon learning of the students concerns, Dartmouth promptly conducted a rigorous and objective review consisting of separate investigations of each of the former faculty members, led by an experienced external investigator who interviewed more than 50 witnesses and reviewed extensive documentation.Dartmouth took the unprecedented step to revoke the tenure and terminate the employment of all three faculty members after a careful investigation revealed conduct that was at odds with the Colleges values and violated its policies.

December 19, 20243 min readMost Expensive Dinosaur Fossil Ever Could Reveal Stegosaurus SecretsThe huge Stegosaurus fossil Apex, bought at auction for $44.6 million, has debuted on loan at the American Museum of Natural HistoryBy Zane Wolf edited by Sarah Lewin FrasierA new stegosaurus fossil named Apex which was bought by billionaire Kenneth C. Griffin is unveiled while it is on loan for the next four years to the American Museum of Natural History, December 5, 2024 in New York, NY. Sipa USA/Alamy Live NewsMy first visit to the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) involved a flurry of media cameras, a sea of press badges and no small amount of intrigue. We had all been invited to witness the unveiling of something. The museum made it clear we could expect to see a spectacular specimen that would rival the ranks of storied favorites such as Sue, the spectacular and beloved Tyrannosaurus rex specimen at Chicagos Field Museum.Suffice it to say the AMNH delivered. Following a countdown from a bevy of schoolchildren at the front of the crowd, curtains were drawn to reveal Apex, one of the most complete and largest Stegosaurus fossils yet discovered. The fossil was bought for a record-breaking $44.6 million last Julyits the most expensive ever sold at auction, according to APand is currently on a long-term loan to the museum.The Apex Stegosaurus on view in the American Museum of Natural Historys Richard Gilder Center for Science, Education, and Innovation.Alvaro Keding & Daniel Kim/ AMNHOn supporting science journalismIf you're enjoying this article, consider supporting our award-winning journalism by subscribing. By purchasing a subscription you are helping to ensure the future of impactful stories about the discoveries and ideas shaping our world today.Apex (named, aptly, for its size) is 11.5 feet tall and 27 feet long, and it died around 150 million years agothe peak era for Stegosaurus in terms of species diversity and population density. A considerable amountroughly 80 percentof Apexs skeleton was recovered, and compared with other Stegosaurus specimens with similar amounts of skeletal material, this specimens fossilization process preserved its three-dimensional characteristics exceptionally well. The important thing for me is those bones come from all of the major regions of the skeleton, so were not missing important parts of this animal, says Roger Benson, Macaulay Curator of Paleontology and curator-in-charge of fossil amphibians, reptiles, and birds and fossil plants at the AMNH. Apexs completeness and size could give scientists a crucial opportunity to answer some outstanding basic questions.For instance, researchers still arent sure what the massive, iconic back plates of Stegosaurus were good for, explains Paul Barrett, a paleontologist and dinosaur specialist at the Natural History Museum in London. Were they used for thermoregulation or defense? And if it was the latter, how effective were they at fending off attacks? With a lot of well-preserved skeleton to work with, scientists are bound to find more clues about functionality.Thanks to Apexs completeness, it can be used to craft virtual models to study how this animal moved in comparison to smaller specimens, showing how locomotion gaits might have changed as the animals matured. Apex adds another really important point of comparison for all the other Stegosaurus remains that we already know about, and its particularly important in that its near the very top end of the size range, Barrett explains.The Apex Stegosaurus on view in the American Museum of Natural Historys Richard Gilder Center for Science, Education, and Innovation.Alvaro Keding & Daniel Kim/ AMNHApexs large size also suggests this dinosaur specimen died when it was relatively mature, which would be a rarity. Dinosaurs were living a kind of rock-star lifestyle of living fast and dying young, Barrett says, and the dearth of fully adult specimens creates a large gap in our knowledge about how and when these animals reached full maturity.Benson and Barrett describe two ways to determine biological age in a fossil. First, vertebrates are often born with more bones than they have when they die because some eventually fuse together. Human craniums are a prime example, consisting of five separate major bones that fuse into one structure after birth. In Apex, Benson explains, every single vertebra is fused, and thats one of the really clear signs of older age.Second, like tree rings, patterns of bone growth can indicate periods of fast and slow growth as well as overall age. By looking across bone samples from small, younger specimens and larger, adult specimens like Apex, its possible to construct a model of when and how rapidly Stegosaurus grew during different periods of its life. This can yield valuable information about its overall metabolism and the duration of various life stages.

Redesigned interfaces, new features and artificial intelligence are meant to enhance the experience, even if the changes can be confusing at first.

A new rocket from Mr. Bezos company Blue Origin and a satellite system from Amazon could heat up competition with SpaceX, owned by Mr. Musk.

MacworldMany workplaces and educational institutions have completely switched from paper documents to digital ones. Consequently, Mac users are increasingly dealing with PDFs and other e-document file formats.Were here to help you find the best PDF editor for your Mac from the multitude of options. There are various PDF editing apps that cater to various budgets and workflows and among them are a few that stand out in terms of features, performance, and design.When selecting a PDF editor, consider one that can create, convert, and export PDFs from various file types, while preserving the original formatting and making the text searchable and editable through OCR technology.The editor should also allow for content editing, including modifying text, inserting, resizing, and moving images, and reorganizing pages. Additionally, it should enable users to add comments and annotations to PDF files during review, with tools for marking up both text documents and graphic-heavy files. Security features, such as password protection, permissions setting, and content redaction, are also important for access control. Lastly, consider a PDF editor with mobile support, either through a dedicated mobile app or cloud access.If youre looking for basic annotation and page organization, the free Preview app that is available as part of macOS may be sufficient. If you need more in the way of editing tools, then one of these apps could better support your needs.We have reviewed all the PDF editors below, so read on to find out exactly what we thought.Updated December 2024 to add Cisdem PDFMaster for Mac (aka EaseUS PDF Editor). 1. Apple PreviewProsPre-installed and freeClear user interface Lots of handy toolsConsNo iOS or iPadOS apps Doesnt allow you to edit existing text Apple Preview is the default document and image viewer on macOS, offering a range of useful features beyond just viewing photos and PDFs.Click on any PDF (or any image format) to open it and it will launch in Preview. Alternatively, open Preview and it will open the Finder, allowing users to browse through folders to locate the file they want to view. The app features a toolbar at the top of the screen, which allows users to view file details, zoom in or out, share the file, fill in a form, or mark up the file.The Markup button reveals tools for selection, doodling, inserting shapes or sticky notes, signing, and typing text. These tools are easily customizable, allowing users to control the color and size of a shape or text box, as well as pick between multiple fonts when typing. There is also an autofill helper.Apple Preview is not designed to replace image or PDF editors, but it still offers some power-user features. The menu bars Tools button allows users to reveal more advanced image controls, such as granular resizing, color adjustments, and automatic background removal. The File menu includes a Export button that allows users to choose the outputs quality and file format, allowing them to convert images to various formats.When viewing a PDF file in Apple Preview, users can easily re-order or delete its pages using the sidebar, allowing them to limit the file to the important bits they need. If exporting the PDF using Preview, users can optionally add a password, quartz filter, or file restrictions.If youd prefer not to pay for Adobe Acrobat or another solution, Apple Preview may be more suitable for you. Apple Preview offers free tools that Adobe has paywalled, including PDF page organization/deletion, password protection for PDF files, and document scanning.Just need to turn something into a PDF? Read: How to make a PDF on MacRead our full Apple Preview review 2. Readdle PDF ExpertProsWide range of handy toolsIntuitive user interfaceFlexible pricingConsLifetime license only for MacNot for Android and WindowsPDF Expert has a wide range of reliable tools and an intuitive user interface. Its a great option if you are looking for more than Preview offers for free.Upon launching PDF Expert, users are greeted by a Tools tab with shortcuts to various features, such as organizing, optimizing, protecting, reviewing, or converting documents. The app runs smoothly and gives you everything you need to fully control a PDF file, including edit text and images, sign, fill checkboxes, add links, redact content in multiple ways, insert shapes, highlight text, doodle, and even measure the distance between two points or calculate specific areas.The PDF Expert toolbar features layout settings, an advanced search bar, and an AI Chat button. The AI Chat button allows users to interact with the integrated chatbot, summarize PDFs, list key points, generate hashtags, and more. The toolbars center includes commonly used PDF editing functionalities, such as annotation, editing, file conversion and exporting, signing, and optical character recognition (OCR).For most users, PDF Experts features are sufficient, as it allows users to manipulate a documents content, add or remove elements, protect the file with a password, and shrink its size. While Adobe Acrobat offers more advanced tools, PDF Experts core functionalities are sufficient for most users.There are two payment options on macOS: a lifetime license, or an annual license that includes future updates and mobile support. Students can get 50% off and there is a free 7-day trial. It is available for iOS, iPadOS, and macOS, but is not available on Android or Windows devices.Read our full Readdle PDF Expert review 3. Wondershare PDFelementProsCross-platform solutionFlexible pricingSimple user interfaceConsSome unlabeled sidebar buttons are hard to identifyNot always intuitiveWondershares PDFelement is a document manipulation tool that offers essential features on all platforms at a reasonable price. The app features a minimalistic user interface and offers single- and cross-platform licenses, with the main difference being app updates. If you plan to use the PDF editor on your Mac exclusively, you can opt for a one-year, two-year, or lifetime license. PDFelement also supports iOS, iPadOS, Windows, Android, and the web, offering an all-encompassing bundle that supports all of these platforms.The single-platform licenses include 20GB of cloud storage, while the highlighted bundles offer 100GB. Once you run out of the 20,000 AI tokens included with your purchase, you can buy more. PDFelement features a clean home page showcasing standard PDF editing tools, such as PDF conversion, optical character recognition (OCR), template selection, file compression, and more. It also has a sidebar that grants access to handy destinations like recent files, cloud documents, tagged PDFs, and agreements youve sent others to sign.PDFelement supports most commonly needed PDF editing functionalities, including text manipulation, image and URL insertion, adding, deleting, and editing the documents pages. Its not the most advanced selection out there, but it gets the job done in casual workflows. PDFelement is better suited for annotation and artificial intelligence needs, allowing users to insert text, shapes, comments, stamps, forms, checkboxes, text callouts, and more. It can also automatically bookmarks reflecting the documents chapters.Beyond text manipulation, PDFelement can redact text, add a password to the file, convert the PDF to a Microsoft Office format, change the pages background, compress the size, and insert a watermark. While not the most feature-rich PDF editor, it caters to casual users seeking a lightweight solution.Despite its minimalism, getting used to PDFelement may take some time. The unlabeled buttons in the editors sidebar can be confusing and challenging to identify, and some features, like text editing, can sometimes be unpredictable. PDFelement is an excellent PDF editor for those with casual needs, but its tools arent as advanced as those offered by many rival apps.Read our full Wondershare PDFelement review 4. Foxit PDF EditorProsExtensive set of PDF editing tools Native macOS, iOS, and iPadOS appsConsOnly annual subscription plansMobile app access excluded from base planOverwhelming user interfaceFoxit offers a range of PDF-centric solutions for Mac users, including PDF Reader and PDF Editor. PDF Reader is available on macOS for free, allowing users to view, annotate, sign, and have AI analyze their documents. The paid-for PDF Editor unlocks the complete editing toolbox for an annual fee, with a base plan and a plus (+) plan that includes more features. There are options to pay monthly, but it is still an annual contract: theres no option to cancel after a month.The free PDF Reader allows users to control the size, color, and style of inserted text or shapes, as well as customize features like changing the documents background shade, reversing and rotating pages, signing forms, and more. It can read text aloud, measure distances, calculate areas, magnify selected spots, and have AI analyze your document.The paid-for PDF Editor supports all of PDF Readers features but adds editing functionalities, such as file conversion, optical character recognition (OCR), and full manipulation of a documents text and images through addition, deletion, or tweaking. It caters to power users with advanced features like document sanitization, redaction styles, security layers, JavaScript, and accessibility checks.Foxits PDF Editor stands out for its ChatGPT integration, which can analyze and summarize documents and perform actions on your behalf. The base plan should suffice for most users, while the Plus plan offers exclusives like mobile app access, tracking other parties signatures, smart redaction, 130GB of cloud storage, and template support.While the app is generally swift, the user interface may seem too packed to some users, especially those who dont need all the offered tools. Foxit PDF Editor is designed for serious users rather than casual users, and if the UI overwhelms you, it may be an overkill for you.Read our full Foxit PDF Editor review 5. ABBYY FineReader PDF for MacProsReasonably accurate and reliable OCR functionalitySupports scanning and importing from iPhoneCan convert PDF to wide range of formatsConsSimilarly priced apps include superior PDF editing toolsOther PDF editing apps offer optical character recognition (OCR) as an added perk, Abbyy FineReader PDF leads on its optical character recognition software and file converter, and, while it offers reliable OCR and file conversion functionalities, it falls short when it comes to PDF editing.FineReader PDF is a simple user interface with three main tabs: viewing PDF documents, quick and advanced file conversion tools, and importing documents. It has been optimized for macOS and offers a modern design. FineReader PDF supports viewing and highlighting PDF files, with preset highlight colors and comments.The quick conversion feature processes inputted files to detect content and then selects the outputs format. Supported file formats include PDF, DOCX, XLSX, PPTX, EPUB, FB2, TXT, HTML, RTF, ODT, and CSV. It doesnt support Apples HEIC image format, so users may need to convert HEIC iPhone shots to JPG first. Each format offers its own customizations, such as ebook title, author, layout, and page size.FineReader PDF exports the document, making it more editable. However, it doesnt support proper PDF editing, so it may not be the ideal PDF solution for manipulating files.It doesnt offer a one-time purchase option and has relatively high recurring fees. Theres a yearly subscription plan on the Abbyy website, and a monthly subscription on the Mac App Store (which is a good option because you can cancel at any time). Theres a full-featured 7-day free trial.Read our full ABBYY FineReader PDF for Mac review 6. Adobe AcrobatProsCross platformAdvanced PDF manipulation toolsSupports signature collectionConsMac app is bloatedFree version is limited compared to PreviewExpensive subscriptionsPrice When Reviewed:9,95 pro MonatBest Prices Today: RetailerPriceAdobe9,95 View DealPrice comparison from over 24,000 stores worldwideProductPricePrice comparison from Backmarket9,95 at AdobeAdobe Acrobat is a popular PDF viewer and editor on Mac, offering basic annotation tools. However, the free Acrobat Reader tier offers the same basic annotation tools that are present in Apples built-in Preview app, which is far superior in most cases. One point in its favor is that Acrobat is available across macOS, iOS, iPadOS, Windows, Android, and even the web, making it accessible from most modern computing devices, while Preview is limited to macOS.Subscribing to Adobe Acrobat Standard provides access to all PDF editing functionality, including more control over the PDFs content, reorganization of the entire documents layout, and more advanced tools like object measurements, accessibility preparation, JavaScript support, and search index insertion.For the advanced Adobe Acrobat Pro features you pay more each month to get permanent redaction, web form creation, PDF comparisons, accessibility checks, audio/video insertion, and much more. Acrobat Pro is necessary for tasks like converting scanned documents into searchable and editable PDFs.Adobe Acrobats paid subscriptions are expensive and do not offer one-time purchase options. The slightly higher monthly cancel anytime price is a good option if you only need the features temporarily.Read our full Adobe Acrobat review 7. Cisdem PDFMaster (aka EaseUS PDF editor)ProsSimple user interfaceFluid performanceOne-time payment optionsConsConfusing brandingNot always reliableNo version for iOS and iPadOSOne of the options you may come across during your hunt for a PDF editor is that from EaseUS. While the companys own PDF editor is exclusive to Windows, its website offers PDFMaster for macOSwhich is actually developed by its partner Cisdem. EaseUS packages Cisdem PDFMaster as EaseUS PDF Editor for Mac, but its essentially the same app. Confused? We were.Just to baffle you further, you can buy the app from EaseUS or Cisdem, and at the Mac App Store, all at different prices and there are a few differences. We reviewed EaseUSs version.The app features a minimalistic user interface with modern-looking buttons and labels.While PDFMasters feature set is somewhat limited compared to more professional apps, it generally gets the job done for those with casual PDF editing needs. You can edit the text in the document, including add or remove words, change the font, insert links and so on. You can also add shapes, highlighting, underlining, strikethroughs, and leave comments. Images, stamps, and digital signatures can also be added.Watermarking, document cropping, conversion to multiple file formats, size shrinking, optical character recognition (OCR), redaction, page reorganization, PDF comparisons, area calculations are also available.We did have a few issues during testing. For example, exporting a PDF after password-protecting it didnt actually secure it.Once its 14-day trial expires, you will have to pay $89.95 once or $59.95 per year to continue using the software. The macOS version doesnt provide a monthly subscription plan. There is no mobile version for iOS and iPadOS users.Read our full Cisdem PDFMaster for Mac (aka EaseUS PDF Editor) review FAQ 1.Do Macs have built in PDF?Macs have a built-in PDF editor called Apple Preview, which offers a comprehensive set of PDF markup tools, including form filling and password protection. This editor is superior to Adobe Acrobats free tier in terms of PDF editing capabilities. The PDF editing tools in macOS can be accessed through Quick Look or the Preview app, and they allow users to add text, highlight, underline, and strikethrough text, rotate pages, add and remove pages, add arrows and other shapes, and add comments to PDFs. Additionally, Apple Preview allows users to add their signature to a PDF. However, its worth noting that Apple Preview has limited native sharing options and is only available to Mac users.2.How to make a PDF on a MacTo create a PDF on a Mac, you can use the built-in Preview app. Simply create a document on your Mac, then choose Print > PDF and edit in Preview. The Preview app also allows you to export PDFs with options for quality and file format, and add password, quartz filter, or file restrictions. Alternatively, you can use tools like Adobe Acrobat Pro or Standard, one one of the other options in the list above, but these require a subscription.3.How to fill in a PDF on a MacFilling in a PDF with Apple Preview is easy. The Mac app, included on every Mac, includes a form-filling feature that automatically detects fields and allows easy filling. In addition, AutoFill, a feature introduced in macOS 14.2, uses Contacts to select the necessary information and makes filling out PDFs faster and more secure. If you need more advance features then one of the options above will give you additional viewing, editing, converting, and PDF signing abilities.Read: How to edit a PDF on a Mac 4.Can I edit a PDF for free on a Mac?Yes, you can edit a PDF for free on a Mac using Apples built-in Preview app, which offers a full set of PDF markup tools, including encryption, password protection, and permissions for files . Adobe also offers a free Acrobat Reader for reading and filling in PDFs, but it lacks some features that Apples built-in Preview app offers.Read: Best free PDF editors for Mac 5.Whats the difference between Preview and Acrobat?Adobe Acrobat and Apple Preview both offer basic annotation tools. While both have a form-filling feature, Preview automatically detects fields for easy filling, unlike Acrobat which requires manual alignment. Preview also offers free tools that Acrobat charges for, including PDF page organization/deletion, password protection, and document scanning . Furthermore, Preview is preloaded on Macs, providing faster performance and a sleeker design. However, Previews editing functionality is limited and it is not designed for advanced editing, unlike Acrobat which offers more functionality it you pay for it.Read: Apple Preview vs Adobe AcrobatSome other articles that might be helpful: How to make a PDF on an iPhone How to scan documents on iPhone How to edit a PDF on iPhone How to redact text in a PDF How to save a page from a PDF as a separate file