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Upwards and onwards: vertical extension in Paris, France, by Mir Architectes
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A modest vertical extension on Rue du Petit-Musc by Mir Architectes embodies the vision of the City of Paris for a greener and more socially just futureRue du PetitMusc is a narrow, semipedestrian street on the southern edge of Le Marais. Now hyped and pricey, theParisian neighbourhood which is characterised byitslate medieval urban fabric combined with grand17thcentury architecture was onceconsidered an eyesore. Its slums (andthecommunities who inhabited them) were earmarked for destruction by the likes of LeCorbusier and his infamous Plan Voisin. Donot be fooled by the chic surroundings, froufrou and 8filter coffees, Le Marais meaning the swamp has historically been akey battleground for the urbanism of Paris.A far cry from the grand destructive gesture of yesteryear, Mir Architectes recent extension project expresses the municipalitys political, architectural and ecological vision for the Paris of tomorrow.I meet Mir Architectes founder Nicolas Gaudard in front of a banal sevenstorey building, typical of the Parisian social housing architecture of the 1930s: beige bricks, concrete balconets, uninspired artdco elements punctuating the facade. Sturdy and decent, but boring. From the street, you see nothing of its extension; Ieven briefly wonder if I got the address right. But walk through the black wroughtiron front door, a small lobby withrows of letter boxes, stored prams anda wheelchair, then a brandnew door made ofglass and European spruce that leads to acourtyard, and you will discover abrightwhite threestorey extension sitting on top ofatwolevel older brick building.To extend a construction upwards has been a relatively common practice over thecenturies in Paris, to the extent that thedesign has its own name in French: surlvation, meaning vertical extension. Insettings where density is less of a constraint, extensions tend to be horizontal, taking space from the back gardens in Londons terraced houses for instance, butin Paris they often go up. This is not only thecase for individual houses in the banlieue where they grow like mushrooms on top of modest bluecollar dwellings taken over by welloff gentrifiers but also for buildings incentral Paris already composed of several storeys. Since the 18th century, in waves that matched changes in regulations, excrescences have popped up on top of buildings just look up as you walk along the Seine river, for instance, and you will easily spot a mix of clever designs and grotesque protuberances. The most striking example isPlace Dauphine, a 17thcentury square by the Pont Neuf, where vertical extensions were added in the 18th and 19thcenturies with some buildings subject to successive surlvations over time.For the project on Rue du PetitMusc, thechallenge set by Paris Habitat, one of thesocial housing providers for the city, wasto redevelop a vacant twostorey workshop from 1932 sitting at the back ofaninner courtyard into eight housing units, by retrofitting the existing building and vertically extending it. The sevenstorey residential building facing the street was notto be touched, and its inhabitants would remain in their homes for the duration of theconstruction work. Building extensions, either on top of or next to existing, livedin accommodation, can quickly becomea painful process for occupants. Gaudard saysthere were very few complaints here and, after pausing for a couple of seconds, corrects himself: Actually, we had none.The construction phase benefited from the layouts of the front building where all living rooms and bedrooms look onto the quiet street side, while windows looking down into the courtyard belong to the kitchens and bathrooms, and are all fitted with frosted glass. This not only ensured that the works were relatively quiet for inhabitants, but also removed any possible issues of overlooking in a city where addressing density, privacy and affordability in housing are key challenges of architectural design.Paris is full to the brim, of buildings and people: 90 per cent of its surface area is built up, and with more than 20,000 inhabitants per square kilometre the city proper has apopulation density higher than Mumbai, Lagos, Cairo or Seoul. To build more housing for the Parisians we need to explore all available solutions, explains Marion Waller, the general director of Pavillon delArsenal, the centre for architecture and urbanism of the City of Paris. Surlvations are the result of a multifaceted decision process; if a building needs to be retrofitted to improve its energy efficiency for instance, a surlvation might allow funding of a retrofit while creating new housing units.On Rue du PetitMusc, the former workshop was almost completely stripped back, explains Gaudard, and fitted with new wiring, plumbing and insulation. Retrofitting and lowcarbon strategies are at the heart of this projects philosophy and anessential component of Mirs ethos. Butconserving the twostorey building alsoenabled the architects to tap into a regulatory loophole: the two groundfloor flats, designed for residents with disabilities, would not have been granted building permission if they hadbeen part of a newbuild because they are too close to thefront building, meaning that they do not haveenough direct view ofthe sky.Conserving the twostorey building alsoenabled the architects to tap into a regulatory loopholeThe retrofitting and adaptation of the existing structure gives a coherence to thesite, yet the showpiece remains the extension. The new massing could have been slightly claustrophobic, as the three storeys added on the Lshaped building seal the courtyard off almost entirely, while the othertwo edges are formed by the tall sevenstorey building that fronts the street, and an equally high blind partywall made ofstonesblackened by time and pollution. Butthesurlvations vivid white coating illuminates the space and makes it look spacious in comparison tothe stuffiness and obscurity so typical of inner courtyards in Paris. The texture of the primer, made of atraditional mix of sand and lime, is visible tothe naked eye and adds character to thefacade, while its marriage with larch andspruce evokes the preHaussmann architecture of Le Marais.The superstructure is described by the architect as a wood box perched on top ofmetallic poles running 20 metres into theground and set in concrete, to give the extension its own foundations. Hempcrete was injected into the wooden walls. This insulating material also allows natural perspiration, letting humidity in when the flats are too dry and out when they are too damp. Although the two months required forhempcrete to dry proved a real challenge forthe projects timeline, Gaudard praises hempcrete as a natural and healthy material that absorbs indoor airborne pollutants. Itremains misunderstood by architects andcontractors, regrets the founder of Mir, andundervalued in the ecological appraisal of buildings.Click to download drawingsBeyond the Citys active policy to increase the number of social housing units across the city with a target of 30 per cent of Paris housing stock by 2030 Waller insists that what distinguishes Pariss efforts is the architectural quality of the social housing commissioned. She explains that these are projects where we dare to experiment, in the most noble and positive understanding of the word, for instance by using ecological materials. The surlvation on Rue duPetitMusc illustrates this ambition, asitactively seeks to transform the professions view on hempcrete: thanks toaresearch grant secured by the thermal engineers ofthe project, LM Ingnieur, probes have beenplaced in the walls and willmonitor theperformance of hempcrete in the comingyears, to improve understanding ofthe way the material ages.At 4,000 per square metre instead of aballpark figure of 3,000 if it had been builtwith cheaper nonlocal and more carbonintensive materials, the increased cost is significant, especially for a social housing provider, but the building tops allecological credentials, as demanded bytheclient. Indeed, surlvation is not sustainable in itself. It does deliver more real estate without encroaching on unbuilt spaces that can be saved for public use and the planting of trees, for instance, but it canbe used to build luxury commercial amenities and housing for the few, instead ofthe many reinforcing the image of Paris as a playground for the superwealthy. Asforany newbuild, it is the design choices materials, sourcing, construction techniques that determine its carbon footprint. What makes the Mir extension commissioned by Paris Habitat exemplary isthe alignment of its social ambitions, ecological credentials and design ethos.What makes this extension exemplary isthe alignment of itssocial ambitions, ecological credentials and design ethosThese decisions are part of a wider and longerterm strategy for Paris to build the greener and more socially inclusive future described by Waller. The City has spent the last two years redesigning its Plan Local dUrbanisme or PLU, the citywide document that determines the regulations and philosophy of planning for the decade to come. Approved in November 2024, it sets out a bioclimatic strategy for Paris, as Mto France (the public agency in charge of weather forecast and climatology) predicts the citys temperature could increase by a staggering 5.3C by the end of this century. Upward extensions will not be the miracle solutions for a city that has virtually no room to grow, but they constitute a versatile tool for city makers. The mix of modesty and intelligence demonstrated by Mir and their clients in order to build affordable homes is an inspiring endeavour that sets a promising path for the future of Pariss development.
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