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The future of leadership isnt reserved for those who fit the mold but for those who breakitMeghan @ Design Leadership Summit in Toronto, discussing Neurodivergence inDesignTech! The thing known as fast-paced, innovative, and changing the world as we know it. Tech is driven by big ideas, limitless possibilities, and the resources to make them real. I often wonder how the person who first pitched Siri approached that conversation in a room full ofpeople.Do you think it went something likeHey, I have an idea its a person's voice, but the person doesnt exist. Its kind of abstract. You can ask her to do things, like set an alarm. She lives inside a phone, and Im saying she because, well, shes a woman. An invisible woman. And her name isSiriTHATS THE FUTURE! ROBOTS! TECHNOLOGY! AI!Remember when everything felt new, interesting, and exciting? I lived in SF from 2011 to 2021, and from 2013 to 2018, working a tech job was highly sought after. In fact, it wasCOOL!Well, it was cool to anyone from the Embarcadero to Divisadero Street.But now our tech overlords are too busy fighting over bathroom tampon policies and scrubbing DEI initiatives to remember why they were once considered thefuture.Google has removed Pride Month, Black History Month, and other cultural celebrations from our calendars. So, maybe the car-driving tech innovation was actually aTesla.A summary of cultural events removed from Google Calendar, posted by PopBase onThreadsAs someone with a neurodivergencedid I lose some of you?climbing the leadership ladder has become exhaustive for all the wrongreasons.The things tech once boasted as leading the initiatives in an outdated world of slow corporations operating on waterfall versus the BIG dogs driving impact through agile frameworks are now but a fart in thewind.Techs decision to abandon inclusivityexcept for Costco, shoutout to Costcodoesnt change reality. Marginalized communities didnt vanish just because a CEO removed DEI from the handbook.Diverse teams dont just feel goodthey performbetter.A report by McKinsey & Company finds that companies embracing cognitive diversity thrive socially and outperform their homogeneous counterparts in profitability by36%.Additional research continues to support theseclaims.A study from Wileys Online Journal (Cognitive Diversity for Creativity and Inclusive Growth) found that cognitively diverse teams outperform even high-IQ teams in problem-solvingand companies with at least one woman on the board financially outperform all-male leadership teams.Yet, this still seems to be lost on decision-makers.Tech wasnt built for neurodivergent minds, but that doesnt mean we cant thrive in it. When systems are designed around neurotypical norms, bias, and shame make it harder for us to succeed, not because we lack ability but because the rules were never written with us inmind.Our biases are hardwiredTwo years ago, I sat at dinner with my partner, replaying the words from my performance review earlier that day. Like so many others, the feedback I received wasnt about my workit was about my personality.A line that many companies blur.While we waited outside to be seated at a table, I shared my frustrations with my partner, and at one point, I began tocry.Tears flowed as I shared feedback from my review and the words that have become all too familiar: Youre just not leadership material.Im too direct. Too communicative. Too empathetic. I talk too fast. Or too much. Or notenough.Coworkers misread my tone because I use a single period at the end of Slack sentences, rendering meterse.My passion doesnt read as drive. It reads as reactive. Emotional.Asking for accountability from your colleagues can be (and usually is) labeled as problematic because youre directly confronting potential or existing conflict that one (or more) individuals caused.Thats when leadership takes the microphone to repeat themselves once more, Its a teameffort.Going back to the time of elementary school days, think of a time when peers bullied you. Even if onlyonce.Maybe something you said incorrectly out loud in class. Maybe a word you mispronounced. Maybe you misunderstood something, and others laughed at you for misunderstanding it.Image by Center for Creative Leadership, Provided by Archer Green in US vs THEM (Ingroup vs Outgroup)Now, jump to middle school. Could your parents afford the clothes the popular kids deemed cool? For us, it was Abercrombie and Hollister. My mom was more in the Aropostale and Walmart income bracket, and my peers never let me forgetit.In high school, the divide goes even further. The cliques break into sub-groups from their former middle school grouping of popular and unpopular.Now you have band geeks, jocks, preps, theatre kids, smart nerds, burnt outs, and the list goes on. What was considered normal in high school was what was acceptedand nothingelse.The same pattern repeats at every stage: elementary, middle, and high school. We are taught whats normal, told whats acceptable and shown whatsvalued.Everything outside of that becomes an outlier. Something to exclude. Something that makes you uncomfortable, even if you cant explainwhy.Humans have an inherent tendency to categorize information, which helps simplify the complex world aroundus.Research indicates that social categorization is a fundamental aspect of human cognition, aiding quick decision-making and generalization.Categorization can be detrimental to society. It creates three main conflicts: considering people with one commonality to be more similar than they are, considering people with one difference to be more different than they are, and stating that an individual is more desired or preferred over another.The Harmful Impact That Categorization Has Upon People by Camila KulahilogluThe standards we set or were asked to meet were the ones that we felt safe in because everything makes a lot more sense when you can put meaning or names behindit.When you fit into those standards, you feel included. You are included.When you fall outside of those standards, you might feel as if youre on anisland.Our entire world is built on what is normal or good versus what is weird and bad. Most of the time, all are defined by someone who is notus.The fear of being rejected becomes the fear of not being good enough. Eventually we become someone that we are not. We become a copy of Mammas beliefs, Daddys beliefs, societys beliefs, and religions beliefs. Miguel Ruiz, The Four Agreements: A Practical Guide to PersonalFreedomThe mask leaders are expected towearA study in Frontiers in Psychology examined how leaders are expected to perform emotional labor. To meet organizational expectations, they often engage in surface acting (faking emotions) or deep acting (convincing themselves they feel a certainway).This forced emotional regulation leads to burnout and job dissatisfaction. Leaders are expected to suppress authenticity in the name of professionalism, but instead of making them better, it makes them disconnected, exhausted, and ineffective. Influence of Leaders Emotional Labor and Its Perceived Appropriateness on Employees Emotional Labor by Xiuli Tang and YingkangGuAll the things we are led to believe in our lives are the same things that build the world around us. Today, in our workplace, the standards for leaders to lead or managers to manage are set by those who may have believed what was passed to them, and soon.How long has it been since someone looked at how we define our boxes and the expectations of the humans aroundus?Why are business personas required to be so detached from human personas?The world of business looks down upon the things that make us human,like:Sharing or showingemotionDiscussing project challengesAsking colleagues to be accountable for missed deadlines or dishonestyExpressing fatigue from work politics or overly political colleagues that dont produce anything other than chatter and distractionSharing fears or vulnerabilities around the state of theworldWould you trust a friend who never showed emotion? Who never shared their thoughtsopenly?So why do we expect our leaders to do exactlythat?The standards we set for leadership are nothing like the standards we set for being a good human. And maybe thats theproblem.The standard set doesnt even benefit the business, the leaders, or the employees. Research highlighted by the Journal of Business and Psychology indicates that:Employees perceptions of their leaders emotional expressions significantly impact their own engagement and performance. Leaders who consistently display a narrow range of emotions may inadvertently hinder employee engagement, as their emotional variability is perceived as inauthentic or detached. Leader Affect Variability and Employee Engagement by Jiaqing Sun, PhD, Sandy J. Wayne, PhD, and Yan Liu,PhDWere human, and were flawed by default. Whether your bias is conscious or subconscious, it is there. Businesses are not expected to fix this, but we need to continue to ask and advocate forit.Understanding the human propensity for categorization and the adverse effects that follow is crucial to ensuring we recognize the biases that exist amongus.Without advocacy, the conversations that need to take place for organizations to work towards creating more inclusive environments wonthappen.Recognizing biases creates an environment that values diversity rather than shames it, reducing the marginalization of individuals who dont fit traditional norms.This brings us back to my performance review. My boss wasnt evaluating my workthey were evaluating me through the lens of their own bias, through the rigid box theyve been taught leaders should fitinto.And because I dont fit, I must notbelong.But thats exactly why we need to keep pushing and keep advocating. Leadership shouldnt be about who best fits the moldit should be about who actuallyleads.Original cartoon by HansTraxler.A leader is someonewhoIn tech, leadership often claims to value adaptability, inclusion, and diverse perspectives, but reality rarely reflects those ideals. The expectations set for leadership seldom match the leaders we see in the room. Yet, those same expectations become the criteria used to evaluate everyone else, especially those still climbing theladder.When leaders preach openness but fail to embed it in their actions, they create a false sense of safety that demands conformity instead of genuine inclusion.A 2024 article in Forbes highlights that many neurodivergent professionals face invisible barriers to advancement due to outdated leadership stereotypes. The piece emphasizes the need for businesses to create more inclusive environments that recognize diverse leadership styles.If leadership at the top doesnt understand bias and the benefits of cognitive diversity, how can we expect the hiring process or leadership pipeline to reflect thosevalues?Bias trickles down, shaping who gets hired, who gets promoted, and who never gets achance.Traditional perceptions of leadership often emphasize traits such as assertiveness, rapid decision-making, and strong verbal communication skills. These expectations can inadvertently create barriers for neurodivergent individuals aspiring for leadership roles in the tech industry.Addressing these biases requires organizations to reassess their definitions of leadership potential and to implement more inclusive practices that recognize and value diverse cognitive styles.Effective Communication Strategies for Neurodiverse TeamsAutism Leadership and Management Navigating Neurodiversity: Leadership Strategies for Autism Inclusive OrganizationsIt doesnt have to be said aloud for us to feel it: Neurodivergent professionals arent seen asleaders.Were seen asrisks.Given the data, science has proven more than once that having a neurodivergent condition provides an advantage in more ways than one to teams/companies, especially from a financial reporting perspective (see top of article for McKinseystudy).You would think businesses would be more open to employing diverse individuals and allowing those diverse individuals tolead.Yet the same feedback echoes through the walls of neurodivergent people in their monthly 1:1s or annual performance reviews.Talking with your hands. Expressing emotions. Showing honest thoughts, real feelings, real reactions. The very things that make us human are the same things used to measure why we shouldnt be seen asleadersIf you asked someone to describe a great leader, how often do you think theydsay:They were great with eye contact.My leader never showed emotions. That made me feel more connected.A previous manager had an impressive level of assertiveness.A leader is not someone who dislikes small talk, thats forsure.I prefer a leader to be sociable; it doesnt matter much to me if they drive results or lead us toimpact.If the majority of decision-makers are neurotypicalor completely untrained in neurodivergent inclusionhow do we expect neurodivergent professionals to succeed in a system that was never built forthem?Worse.how do we expect them to get there in the firstplace?Bias and ableism perpetuate the same myths youbelieveThe point above may prove itself if I ask you what you think of when you hearADHD.In January 2025, I went to speak at the Design Leadership Summit in Toronto, where I gave a talk on Neurodivergence within Design. As I open the presentation, I first ask the audience what they think when they see/hear thewords:StrategicDecisiveStrong communicatorVisionaryPolishedLinear thinkerFocusedOne person yelled out, LEADER!. And he wasnt wrongbut the slide was a trap. I picked those words because they are not commonly associated with ADHD or autistic individuals.The slide in question from the authors talk on Neurodivergence inDesignThe follow-up slide asked the audience if anyone thought ADHD. The overwhelming response wasNo.But why not? Why are those words so far removed from an ADHD/AUDHD individual?The sad thing is the audience isnt alone. Anecdotal evidence suggests that a majority of people, likely well over 50%, default to thinking of hyperactivity and the associated traits when ADHD is mentioned.The follow up slide from the authors talk on Neurodivergence in Design at the DLS conference, Jan2025.Im a designer, so lets take the leadership traits above and translate them into neurodivergent traitswhich then translate to design strengths: Deep Focus & Hyper-Fixation Mastering complex problems, spotting patterns, and driving high-quality execution. (focused, linearthinker) Nonlinear Thinking Solving problems unconventionally and seeing connections others miss. (Strategic) Rapid Idea Generation & Creativity Iterating quickly, adapting ideas, and coming up with out-of-the-box solutions. (visionary) Systems Thinking & Pattern Recognition Understanding how everything fits together and designing for scalability. (Strategic) Hyper-Empathy & Intuition Deeply understanding users and designing more inclusive, emotionally resonant experiences. (visionary, strong communicator, decisive)Neurodivergent employees can be adept at pattern recognition, enabling them to identify inefficiencies or potential problems before they escalate. By leveraging their unique talents, companies can streamline processes, minimize errors, and ultimately save time and resources. How Leadership Unlocks the Potential of a Neurodiverse Workforce by AnneSchmitzBecause neurodivergence is often seen negatively, even positive traits get framed as deficits. This isnt just happening in the workplace; it happens in science,too.A study published in JNeurosci compared the moral behavior of autistic and non-autistic people. The results showed that autistic participants always acted ethically, whether someone was watching them or not. In contrast, non-autistic participants were less ethical when they werent being observed.However, instead of seeing this as a positive trait (sticking to moral values no matter what), the researchers labeled it as a moral deficitas if something was wrong with the autistic participants.After backlash from the autistic community, the study changed some wording, but it still used language that made being consistently ethical sound like aproblem.This shows how research bias can negatively frame neurodivergence, even when the studied behavior is a strength.What if, instead of jumping to conclusions, we started asking better questions that led to better assessments?When someone calls a person too literal, what they might mean is that they communicate differently.But literal thinking ensures precision and clarity; isnt that what you want in design, engineering, or strategy?When interviewing designers, a key part of the process is storytelling abilities while presenting case studies / previous work. Some companies are vague on what theyre expecting those stories to look and sound likeand while yes, even if theres a general foundation for storytelling, expectations are often vague and unspoken.So, even if a candidate shares a well-structured case study, it might not match what one specific person had inmind.Instead of saying, This candidate didnt tell a strong enough story, what if we asked, Did they clearly explain their design decisions? That shifts the focus from bias toclarity.Instead of saying: so and so is rigid and doesnt adapt well to change, what if you were informed enough to ask better questions as to why someone might be responding thatway?Imagine an employee, lets say, a systems architect. They push back on last-minute changes.To you, that feels rigid and inflexible. But to them? They see the whole picture. They understand how this change will disrupt dependencies and create a domino effect ofissues.Instead of labeling them rigid, what if we saw them for what they are? A strategic thinker preventing significant roadblocks.If companies actually want to benefit from neurodivergent leaders, they need to do more than just hire diverse talent. They need to create an environment where neurodivergent professionals dont have to mask, hide, or constantly prove theirworth. Your leadership team is likely more neurodiverse than you think by EleanorHecksNeurodiversity Is Diversity by SolvegiShmulskyHumans categorize everything, including people. When someone doesnt fit the expected mold, we immediately assume something is wrong withthem.Instead of asking why someone works a certain way, like our systems architect here, we label those experiences: Delaying is bad. This coworker is blocking us from moving fast. We should break things quicklynot slow down for the process.But is that true? Or is it just what weve beentaught?A neurodivergent person thrives on clear structures and well-defined processes. They prefer logical consistency, which ensures efficiency and prevents unnecessary rework.How will leaders even know what to ask if no one teaches them how to see differently?Can you nurture what you dont understand?The arguments, Thats just how it is! or Business doesnt have to account for your issues, are tired, outdated, and, frankly,low-EQ.Come on! At least get a more original argument than bending the knee to a corporation that doesnt care about you, man who makes $50k a year and a CEO who makes billions.Yetthe data keeps proving that Diverse teams perform better financially, operationally, and culturally.Our latest analysis reaffirms the strong business case for both gender diversity and ethnic and cultural diversity in corporate leadershipand shows that this business case continues to strengthen. The most diverse companies are now more likely than ever to outperform less diverse peers on profitability. Diversity wins: why inclusion matters, report byMcKinseyWhats the controversy in asking organizations to meet cognitively diverse individuals in themiddle?The ask benefits everyone within theorg.If companies were transparent about measuring pay, promotions, and hiring decisions, theyd level the playing field and ensure everyone, not just those who fit the mold, is held to the same standard.Before and after my diagnosis, the same struggles have followed me. My ways of workingmy communication styleare always a little different. But not once have I seen the roles reversed. Not once has anyone adjusted to work withme.Its always me doing the adapting. The questioning. The understanding.At every job Ive had, Ive been the only person to reach out to others, ask questions, and reach an understanding in order toadapt.Meghan at Design Leadership Summit presenting a self-eval toolHow do you prefer to communicate? What time zone are you in? How do you give/receive feedback? I want to know all of this and more because I want to understand my peers, regardless of what baggage, trauma, and triggers they bring to the work environment.As a kid, I thought adulthood came with built-in upgrades like respect, communication, empathy, and patience. I thought people just became emotionally intelligent the way we grew taller. Like it was automatic.Boy, oh boy! I was naive to think those things come naturally just because the clock strikes midnight on whatever birthday you consider anadult.Some people believe we leave our baggage at the door when we startwork.We dont.We carry it everywhere, whether we realize it or not. Hidden emotional wounds can influence behavior, interactions, and workplace dynamics.Remember that just because you stop thinking about something doesnt mean it stops affecting or impacting how you make decisions or respond toothers.The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) notes that people may engage in behaviors to manage the aftereffects of trauma, such as avoidance or aggression, often without realizing the rootcause.Additionally, Psychology Today discusses how intergenerational traumaemotional and psychological wounds passed down from previous generationscan affect an individuals stress responses and behavior in professional settings.Neurodivergent professionals have spent their entire careers adapting, masking, adjusting, and burning out just to fit into workplaces never designed forthem.So why is it so unthinkable to ask businesses to meet ushalfway?Embracing Neurodiversity in the WorkplaceAutism Leadership and Management Navigating Neurodiversity: Leadership Strategies for Autism Inclusive Organizations. ReflinkOn a larger scale, many employers tell us that including people with autism has improved the companies overall corporate cultures. Learning how to most effectively manage people with autism has made them better managers overall, for all of their employees. Its made them more aware of the shortcomings in their traditional screening and interview processes. Theyve realized that they are missing very talented people by assessing candidates with traditional interviews, rather than by giving them a more applicable opportunity to show what they are capableof. Quote by David Kearon, in Closing the neurodiversity gap in the workplaceTeams that understand each other, trust each other. Trust means better feedback, stronger collaboration, and more growth for the team, the business, and the products youre building.The best leaders arent the most polished, theyre the mosthumanIf leadership were truly about vision, strategy, and driving impact, we would have a very different idea of what makes a greatleader.However, leadership is often measured by how well someone fits a mold rather than by theirimpact.So what if we stopped forcing people to perform leadership and instead let them lead as themselves? A leader who prioritizes understanding over assumption. A leader who knows that trust and transparency fuel success more than posturing ever will. A leader who recognizes that being human isnt a weakness; its the foundation of authentic leadership.More high quality human connections at work isnt just good for people. According to research by Cameron et al. at the University of Michigan, when leaders adopt a human-centered view of business that emphasizes cultures of respect, trust, compassion, and wisdom, the performance of the organization rises along with individual well-being. Sesil Pir in Forbes A Human Way Of Business: Organizational Behaviors Necessary To Redefine LeadershipLast year, I had a 1:1 set up with our new manager as she was onboarding into the role. It was one of the first conversations we had after she was brought on to the team, where I utilized our session to touch on my manual of me, where I also shared my ADHD diagnosis withher.Her reply: I dont know much about that. I will need to look into it and educate myselfmore.Fourteen years in tech and ten in design, and this was the first time a leader actively sought to understand my way of thinking rather than applying a one-size-fits-all leadership lens. Instead of seeing my neurodivergence as a risk, she recognized it as a factor in how I work, learn, and grow, choosing to meet me where I am rather than force me into amold.Thats the future of leadership: co-elevating, bridging gaps, and creating space for diverse ways of thinking. Highimpact work happens when we stop letting misunderstandings get in theway.Because if neurodivergent professionals can spend their entire careers adapting just to be included, its not unreasonable to expect leadership to meet themhalfway.When we elevate leaders with diverse perspectiveswhether neurodivergent, POC, or other historically marginalized identitieswe dont just fill a quota; we close the gaps that keep workplaces from genuinely evolving.These leaders bring lived experiences that challenge outdated norms, reshaping how we define success, collaboration, andgrowth.They understand firsthand the hurdles that others dismiss, and because of that, theyre uniquely equipped to navigate and dismantle systemic barriers.When leadership reflects the full spectrum of human experience, we dont just create more inclusive workplaces; we build environments where people can thrive, innovate, and contribute at their highest level without constantly proving theirworth.The future of tech isnt just about better products; its about better culturesones where understanding isnt optional, empathy is a core skill, and leadership isnt reserved for those who fit the mold but for those who break it and make space for others to do thesame.Bias, blind spots, and broken systems: Your leadership playbook is outdated was originally published in UX Collective on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

This guide outlines the process of building a structured color system using tokens, scales, and accessibility best practices.A visual comparison of light and dark themes, highlighting the scalability of a well-defined colorsystem.When I first started building a design system, I thought choosing colors would be the exciting part. But I quickly realized that color is more than just aesthetics, its the silent language of your UI, shaping user experience, branding, and accessibility. An intentionally designed color system brings consistency, making your design scalable and adaptable as it evolves. Without a clear framework, color usage can become chaotic, leading to usability and accessibility issues.In this guide, Ill walk you through my process of creating a scalable, accessible, and maintainable color system for your design system. Youll learn how to build logical color scales, implement semantic tokens, and ensure contrast compliance which are all essential steps to designing with clarity, inclusivity, and long-term success inmind.Why a structured color systemmattersA well-structured color system is the backbone of any modern design system, ensuring that users experience a cohesive interface.An example of a structured color system that ensures consistency, scalability, and accessibility, illustrating the backbone of a cohesive user interface.ConsistencyJakob Nielsens fourth usability heuristic emphasizes that users should not have to wonder whether different words, situations, or actions mean the same thing. Follow platform conventions [1].This principle underscores the importance of consistency in design, ensuring that users can rely on familiar visual cues and interactions.A structured color system prevents design inconsistencies. Imagine visiting a website where buttons, headers, and backgrounds use slightly different shades of the same color; this lack of uniformity can lead to a disjointed experience.To address this, structured color systems use tokens, which are predefined color values assigned to specific design roles. Instead of selecting random shades, designers and developers use these tokens to ensure consistency across all UI elements.ScalabilityAs products evolve, new components and themes emerge, requiring color adaptations. A structured color system provides a foundation that scales effortlessly across different products, platforms, and design updates. It ensures that as the system grows, colors remain consistent and easy tomanage.AccessibilityAccessibility is not just a best practice, its a responsibility. A structured color system ensures that designs are inclusive and usable for all users, regardless of their abilities. As the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) clearly outline, color should enhance usability, not create barriers[2]Building a colorscaleA color scale isnt just a palette, its an unspoken conversation between your interface and its users. When designed with intent, a color scale improves usability, strengthens brand identity, and improves accessibility.But when poorly structured, it does the opposite;it slows usersdown,erodes trust,and introduces friction in critical interactions [3].A structured color system eliminates these problems at the root. It ensures logical scaling, adapts seamlessly across themes, and upholds contrast standards to maintain visual clarity in everystate.An example of a base color scale, showing the range of tints and shades that form the foundation of a designsystem.Building a scalable color system is more than just picking shades, its about creating a structured framework that ensures consistency across UI states, themes, and future iterations. A well-defined system makes interactions intuitive, enhances brand identity, and maintains accessibility standards.Defining your basecolorsThe foundation of any color system starts with selecting core hues that align with both brand identity and functional needs:Primary & Secondary: These are the brand-defining colors that establish visual identity.Neutrals: Grayscale tones used for backgrounds, text, and dividers to maintain balance and readability.Functional Colors: Colors assigned to specific UI states: red for errors, green for success, and yellow for warnings.By establishing these base colors, you create a reliable framework that scales effortlessly while keeping the interface clear and cohesive.The foundation of a scalable colorpalette.Once your base colors are defined, the next step is to build a scalable color system. A well-structured scale includes multiple stops (typically 1015), ranging from the lightest tint to the darkest shade. This ensures flexibility across different UI elements and accessibility standards.To create these shades efficiently, tools like Figmas Tint & Shade plugin or Foundation can help generate a consistent and balanced colorscale.Generating color scales with figmaplugins.Once weve built a solid color scale, everything falls into place, colors remain consistent across UI elements, accessibility is maintained, and design decisions become more intuitive.Defining the color token structureIn a design system, tokens are fundamental building blocks that store design decisions in a structured and reusable way. They act as variables that define core attributes like color, spacing, typography, and more, ensuring consistency across a products UI. As Nathan Curtis, a prominent figure in design systems, emphasizes,Tokens are the nucleus of a design system.[4].When working with colors, you need a well-organized approach to ensure that your design remains consistent, scalable, and easy tomanage.This is where color tokens come in. Instead of hardcoding specific color values throughout the UI, color tokens allow you to define a centralized system that makes it easy to update themes, support accessibility, and maintain brand consistency. By defining a structured color token system, you create a foundation that makes your design more manageable, adaptable, and future-proof.The structured approach to color tokens, showcasing the progression from specific values to contextual usage.Primitive tokensPrimitive tokens are the building blocks of our color system. These are raw color values that define the base palette of the design system, they simply provide a organised and scalable foundation for all UIcolors.An example of a primitive token, showing the direct mapping of a specific color value to a namedtoken.By keeping primitive tokens separate from their actual usage, we ensure flexibility and consistency across all design elements. This makes it easy to adjust the visual identity without disrupting the entire UI. This principle aligns with the concept of separation of concerns, a design philosophy that advocates for dividing a system into distinct sections, each addressing a specific concern. This modularity enhances maintainability and evolution over time.[5]Naming conventionsA predictable naming convention is essential for an organized and scalable design system. Instead of using arbitrary names like Light Blue or Dark Gray, we implemented a systematic approach that provides clarity and ease of use for designers and developers.As Brad Frost emphasizes in his work on Atomic Design, establishing a clear nomenclature is key for a maintainable designsystem.He further emphasizes the importance of establishing a language that aligns with how teams are already thinking, avoiding unnecessary complexity.[6]Our naming convention serves three key purposes:Clarity: Makes it easy to identify and reference colors.Scalability: Allows expansion without confusion oroverlap.Consistency: Ensures a structured approach to defining colors across all themes and components.The primitive token naming follows thispattern:{Color Family} /{Weight}Color Family: Defines the base hue (e.g., Blue, Red, Orange, Yellow,Pink).Weight: Defines intensity, ranging from 100 (lightest) to 1100 (darkest).An example of a systematic naming approach for primitive tokens.This structured approach ensures predictability, allowing designers and developers to intuitively scale colors and understand their relationships without ambiguity. It moves away from subjective descriptions and towards a system grounded in logic and scalability.Organized into a structured 11-stepscaleWe use an 11-step scale (1001100) to create smooth color variations and flexibility. Heres how it works: Light shades (100300): Great for backgrounds and subtle design elements. Mid-range shades (400700): Used for buttons, text, and other key UI elements. Dark shades (8001100): Best for high-contrast text and strong emphasis.This scale gives us enough variety to design with precision while keeping things simple and consistent across thesystem.Why We Chose 700 as theBaseWe needed a strong, recognizable core color that worked well across the UI. After testing different shades, 700 was the best choice becauseit:Improves readability: It meets the 4.5:1 contrast ratio recommended for accessibility, making text easier to read[7].Keeps things consistent: Works well across buttons, links, and other UI elements.Scales easily: Adapts well to both light and dark modedesigns.An example of a color meeting the WCAG AA contrast requirements (4.5:1).By using 700 as our main reference point, we made sure the rest of our color system stays predictable and easy touse.Semantic tokensIn a scalable design system, raw color values alone arent enough to ensure consistency and flexibility across different UI components. Instead, we use semantic tokens which are color mappings that adapt dynamically based on context and function.As Contentfuls design token documentation explains, semantic tokens can refer to other tokens and encapsulate specific uses or guidelines, allowing designers and developers to define the role and proper application of design elements, leading to more maintainable and understandable designs[8].An example of semantic tokens mapping colors to specificusesThis abstraction allows colors to change based on themes, accessibility settings, or platform requirements while maintaining a consistent design language, because the semantic token remains the same, even if the underlying color valuechanges.The primitive and semantic relationshipThe relationship between primitive tokens and semantic tokens stems from their distinct roles in a design system. While primitive tokens define what colors are available, semantic tokens define how and why we usethem.They are named values that derive their meaning from the context of their application, defining design attributes like primary button background or error text color in a way that is independent of any specifictheme.This deliberate separation creates a symbiotic relationship: primitive tokens provide the foundational palette, while semantic tokens, built upon them, inject meaning, context, and adaptability into our color system, ensuring a UI that is both visually cohesive and semantically rich.Updating a primitive color value automatically adjusts the corresponding semantic color and all components usingit.Developing a naming convention for semantic colortokensWith our foundational color scales and the concept of semantic tokens in place, the next critical step is defining a robust naming convention for these semantic tokens. I have already shown the naming structure in some of the images above, but Id like to explain it in moredetail.For this article I am following a systematic, hierarchical approach to naming our color tokens, I structured our naming convention using a three-tier hierarchy:{Category} / {Subcategory} /{State}Each tier serves a distinct purpose, creating a logical and scalable system that enhances usability across different UI components.CategoryWhat is the token usedfor?The Category defines the broad functional role of the token within the system. It helps group tokens based on their primary usage, making it easier to manage colors consistently across the interface.An example of semantic color categories, each defining a distinct functional role to ensure organized and consistent color application.Examples of categories:Below are the key Categories and their specificroles:Content: These colors are used for text. These tokens ensure readability, contrast, and a cohesive visual hierarchy.Surface: These tokens establish the foundation of an interfaces visual structure (like cards, buttons, or panels). They set the basic look and feel of each component.Border: These are the colors for outlines, dividers, and separators. They help organize the layout, giving structure and clarity to thedesign.Background: While Surface colors work for individual components, Background colors cover the overall page or app. They set the overall tone and contrast for the entiredesign.Overlay: These colors are used in elements that appear on top of other content, such as modals, tooltips, or notifications. They often use transparency so the underlying design remainsvisible.Icon: These colors are dedicated to icons. They ensure that icons are consistent and clear, and they usually match with content or action-based colortokens.Chart: These colors are meant for data visualizations. They must be distinct and accessible, so users can easily differentiate between data points and understand thecharts.Indicators: These colors signal statuses, priorities, or contextual cues. Theyre used in tags, search highlights, notifications, and similar elements to quickly show if something is active, pending, in error, or requires attentionadding extra meaning without overlapping the roles of the other color categories.SubcategoryWhat specific role does itplay?The Subcategory further refines the purpose of the token, adding context to its function. This level ensures that colors are applied meaningfully, reducing ambiguity and enhancing accessibility.Examples of subcategoriesAn example of semantic color subcategories, each adding specific context and reducing ambiguity in colorusage.Each subcategory refines the purpose of a token, ensuring clarity in visual communication while maintaining a strong hierarchy.Brand colors reinforce brand identity. These are instantly recognizable and strategically used across the UI. They appear in primary brand accents, call-to-action buttons, and elements that strongly represent the products visual identity.Informative colors help convey important but non-critical information. The blue spectrum, which is widely used for general informative purposes, is a neutral and calming color that effectively conveys information that isnt necessarily positive, negative, or awarning.Positive colors signal successful actions, confirmations, and approvals. Usually in the green spectrum, they provide reassuring feedback. They appear in success messages, confirmation dialogs, checkmarks, and status updates for completed actions.Warning colors draw attention to cautionary situations. Typically yellow or amber, they highlight potential issues that need review but are not critical. They are used in warning messages, non-critical alerts, and prompts to double-check form inputs before submission.Negative colors indicate errors, failures, and critical issues. Usually in the red spectrum, they demand immediate attention. They are used in errormessagesStateHow does the tokenbehave?The State defines how a color is applied in different interaction scenarios. UI components often change based on user actions, and this tier ensures consistency in visual feedback acrossstates.An example of semantic token states, each serving a specific role in the design systems interaction.Examples ofstates:Normal: The default state of thecolor.Subtle: A softer variation, used for less prominent elements.Hover: Applied when an element is hoveredover.Active: Used when an element is clicked orengaged.Focus: Ensures accessibility by highlighting focused elements.Selected: Indicates that an item is chosen or highlighted.Disabled: A lower-contrast version, signaling inactivity.By defining interaction states, we ensure that users receive consistent and predictable feedback, improving the overall user experience.Reference guide showcasing the semantic names of surface color tokens and their corresponding usage descriptions.Using the naming convention in anexampleDesign of a community post card using naming convention tokens.Heres an example of how the naming convention is applied in a card. These categories help maintain a clear visual hierarchy, facilitating a more intuitive user experience.Themes for light and darkmodeThe design system leverages dynamic theming through semantic tokens to ensure that UI components, such as cards, adapt seamlessly between light and dark modes. In light mode, cards use a light, neutral background with dark text and subtle borders to maximize readability and maintain a clean aesthetic. In dark mode, these components shift to a darker background with lighter text and appropriately adjusted borders to ensure high contrast and reduced eye strain. This approach not only reinforces brand consistency and scalability but also meets accessibility standards, providing a cohesive and user-friendly experience across different themes.An example of a card component in both light and dark modes, showing the adaptability of a well-structured designsystem.Meeting WCAG standards, contrast ratios, and testingmethodsDuring the design of color tokens, accessibility was the top priority. It was ensured that the system not only looks great but also works well for everyone, including those with visual impairments or color blindness.Heres how we achievedthis:WCAG alignment: We structured our color system to meet the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), ensuring that every text-to-background pairing provides enough contrast for readability.Optimized contrast ratios: Every color combination was fine-tuned to meet the AA standard for contrast. This helps users with low vision and other impairments easily read and navigate our interface.Testing & Validation:We confirmed that all our text and background combinations met the required contrast standards using the Use Contrast plugin for Figma. This tool provided quick access to WCAG color contrast ratios, ensuring that our color selections are easily readable for individuals with visual impairments.By integrating these methods, we ensure that our color tokens provide a consistent, accessible experience across all scenarios.In conclusion, building a scalable and accessible color system is not merely a technical exercise, its an act of empathy. A well-structured color system is essential for creating a design system that is both inclusive and maintainable. By implementing a logical color scale, defining clear naming conventions, and utilizing both primitive and semantic tokens, teams can ensure consistency across products while accommodating diverse user needs. When you prioritize elements like contrast ratios and readability, you empower every user, regardless of visual ability, to experience clarity and ease. Ultimately, a well-designed color system works behind the scenes to instill trust and confidence in your product. This unspoken assurance, born from an inclusive and thoughtfully constructed color palette, is your ultimatereward.References[1] M. Vela, Jakob Nielsens fourth usability heuristic for user interface design, UX Collective, Jul. 04, 2020. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://uxdesign.cc/jakob-nielsens-fourth-usability-heuristic-for-user-interface-design-7a25960037d1[2] Understanding Success Criterion 1.4.1: Use of Color, W3C. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG22/Understanding/use-of-color?[3] Flyriver: The Overuse Of Colors In Modern Design, Flyriver.com. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.flyriver.com/l/overuse-of-colors?[4] Naming Tokens in Design Systems. Terms, Types, and Taxonomy to Describe, EightShapes. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://blog.bakarema.com/2022/10/05/naming-tokens-in-design-systems-terms-types-and-taxonomy-to-describe-by-nathan-curtis-eightshapes/[5] Contributors to Wikimedia projects, Separation of concerns, Wikipedia. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_concerns?[6] B. Frost, Atomic Design Methodology, Atomic Design by Brad Frost. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://atomicdesign.bradfrost.com/chapter-2[7] Jamie, Designing for Color Contrast: Guidelines for Accessibility, AudioEye. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.boia.org/blog/designing-for-color-contrast-guidelines-for-accessibility?[8] S. Rouse, Design tokens explained (and how to build a design token system), Contentful, GmbH. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.contentful.com/blog/design-token-system/?GlossaryAccessibility: Designing products so that people with disabilities can use them; in color systems, ensuring color choices dont create barriers.Color Scale: A range of shades and tints, typically numbered (e.g., 1001100), to maintain consistent color variations.Color System: A collection of color values, tokens, and scales that create visual consistency in aUI.Design System: A framework of reusable components, guidelines, and tokens that ensures consistent design across aproduct.Naming Convention: A systematic method for labeling color tokens to ensure clarity and consistency.Primitive Tokens: The basic color values that form the foundation of a designsystem.Scalability: The ability of a design system to grow and adapt without losing consistency.Shade: A color variant produced by adding black to a basecolor.Semantic Tokens: Color mappings that assign meaning to UI elements by building on primitive tokens.State: A variant of a color token that reflects a specific interaction or condition (e.g., hover,active).Theming: Changing the visual appearance of a UI by applying different sets of colortokens.Tint: A color variant produced by adding white to a basecolor.Token: A reusable variable that stores a designdecisionToken Management: The process of organizing, maintaining, and updating designtokens.WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines): Standards that ensure web content is accessible to people with disabilities.Weight: A numeric value assigned to a color that indicates its intensity.Designing a scalable and accessible color system for your design system was originally published in UX Collective on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

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