Rediscovering Modernism in Africa: From Nostalgia to OptimismSave this picture!Beira Railway Station, Mozambique. Image Andrew Moore under CC Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic licenseThe mid-twentieth century marked a transformative period for Africa as 29 countries achieved independence between 1956 and 1964, signaling the dawn of the nation-state across the continent. This era resonated with a spirit of liberation and progress, paralleling the global movements of that time, such as the establishment of international organizations like the United Nations (1945) and the Organization of African Unity (1963). Within this context, Modernist architecture emerged as a powerful symbol of national identity, ambition, and the collective aspiration for a brighter future. As newly independent nations sought to define themselves apart from their colonial pasts, the adoption of Modern Movement principles facilitated the construction of key infrastructures, such as convention centers, parliament buildings, and hotels, as well as the development of architectural education, as native-trained architects begun to either replace or cooperate with foreign-born professionals.This article inaugurates a new series titled Rediscovering Modernism in Africa, aiming to explore the architectural legacy of the Modern Movement in Africa, highlighting its role in nation-building and the evolution of architectural education, while shedding light on the architects and movements that shaped this transformative era.Save this picture!The mood of liberation on the continent could be compared with the euphoria at the end of the Second World War that led to the creation of the United Nations and the Modernist architecture of its headquarters. As noted on the United Nations' website, "The building does not have historical references and is meant to symbolize the bright, peaceful future ahead that does not linger in the past." This break with the past is one aspect of the Modern Movement adopted by the newly independent African countries, a move away from the architectural traditions of the colonial past. Related Article Exploring the International Trade Fair Centre in Dakar, Senegal: Blending Modern Architecture with Local Cultural Elements The term Modernism may have a broad and perhaps interchangeable definition. For the purpose of this topic, it is understood as the architecture of the Modern Movement initiated by architects like Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius in mainland Europe in the early Twentieth Century. Together with the rejection of history, it was characterized by a focus on function, the dismissal of ornament, and the innovative use of new materials and structural capabilities. These made Modernism an easily transferable approach to building design, and its ideas spread gradually across the globe. Its emphasis on technical prowess also made it synonymous with progress and was thus attractive to nascent states wishing to engage in rapid development.Save this picture!Initially, with almost all of Africa under colonization, Modernism made it to the continent via European architects. Tropical Modernism, for example, was a style developed by Britain in West Africa. In the 1940s and 1950s, worried about rising independence sentiments, the colonial power sought to counteract these through educational and infrastructure projects. British architects Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, pioneers in Tropical Modernism and involved with the establishment of the Tropical School of Architecture in London, designed numerous buildings in Ghana. Tropical Modernism was an adaptation of Modern Movement architecture to suit hot and humid climates. Despite these colonial roots, this style of architecture was adopted by the leader of independent Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah.Save this picture!As independence swept across Africa in the middle of the century, more governments would adopt Modernism. Close links were maintained with the former colonial powers, architects from which continued to practice after independence, while native-born students were sent abroad for studying and training. Early schools of architecture were established very soon after independence - for example in Kumasi, Ghana, with close links with the AA in London, and in Khartoum, Sudan, where a British professor was appointed as the school's founder. The work of returning African architects trained abroad, coupled with the new generation of locally trained architects, is only recently being acknowledged. However, curiously, foreign-born architects also came from many third countries with no prior relationship with the continent, particularly from Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. ukasz Stanek's book, "Architecture in Global Socialism", details some of these relationships and attributes some of them to the Non-Aligned Movement, of which many African countries were members. Save this picture!Naturally, African countries have complex and diverse histories and relationships to Modernism. They do not necessarily follow this exact narrative that the few examples illustrate. Countries on the Mediterranean coast (except Algeria) gained independence much earlier than those south of the Sahara. The Lusophone countries gained independence later and most of their Modern buildings happened under colonialism. Ethiopia largely remained independent throughout the period of European empires and South Africa followed yet another distinct historical relationship with colonialism. There are also cultural and climatic differences across the continent resulting in different architectures. Tropical Modernism suited to the warm and humid climate would be adapted to suit the hot and dry climate of other places.Save this picture!Documenting Modernism in Africa is important for several reasons. The documentation itself is an act of preservation. Manuel Herz in"African Modernism: The Architecture of Independence" (2015)Foire Internationale de Dakar and the Kenyatta International Convention Center as examples of these omitted yet relevant works. In addition to their historical importance in marking nation-building, he advocates for their inclusion in larger histories of architecture because of their qualities and their centrality in the history of Modernism.Save this picture!Currently, there is an emerging interest in the Modern movement on the continent of Africa slowly growing in the field of architecture. Eight years after the release of Manuel Hertz's book, an exhibition on Tropical Modernism was exhibited at the Venice Biennale with a focus on African architecture. At the time of writing, an exhibition on Tropical Modernism at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London is coming to a close. However, African Modernist buildings are not immune to disrepair, demolition, or even destruction in war as was seen in the exhibition "Mogadishu Lost Moderns" in 2014. Even well-maintained buildings are at risk of insensitive repairs and additions. The hope is that documenting and celebrating these items of built heritage may encourage their conservation for posterity.Save this picture!This article is part of an ArchDaily series called "Rediscovering Modernism in Africa." Many buildings from the Modern Movement in Africa are of high architectural quality. Despite being several decades old and historically important, they have only recently gained attention in international discussions. This series explores this rich history. As always, at ArchDaily, we greatly appreciate our readers' contributions. If you have a project you think should be featured, please submit your suggestions.Editor's note: This article was originally published on September 17, 2024, as the inaugural article for the Rediscovering Modernism in Africa ArchDaily series. Image gallerySee allShow lessAbout this authorCite: Mohieldin Gamal. "Rediscovering Modernism in Africa: From Nostalgia to Optimism" 24 Dec 2024. ArchDaily. Accessed . <https://www.archdaily.com/1021063/rediscovering-modernism-in-africa-from-nostalgia-to-optimism&gt ISSN 0719-8884Save!ArchDaily?You've started following your first account!Did you know?You'll now receive updates based on what you follow! Personalize your stream and start following your favorite authors, offices and users.Go to my stream

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Many are already excited to know who will be the next James Bond after Daniel Craig announced that No Time to Die would be his last movie from the franchise. It has been three years since fans saw it and there's still no new name for who will portray the famous British secret agent, but its producer just shared a new update about the casting.

A new Honkai: Star Rail leak has revealed that the upcoming update 3.0 might introduce some significant changes to the game's banner system. Like many other HoYoverse games, Honkai: Star Rail runs on a gacha system that allows players to acquire new playable characters by wishing on the limited banner. The game's limited double banners usually include two five-star characters, one new addition to the roster and one re-run unit.

After ushering the survival horror genre into the mainstream, the Resident Evil games have often tried to stick to that original template, though not every entry has decided to follow the rules. Over the many years that this horror series has been running, Capcom has tinkered with certain core mechanics that drastically changed the gameplay formula for some entries.

We may earn a commission from links on this page.The Cardio Load calculation, previously only on on the Pixel Watch 3, has now rolled out to all recent Fitbit models (and the other Pixel Watches) without a Fitbit Premium subscription. So what is it, and what exactly does it mean to hit your target? Ill explain.What is cardio load?Cardio load is a way of understanding how much exercise youve been doing, whether it was logged as a workout or not. Exercising for a longer time, and exercising at a higher intensity, both bump up your cardio load.So, for example, on a day that you go for a five-mile run at an easy pace, youll have a higher cardio load in their Fitbit app than a day you ran three miles at an easy pace. If you run three miles at a more intense pacesay you race a 5Kyour cardio load will be somewhere in between.Here are a few examples from some workouts I did:A track workout that had me alternating between moderate and peak heart rate zones for an hour (total five miles) had a cardio load of 117.20 minutes of detangling my kids hair got logged as a workout, but since my heart rate was in the light zone the whole time, I didnt get any cardio load.A 53-minute gym workout, which included a mix of heavy lifts and lighter continuous work, clocked in at a cardio load of 63.The load here is in the sense of workload. If this summer you were exercising an hour a day, and right now youre only getting in 30 minutes every other day, your cardio load for the week (and for each day) will be lower than it was in the summer. Makes sense, right? If you were to spend all next week exercising an hour a day, that would be way higher than your current cardio loadand the Fitbit app would let you know that youve suddenly increased your cardio load and might want to chill a bit.What is your target cardio load?The fitbit app automatically calculates a target cardio load based on what youre used to doing. You can choose whether you want to improve your fitness (in which case it will nudge you to crank your load up a little higher each week) or maintain your current fitness. Youll find this setting when you look at your cardio load. Just tap on fitness target near the bottom.The actual numbers of your target will change from week to week. For example, Id been wearing a Fitbit Charge 6 for some testing (youll hear more about that soon), but took a break from wearing it for a while. The Fitbit app tells me today that its adjusted my cardio load scale from 0-247 (when I was more active) to 0-191 (which it thinks is more appropriate to what I should aim for now).I havent logged enough activities lately to get a more detailed score, and Ill update you guys when I get the full experience.Which devices have cardio load? As of December 2024, the devices that have cardio load are: Pixel Watches 1, 2, and 3Fitbit Charge 5 and 5Fitbit Versa 2, 3, and 4Fitbit Sense 1 and 2FItbit LuxeFitbit Inspire 2 and 3 Fitbit Charge 6 $118.50 at Walmart $159.95 Save $41.45 Get Deal Get Deal $118.50 at Walmart $159.95 Save $41.45 Your cardio load is viewable on the Fitbit app (but not necessarily on your device) for most of the above. The Pixel watches can show you your cardio load on-screen.Other apps and platforms have their own versions of cardio load. For example, some Garmin devices measure a Training Load (along with acute/chronic load, and load focus), but it's calculated and displayed a bit differently from Fitbit's. This article is just discussing the Fitbit/Pixel version.What is the difference between cardio load and active zone minutes?Both metrics describe how much exercise youre getting, and give you extra credit for hard exercise compared to moderate exercise. But they have different purposes, and are calculated a bit differently.The purpose of active zone minutes is to figure out whether youre meeting some basic exercise targets for health. Active zone minutes match the U.S. Physical Activity Guidelines, which recommend that we all get 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week, or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise. In other words, its a count of minutes, with vigorous exercise (like running) counting double. This is why your 30-minute workout might count for 45 zone minutes, if 15 of those minutes were moderate and 15 were vigorous (15 x 2 = 30).(Theres a caveat on that: Fitbit uses your heart rate to estimate whether a given minute of exercise was vigorous or moderate for you. The original guidelines used METs, not heart rate, so its not a perfect match. But its close enough to be useful.)Cardio load, meanwhile, is a metric more often used by athletes to make sure their exercise effort is within the optimal range to improve or maintain their fitness. Fitbit uses a modified version of the TRIMP algorithm, which basically multiplies your heart rate times the number of minutes you were at that heart rate. If your heart rate is below a certain level, it doesnt get counted, which is why my hair-brushing sessions didnt count for any cardio load.With cardio load, you arent just looking to beat a minimum to give yourself a passing grade. Youre trying to stay within a specific window, which is defined by the amount of exercise youre used to doing. If you do a little more exercise every week, you can stay within your target range while pushing up the boundaries of that target range. Thats how you get fitter. On the other hand, if youre doing a lot more or a lot less exercise this week than your body is used to, you could end up losing some fitness (if youre doing less) or making yourself more fatigued than usual (if youre doing more). Depending on where you are in your training, these arent necessarily a bad thing. But with a cardio target to compare your load to, at least you know where you stand.

Making festive cookies for the holidays doesnt have to mean owning six types of sprinkles or having three different sugars on hand. In fact, some of my holiday favorites have shockingly few ingredients with no decorations necessary, barring the occasional shake of powdered sugar. If you think cookies should be easy to make and easier to consume, youre in the right place. Here are 13 of my favorite Christmas cookies that use five ingredients or fewer, and are completely decoration-optional. (Note that many of them also dont use flour, so this list has a surprising amount of gluten-free options.)Pignoli cookies Credit: Brent Hofacker / Shutterstock.com Walk into any Italian bakery and, no matter what your original intention was, look for the pignoli cookie first. It may not be as flashy as the rainbow cookie, but that knobbly little blob is a secret crowd favorite, and with good reason. Pignoli cookies are soft, chewy, and utterly almondy. The price tag might seem a little high, but theres a reason for that too. The ingredients are almond paste, sugar, egg whites, and pine nuts. Theyre not ingredients I would spring for on a regular basis, but the holidays are a special time of year where I manage to find the extra 10 bucks. Chewy, light, and brimming with almond flavor, with a light resin aroma, pignoli cookies are unlike any other cookie out there.Peanut butter and banana oatmeal cookiesA good cookie list isnt complete without some form of oatmeal cookie, so heres one thats sure to be a favorite. Besides the rolled oats, each of the other three ingredients is a flavor powerhouse. Ripe banana, chocolate chips, and peanut butter fill out the roster, and unlike most of the other cookies on this list, theres no added sugar. Mash all of the ingredients in a bowl, scoop, and bake. One bite of these will feel a little bit like childhood, and a little bit like youre eating healthily so you can have another.Shortbread CookiesSitting down with a good shortbread cookie and a cup of tea sounds like something the (British) grandma version of me would do. Make it coffee, and Ill enjoy them regardless because baking a batch of shortbread is pretty darn effortless. The first cookie on our list with any flour in it, shortbreads only require the aforementioned and an addition of butter and sugar. The resulting treat is lightly sweet, incredibly tender, and delicious year-round. Most shortbread cookies hold their shape very well, so you can stamp a pattern into them, or cut them into shapes if youd like a bit of decoration.Meringue kissesSurprisingly simple and completely fat-free, meringue kisses make a festive, sweet treat during these chilly months. Whipped egg whites and sugar are the only two ingredients you need. Some recipes call upon the support of cream of tartar, and a few drops of any extract or flavoring you like, but if you only had a couple eggs in the fridge, and your trusty canister of sugar, no one would be able to stop you. Depending on how far you want to dive into decoration, you can keep it simple and add a few drops of food coloring to the mix, or turn these cookies into a cute afternoon project with your kids. Stack a couple meringue drops with frosting and add candy accessories to make crunchy, sweet snowmen.A simple but elegant kransekake Credit: Allie Chanthorn Reinmann If you're looking for a show-stopping edible centerpiece that only requires four ingredients (inclusive of decoration) then look no further than the Norwegian kransekake. The dough is made from almond flour, powdered sugar, egg white, and a couple drops of almond extract and the icing is royal icing, which is simply more powdered sugar and egg white. Read here to get my holiday kransekake recipe.Peanut butter cookiesI dont need to sell anyone on making peanut butter cookies. They could require 50 ingredients if that meant theyd taste as good. Luckily you only really need three. Since peanut butter already has peanut solids (no need for added flavoring) and plenty of naturally occurring fat, making it into a cookie only calls for a little sweetness, and adequate binding to pull it all together. Let me introduce you to granulated sugar and an egg. Mix it all together and youre ready to scoop your way to holiday happiness.Amaretti CookiesAnother cookie that practically makes itself is the amaretti, an Italian almond flour cookie with a tiny ingredient list and a whole lot of flavor. You can make these chewy treats with just the three base ingredients, almond flour, sugar, and egg whites, but many recipes will add a drop of almond flavoring or amaretto liqueur. Roll the dough into one-inch balls, and cover them in powdered sugar before baking. This step is optional, but the cookies will expand in the oven and cause the sugar coating to attractively crack. No other decoration required.Coconut macaroonsThese arent those French almond dainties, tauntingly pastel and demure in the bakery window and selling for a whopping three bucks a pop. Were talking big, chunky piles of chewy coconut. The macaroon is a coconut lovers happy place and its more than easy to get a one way ticket there. Recipes vary, but at the root of it all, you need a sack of sweetened coconut flakes, a binder, and a sweetener. Usually that comes in the form of sweetened condensed milk or egg whites. Mix the ingredients together, scoop, and bake until the bottom edges take on a hint of color and the flakes on top begin to toast.Flourless dark chocolate cookies Credit: Lillior / Shutterstock For a cookie that tastes like a deeply fudgy brownie, but is actually much easier to make than any brownie, try these flourless chocolate cookies. I first tasted something like this at Whole Foods, where they labeled it a chocolate chewy, and it was full of chopped walnuts. This recipe uses optional chocolate chips instead, but if you like mix-ins then I have a sneaking suspicion you could add an equal amount of anything else. Use pecans, potato chips, corn flakes, or crumbled bacon to make this chocolate chewy your own fantastic creation. Almond lace cookiesDespite their delicate and intricate appearance, lace cookies are very simple to make. Also called Florentines, these are the crispy, paper thin, golden brown cookies that are sometimes (thankfully) sandwiching a layer of dark chocolate. Theyre delicious. Theyre named lace cookies because the sugary batter will bubble in the oven, and as it cools, the bubbles pop and leave holes behind. Since almond lace cookies are mostly made of liquid sugars and butter, the batter will be loose. Be sure to leave ample space between each cookie because theyll spread even more while baking. Adding a dark chocolate coating is decadent, but completely up to you, these crispy buddies are perfect on their own.Sugar cookiesShes a classic. Composed of just a few ingredients, the sugar cookie is an extremely versatile mixture. Scoop it into mounds, or roll it out for cookie cutters, the holidays are better with a batch of these. With nearly the same ingredients as shortbread cookies, sugar cookies have more, well, sugar. (Tough to build suspense there.) They also use granulated sugar instead of confectioners because, unlike shortbread, sugar cookies arent crumbly and subtle, theyre meant to be chewy bombs of sweetness. Blend the butter and sugar together before mixing in the flour. Scoop them onto a baking sheet, and if you have some sprinkles laying around, smash a few on top. Bake as directed.Nutella cookiesAlthough it is tempting to simply take a spoon to your Nutella jar, its not exactly shareable for holiday visitors, and even less appropriate for shipping cookies to loved ones. Instead of squeezing brown paste into a cookie tin, make these delicious treats that have an equally intense flavor profile, and are a little more handheld. Mix Nutella, flour, and an egg in a bowl until you make a thick dough. Shape into rounds and bake them for a chewy delight.Chocolate almond cookies Credit: this_baker / Shutterstock.com Minimal ingredient cookies have the added benefit of being minimal effort, and these cookies absolutely follow suit. Simply add all of the ingredients to a bowl and stir. Scoop these onto a parchment lined baking sheet and bake. The almond flour provides a pleasant texture, the sugar and cocoa powder balance out sweet and bitter, and the baking powder keeps the cookie from being a claggy brick. This recipe uses palm sugar but notes at the bottom that you can replace it with an equal amount of white or brown granulated sugar.