Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2 it seems to deliver (Deep Silver)The sequel to historical role-playing game Kingdom Come: Deliverance is even prettier and more realistic than ever, and has a healthy obsession with cleanliness.Playing Skyrim, Baldurs Gate, The Witcher, or any of the other legion of role-players with Tolkien-esque settings you get a reassuring sense of olde worlde charm, filled with castles, horse riding, and potion drinking. Yes, theres magic and mystical beasts, but whats really missing from the historical side of their recreations of the virtual dark ages is the sense of utter, mud-soaked squalor.Released in 2018, Kingdom Come: Deliverance more than made up for other role-playing games shortcomings in that department, by presenting players with a far grittier and more accurate representation of the medieval world. Set in Bohemia in the early 1400s, it treated players to a world with no wizards and griffons, but one where it was a job just to stay clean and presentable, with visits to the public baths and tailor absolutely essential if your character, Henry, wished to maintain his presence in polite society.Thats because 15th century Europe was obsessed with social status, believing God had made everyone just as they were. It meant if you were born a peasant, that was your lot in life, and the aristocracy felt both socially and morally superior. That made Henry, the bastard son of a nobleman and a peasant, something of a conundrum.He ends up as bodyguard to minor noble, Lord Hans Capon, and given how war torn and feudal Bohemia was during that period, its work that offers a lot of potential for misadventure. Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2 picks up the story just after the first instalment finished, with Henry accompanying Hans and his small retinue on a mission to take an important message to a local lord. As in the first game, things dont go smoothly.Thats partly down to Hans, whos not the most serious minded peer of the realm. Along with an insatiable eye for the ladies, hes also easily distracted and loves a drink. Its a combination ripe for disaster, which is just what occurs in the opening scenes. After making an ill-advised overnight camp in the open, even though they know bandits are ravaging the area, their group is set upon and slaughtered, with Henry and Hans escaping, severely wounded, in nothing but their underwear.Its an excellent introduction to a game whose systems work together in complex and interesting ways. For example, all role-playing games demand your character wears and upgrades their armour and weapons, but Kingdom Come goes so much further than chucking out your shirt in favour of newly acquired chainmail. First of all, you cant just put on armour. Henry needs a layer of protective padding underneath to make it bearable.On his head theres a cloth hood between the helmet and his skull, a padded gambeson goes under his chest armour, quilted hose protects his legs from the rattling metal plates that go on top, and shoes fit underneath the spurs that help him ride. Your inventory lets you create and swap between three complete outfits, which is just as well given the sheer number of elements that go into each one.The detail doesnt end there. Head out for a day in the countryside, and youll inevitably end up muddy. Get in a scrap and therell be cuts and tears to take care of, not only flesh wounds but in your armour and base layers. That requires a trip to the public baths (or in a pinch, a rural water trough) and a visit to the armourer and tailor to make repairs.If you fail to do that, or simply cant afford it, Bohemias deeply stratified society reacts accordingly. Thats important because Henry and Hans frequently get into scrapes, some comical and many life-threatening, but emerging from them unscathed is often a case of talking rather than fighting your way out. That involves more than a simple skill check against a single stat, but rather a whole suite of factors.In conversation you can tell the truth, lie, bluster, intimidate, threaten or pull social rank, depending on the situation. As a nobleman you can arrogantly impose your superiority on lower class Bohemians, but thats not going to work if youre plastered in mud with torn clothes and no horse. Its usually preferable to try and use your wits to evade aggressors though, because the first person melee combat remains clumsy. Despite what it sounds like, its not set in the UK (Deep Silver)While streamlined from the first game, fights are still deliberately slow and brutal. Choosing which direction to swing your sword, mace or axe from, youll also need to time defences and ripostes, managing your puny stamina bar to prevent yourself getting bulldozed. The parry window has been noticeably increased from the first game, making battles less frustrating, but we still found ourselves doing everything possible to avoid them.Its just as well conversations are so rewarding, with important protagonists voice acting just as natural and charismatic as it was, even if minor characters can still be more variable. Its also very odd that everyone speaks in various British accents, which doesnt help sell the fact that youre supposed to be 900 miles away in what is now the Czech Republic.Early on in our playthrough, our wounded heroes are rescued by a toothless old crone, who sounds oddly aristocratic, her conversation peppered with the word aint, which sounded about as authentic in its delivery as it would do coming from the Princess of Wales.More TrendingIts a minor point, but along with a few flickering textures, and slightly clunky navigation on the map, you get the feeling it wont prove a particular impediment to enjoying the game once you get your teeth into it. Deliverance 2 seems to have considerably fewer rough edges than its generally well received predecessor did at launch, which is a promising start.Graphically its a huge leap forward, its gorgeous looking countryside and colourful (if you keep it clean) regalia looking noticeably sharper and more attractive than the first game could manage, even at maximum graphics settings on PC. While theres a sense that everything has been refined rather than reinvented, the net effect is that the game already feels significantly more polished, while its other systems forging weapons, brewing potions are just as detailed and fastidiously accurate.Whether all that holds up for the lengthy play time of the full game remains to be seen, but so far all the earlier indicators are good.Formats: PlayStation 5 (previewed), Xbox Series X/S, and PCPrice: 59.99Publisher: Deep SilverDeveloper: Warhorse StudiosRelease Date: 4th February 2025Age Rating: 18 The first person combat is still clunky (Deep Silver)Emailgamecentral@metro.co.uk, leave a comment below,follow us on Twitter, andsign-up to our newsletter.To submit Inbox letters and Readers Features more easily, without the need to send an email, just use ourSubmit Stuff page here.For more stories like this,check our Gaming page.GameCentralExclusive analysis, latest releases, and bonus community content.This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. 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By Margherita Bassi Published January 10, 2025 | Comments (0) | A mosaic image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope of the Crab Nebula, the remnant of a star's explosive death. NASA/ESA All carbon in the universe forms in the fiery cores of stars, but the element that makes up 18% of our bodies may have taken a detour through the outer edges of our galaxyand perhaps even into intergalactic spaceon veritable cosmic conveyor belts before reaching Earth, according to new research. Astronomers in the U.S. and Canada have revealed that the circumgalactic mediuma vast, complex halo of gas surrounding galaxiesstores carbon (among other materials) far from the galaxy before recycling it back into the star-forming regions where it originated, contributing to the formation of planets, moons, new stars, and other celestial bodies. The discovery, detailed in a December 27 study published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, could have important implications for our understanding of galactic evolution. Scientists confirmed the existence of the circumgalactic medium in 2011, describing it as a vast, circulating cloud around star-forming galaxies like the Milky Way that contributes to recycling hot, oxygen-rich gases. Now, researchers from the new study demonstrate that lower-temperature material, including carbon, can also hitch a ride on this cosmic conveyor belt, as its described in a press release.We can now confirm that the circumgalactic medium acts like a giant reservoir for both carbon and oxygen, Samantha Garza, an astronomer from the University of Washington who participated in the study, said in the university statement. And, at least in star-forming galaxies, we suggest that this material then falls back onto the galaxy to continue the recycling process.The same carbon in our bodies most likely spent a significant amount of time outside of the galaxy! This recycling of stellar material is crucial for the formation of new celestial bodies, while the recycling of carbonoften called the building block of lifeis essential for the formation of our bodies and all living things. Think of the circumgalactic medium as a giant train station: It is constantly pushing material out and pulling it back in, Garza explained. The heavy elements that stars make get pushed out of their host galaxy and into the circumgalactic medium through their explosive supernovae deaths, where they can eventually get pulled back in and continue the cycle of star and planet formation. Garza and her colleagues used the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope to detect how the circumgalactic medium of 11 star-forming galaxies impacts nine distant quasars (extremely bright galactic cores). Their analysis revealed that some of the quasars light is absorbed by an abundance of carbon in the circumgalactic mediumcarbon that in some cases was channeled out nearly 400,000 light years beyond its original galaxy. Thats four times the diameter of the Milky Way.The implications for galaxy evolution, and for the nature of the reservoir of carbon available to galaxies for forming new stars, are exciting, said Jessica Werk, a co-author on the study also from the University of Washington. The same carbon in our bodies most likely spent a significant amount of time outside of the galaxy! Further research could provide more insight into how the materials channeled by the circumgalactic medium impacts the number of stars formed in a galaxy. One theory, for example, hypothesizes that the eventual decrease or end of the circumgalactic mediums involvement in the cosmic recycling process could contribute to a galaxys declining population of stars.If you can keep the cycle going pushing material out and pulling it back in then theoretically you have enough fuel to keep star formation going, said Garza. So even though you may wish you had more time to travel, rest assured that at least your carbon atoms had quite the intergalactic voyage before ending up in your body.Daily NewsletterYou May Also Like By Isaac Schultz Published January 9, 2025 Isaac Schultz and Passant Rabie Published January 4, 2025 By Isaac Schultz Published December 30, 2024 By Margherita Bassi Published December 15, 2024 By Isaac Schultz Published December 11, 2024 By Isaac Schultz Published November 21, 2024

Its long been known that, despite Power Rangers overnight success, its behind-the-scenes drama saw its cast and crew earn very little of the blockbuster cash the series brought in as it exploded in the early 90s. But in a new video together, two of the original members of theMighty Morphin team opened up about just how sketchily they were treated, both before and after Saban realized the phenomenon it had in its Spandex-clad hands. Speaking in a recent video for Fanward (via Popverse), Austin St. John and Walter Emanuel Jonesthe original Red and Black rangers, Jason and Zackdiscuss what it was like being young actors signing onto a show that became an overnight sensation. The answer? Sketchy contracts, non-union rates, and threats of immediate replacementsomething that actually happened to one of their original co-stars, Audri DuBois, who played the Yellow Ranger in Power Rangers pilot. After the pilot got picked up, she knew then that we were going to get screwed, St. John recalled. [DuBois] went to Haim Saban and was like Hey, this is jack, you need to pay us more. And he fired herhe liked her. They got along.The TV show itself was non-union originally, we got a contract, and the contract was not that great, Jones prefaced. We were told, Hey, you could take this contract and show it to your lawyers or to your agent, but first person that comes back and wants to change anything, were going to fire you. Mighty Morphin Power Rangers was an immediate success upon its debut in 1993, but that didnt change future contracts the cast signednor did it change the rates the crew behind the cameras received either, even in the face of the shows grueling filming schedules. I could remember a lot of the crew coming to me off camera being like, Man, you guys should go union. Look at what theyre doing. You guys are getting screwed, St. John added. Because the crew, they were getting paid even crappier than we were. St. John, Jones, and Thuy Trang, who replaced DuBois after the pilot as Trini the Yellow Ranger, all departedPower Rangers after the conclusion of season two, and made more money making appearances for fans at external events than they did for actually filming. It would take decadesuntil Hasbros ownership of the Power Rangers brand and the production of the 2019 series, Beast Morphers, for the series to become a unionized production. And although the franchise faces an uncertain future again after Hasbro initiated a controversial fire sale of its costuming history (and perpetual rumors of new reboot shows and movies seem to flicker in and out of the morphing grid), one things for sure: St. John and Jones made sure they were paid better when they returned to the franchise in the years since their exit. Want more io9 news? Check out when to expect the latest Marvel, Star Wars, and Star Trek releases, whats next for the DC Universe on film and TV, and everything you need to know about the future of Doctor Who.

For anyone whos ever wanted to bring their music or podcasts to the job site without compromising safety or mobility, DeWalts latest Wearable Bluetooth Speaker offers an innovative solution. This pocket-sized powerhouse combines professional-grade sound with practical durability, designed specifically for those who need their hands free while staying connected to their audio throughout the workday.See at AmazonIn a timely price drop, this versatile speaker is now available for $44, down from its original price of $55. The 20% discount provides an $11 savings on a device thats great from everyone from contractors and DIY enthusiasts, to folks just wanting a good little speaker that wont bust when you drop it onto the ground once.Rugged, portable sound you can count onThis rugged model introduces several practical improvements over the previous model, which you might have had or have some experience with. Its new reinforced clip is now four times stronger than previous versions, allowing for one-handed operation and secure attachment to clothing or equipment. Weighing in at less than 2 ounces, its so lightweight that users often forget theyre wearing it.The DeWalts speakers thoughtful design extends to its new free-standing capability, thanks to an added footer that provides stability when placed on workbenches or ledges. For those working in challenging environments, the IP56 rating ensures protection against dust and water, while the included carry pouch offers additional protection during transport. Whether its being used on a construction site, in a garden, or during outdoor activities, this speaker seamlessly transitions between work and leisure environments, making it a great addition to your toolkit.Sometimes its hard to find a good speaker that works for places like construction sites or that you wont break because you dropped it one time. So this affordable option is one you wont want to skip out on, especially since its super affordable right now. Its small enough to attach to your clothes or uniform so youll forget you have it on, and the fact that you dont have to carry it makes it a good candidate for your daily driver when it comes to music.Everyone knows music makes the day go a little faster too, so you can enjoy hanging out with your favorite songs all day while getting things done. And you can get one or another for your friends or coworkers. Whatever you do, be sure you take advantage of this sale. Its one you wont want to miss out on.See at Amazon

Dansehallerne National Center for Dance and Choreography / Mikkelsen ArkitekterSave this picture! Adam MrkCultural Architecture, Dance HallKbenhavn, DenmarkArchitects: Mikkelsen ArkitekterAreaArea of this architecture projectArea:4500 mYearCompletion year of this architecture project Year: 2024 PhotographsPhotographs:Adam MrkMore SpecsLess SpecsSave this picture!Text description provided by the architects. Mikkelsen Architects has led the transformation of Kedelhuset into Dansehallerne's new national center for contemporary dance and choreography. Our transformation strategy has been to respect and stage the existing conservation values, with new additions dialoguing with the historical framework so that new and old mutually reinforce each other. The ground floor is arranged around a central core housing a foyer and bar, with dance studios, dressing rooms, and workshops radiating outward.Save this picture!A key feature of the transformation is the new box within Kedelhallen. Housing a black box stage, backstage facilities, and additional foyers, this intervention draws inspiration from the building's industrial past. The design references the monumental boilers that once occupied the space, with its raw aluminum cladding and perforated sine plates backed by acoustically absorbent mineral wool or glass panels. The box's transparency shifts subtly, while openable sections amplify its mechanical character. The wave-like profile of the box evokes the theatricality of a stage curtain, harmonizing with the hall's draped facade curtains that contribute to both light control and acoustic regulation. The box is designed for adaptability. Large sound-insulating doors connect the foyer to the hall, allowing the space to transform into a multifunctional venue where the architecture becomes part of the performance. The telescopic spectator stand retracts into a niche behind folding doors, enabling the box to present a unified, neutral facade when required.Save this picture!Above the foyer, a studio opens to the hall, creating a bridge between education and performance. This space allows school groups to observe the preparation of artists and technicians, offering a glimpse into the world of dance. The roof of the box features an open, multi-purpose studio with views of the hall, extending the spatial possibilities for creative use. Throughout the project, the industrial heritage is preserved and reinterpreted. Stairs and fixtures crafted from annealed steel echo the original black iron walkways, which once accessed the boilers and now serve as functional elements for stage technicians and performers. Restored overhead conveyors, formerly used to transport machinery, now support the hall's stage technology, aligning contemporary function with historical logic.Save this picture!Save this picture!The hall's roof has undergone a significant yet subtle transformation. The central timber structure, originally uninsulated, has been re-insulated with acoustically dampening mineral wool and finished with cover strips that replicate the original ceiling's appearance. This solution provides approximately 850 m of discreet acoustic regulation while maintaining the hall's authentic aesthetic. The lower roof surfaces, constructed of in-situ concrete, have been insulated externally to preserve the visual integrity of the original board formwork. Acoustic rafts on the ground floor are suspended independently of columns and beams, ensuring that the industrial character of the space remains intact. Exposed installations throughout the building pay homage to Kedelhuset's origins as a production facility, celebrating its raw, utilitarian aesthetic.Save this picture!Project gallerySee allShow lessProject locationAddress:Kbenhavn, DenmarkLocation to be used only as a reference. It could indicate city/country but not exact address.About this officeMikkelsen ArkitekterOfficeMaterialBrickMaterials and TagsPublished on January 10, 2025Cite: "Dansehallerne National Center for Dance and Choreography / Mikkelsen Arkitekter" 10 Jan 2025. ArchDaily. Accessed . <https://www.archdaily.com/1025370/dansehallerne-national-center-for-dance-and-choreography-mikkelsen-arkitekter&gt ISSN 0719-8884Save!ArchDaily?You've started following your first account!Did you know?You'll now receive updates based on what you follow! Personalize your stream and start following your favorite authors, offices and users.Go to my stream

Apartment Grsslingova / Kilo / HoncSave this picture! Matej HakrBratislava, SlovakiaArchitects: Kilo / HoncAreaArea of this architecture projectArea:35 mYearCompletion year of this architecture project Year: 2023 PhotographsPhotographs:Matej HakrManufacturersBrands with products used in this architecture project Manufacturers: Fritz Hansen, Berker, Creative cables, Element, Ikea, Nesia, OsmontMore SpecsLess SpecsSave this picture!Text description provided by the architects. We love assignments that teach us and our clients something in their final form. As in this case. Amazing discussion and feedback, lively conversations, and a willingness to take it a step further and try the untried. Talking at length, just and mostly about the space, its light, its insights, and the moments it creates as a whole. The others are just as subtle backgrounds that remain untold.Save this picture!Save this picture!Save this picture!We said that light is important. A new, day space of a small apartment that will have two beautiful and large windows. In the original layout, each window belonged to one room, creating a dark hallway. One big bright space defined only by the facade of the house and a transparent glass-brick wall at the back, behind which is everything necessary to be able to function comfortably in the apartment - bathroom with shower, washing machine, sink, cupboards and storage spaces.Save this picture!Save this picture!The bedroom is the only place that is on the border of both worlds. In its position at the end of the apartment, it is no longer fronted by a glass-brick wall but continues with a concrete base in the form of a wall for seating and a curtain that subtly suggests that we are in a more intimate part of the apartment. At the same time, however, we can see outside, to the kitchen and dining room, projecting a film. If we want.Save this picture!Project gallerySee allShow lessProject locationAddress:Bratislava, SlovakiaLocation to be used only as a reference. It could indicate city/country but not exact address.About this officeKilo / HoncOfficeMaterialsMaterials and TagsPublished on January 10, 2025Cite: "Apartment Grsslingova / Kilo / Honc" 10 Jan 2025. ArchDaily. Accessed . <https://www.archdaily.com/1025474/apartment-grosslingova-kilo-honc&gt ISSN 0719-8884Save!ArchDaily?You've started following your first account!Did you know?You'll now receive updates based on what you follow! Personalize your stream and start following your favorite authors, offices and users.Go to my stream

Before you watch, know there are spoilers ahead... Josh and Austin take a deep dive into the iconic Squid Game Season 2, discussing behind the scenes, visual effects, theories, and family trees! We also talk about what we think might happen in Season 3.CoPilot Co. is a global, tech-driven production studio that specializes in XR virtual production, film production, and AI tool development. We are committed to helping people realize their boldest ideas through sharing our expertise, consulting on virtual production studio builds, and creating AI tools for XR environment building. CONNECT: copilotco.iocollabs@copilotco.iohttps://www.instagram.com/copilotco/ https://www.linkedin.com/company/copilotxr/ https://www.tiktok.com/@copilotco

Please do not pilot your drones over the deadly wildfires raging across portions of Southern California. None of the footage is worth grounding emergency response planesor the potential jail time.The Federal Aviation Administration was forced to issue a reminder on January 9th, shortly after an unidentified civilian drone collided with a Canadair CL-415 Super Scooper at approximately 1PM PST over the Palisades firestorm.Anyone who interferes with emergency response operations may face severe fines and criminal prosecution, the FAA also posted on Thursday evening to social media. If you fly, emergency responders cant, they added, echoing a similar motto from the US Forestry Department.The resulting impact reportedly made a football-sized hole in one of the planes wings, forcing its pilots to end their response efforts and land nearby. No one aboard was injured during the emergency, but the Super Scooper on loan from Canada is now reportedly out-of-commission indefinitely.PHOTO: Firefighting aircraft damaged after colliding with drone over the Palisades Fire in Los Angeles, California.The plane landed safety and is grounded because of the damage. Officials are investigating. pic.twitter.com/UDAjalGyxR AZ Intel (@AZ_Intel_) January 10, 2025 So whose house is not going to get that water to protect it? a California Fire Department spokesperson told The New York Times on Friday.[Related: This crowdsourcing app is a lifeline for Californians tracking wildfires.]Manufactured by De Havilland Aircraft in Canada, the CL-415 Super Scooper is specifically designed to fly low over disaster zones and dump as much as 1,600 gallons of water at a time. What makes it particularly crucial in such emergencies is its ability to refill its water container in just 5-10 minutes. According to The War Zone, there are only two of these amphibious turboprop aircraft capable of handling such situations in Los Angeles.The FAAs temporary flight restriction (TFL) over the Los Angeles wildfires is currently in effect until at least January 23rd. A TFL applies not only to commercial airplanes, but amateur drone hobbyists, as well.Do not fly your drone near or around areas affected by the LA wildfires. Anyone who interferes with emergency response operations may face severe fines and criminal prosecution. If you fly, emergency responders can't. pic.twitter.com/UE5wqAlR1O The FAA :airplane: (@FAANews) January 10, 2025 Its a federal crime, punishable by up to 12 months in prison, to interfere with firefighting efforts on public lands, the FAA reminded the public on Thursday, adding anyone convicted can also expect up to $75,000 in fines.The FAA treats these violations seriously and immediately considers swift enforcement action for these offenses. The FAA has not authorized anyone unaffiliated with the Los Angeles firefighting operations to fly drones in the TFRs, the administration explained.Such steep penalties are apparently necessary to curb such incidents. Between 2014-2019, the US Forestry Dept. documented 165 drone incursions over wildfires. Aerial firefighting efforts were affected at least nine times alone in 2019.The Palisades fire has burned over 20,000 acres at the time of writingroughly the same area as Manhattan. At least 10 people have died as a result of the Los Angeles wildfires. Secret Los Angeles has compiled a list of resources to help emergency responders and evacuees.The post Civilian drone grounds LA firefighting plane appeared first on Popular Science.

The cranium from the Ephesos Octagon in the Collection of the Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna. The yellowed note coming with it says: "Skull from Ephesus. Gerhard Weber, University of ViennaShareAn archeological missing persons case has gotten a bit more complicated. Scientists have learned that a skull that long-believed to be that of Cleopatras sister Arsino IV actually belonged to a young boy. A team from the University of Vienna and Austrian Academy of Sciences analyzed the skull and found that the boy was likely between 11 and 14-years-old and suffered from an unknown developmental disorder. A genetic analysis also revealed that he was likely from Italy or Sardinia. The findings are detailed in a study published January 10 in the journal Scientific Reports. Get the Popular Science newsletter Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy.Who was Arsion IV?Arsino IV was the youngest daughter of king Ptolemy XII Auletes of Egypt. She was the sister of Queen Cleopatra VII and the kings Ptolemy XIII and XIV. Arsino attempted to lead Egyptian forces against Cleopatra, who had allied herself with Julius Caesar and the Romans during the Alexandrian war. At the request of Mark Antonya Roman politician and Celopatras loverArsino was murdered in Ephesos, Turkey sometime around 41 BCE.In 1929, a skull was found in Ephesos, Turkey by Austrian archaeologist Josef Keil and his team. They found a sarcophagus that was completely filled with water in the ruins of a once elaborate building called the Octagon in Ephesos. While they didnt find any goods in the grave, there was a complete skeleton. Keil took the skull with him before the researchers closed the tomb.The initial analysis in Greifswald, Germany proposed that the grave belonged to a very distinguished person and probably a woman that was about 20-years-old Keil couldnt provide any hard data, but the skull made it to Austria when he began a new job at the University of Vienna. Weninger published an article in 1953 with photos and measurements and concluded that the skull represented a young woman who was of a refined, specialised type.In 1982, the rest of the skeleton was found in Ephesos. However, it was not found in the sarcophagus. The bones were in a niche in an antechamber of the burial chamber. A combination of archaeological records and the fact that Arsino IV was murdered in Ephesos around 41 BCE led archeologists and anthropologists to a new hypothesis in 1990. Arsino IV may have been buried in this elaborate tomb in Ephesos.View of the Octagon in Ephesos along Curetes Street. Only the marble-clad base has survived. CREDIT: Austrian Academy of Sciences/Austrian Archaeological Institute. A chromosomal surpriseIn this new study, a team of geneticists, orthodontists, dating specialists, and archeologists took a closer look at this skull. First, they used micro-computed tomography to create a very detailed digital image of the skull as an archival record. They then took tiny samples from the base of the skull and the inner ear to determine how old the person was when he or she died and obtain some DNA.They found that the skull dates to between 36 and 205 BCE, which corresponds well with the traditionally accepted date of death of Arsino IV (41 BCE). The geneticists also found a match between the skull and some samples from the femur. This means that the second skeleton that was later found in the anteroom actually belonged to the same person as the skull that Keil had removed from the sarcophagus in 1929.The Octagon cranium is scanned in the Vienna Micro-CT Lab to a resolution of 80 micrometers. CREDIT: Gerhard Weber, University of Vienna But then came the big surprise: in repeated tests, the skull and femur both clearly showed the presence of a Y chromosomein other words, a male, study co-author and University of Vienna archeologist Gerhard Weber said in a statement.The micro-CT data and closer study of the skull revealed that the boy from the Octagon was still in his puberty and was around 11 to 14-years-old. High-resolution images of the dental roots and the still developing skull base confirmed that this was a young teen. He also likely suffered from some sort of disease affecting his skull. One of his cranial sutures, which normally fuses at the age of 65, was already closed and gave the skull a very asymmetrical shape.According to the team, the most striking feature was the underdeveloped upper jaw. This is unusually angled downwards, but was more upwards and likely led to major problems with chewing. They looked at various dental joints and the two teeth remaining in the jaw to confirm this. While the first permanent molar did not show any signs of being used to chew food, the first premolar was chewed down and had clear cracks from overloading. The team believes that there was no regular tooth contact, a consequence of the jaw and face growing in an unusual way. While it is still unclear what led to these grown disorders, it may have been a vitamin-D deficiency or a genetic syndrome such as Treacher Collins syndrome.For archaeologists and anthropologists, the search for Arsino IVs remains can continue, without this rumor that her skull had already been found.

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