Summer 2024s record heat is creating problems for transportation infrastructure, from roads to rails.New Yorks Third Avenue Bridge, which swings open for ship traffic on the Harlem River, was stuck for hours after its metal expanded in the heat and it couldnt close. Roads have buckled on hot days in several states, including Washington and Wisconsin. Amtrak warned passengers to prepare for heat-related problems hours before a daylong outage between New York and New Jersey; the risks to power lines and rails during high temperatures are a growing source of delays for the train system.It doesnt help that the worsening heat is hitting a U.S. infrastructure system thats already in trouble.The American Society of Civil Engineers gave U.S. infrastructure an overall grade of C- in its latest national Infrastructure Report Card, released in 2021. While there has been some improvementabout 7.5% of U.S. bridges were in poor condition, compared with over 12% a decade earliermany bridges are aging, making them difficult to maintain. Some 40% of the road system was considered in poor or mediocre condition, and maintenance costs have substantially increased.The rate at which a bridge or road deteriorates depends not only on the materials and construction methods used but also on the climate during the structures life span. Extreme heat, in particular, significantly affects transportation infrastructure. As climate change progresses, the frequency and intensity of heat waves are expected to increase, exacerbating these issues.I lead the Smart Infrastructure and Testing Laboratory at the University of Texas at Arlington, where my team works on ways to better monitor the structural health of infrastructure. Heres why infrastructure struggles in the heatand how engineers are innovating to help extend its life.Buckling highways pose a hazard for driversWhen a road is built, it is cut into segments to create space for the pavement to expand during high heat or to contract in the cold. Without that space, the pavement can buckle when the road material heats up. Buckling of concrete pavement has become a serious problem in several states.Pavement becomes vulnerable to buckling for a number of reasons. The roadways design, the materials it is made out of, the climate when it was built, and the weather during its lifetime can affect its life span, as can damage to the road and improper repairs.Extreme temperatures and heavy precipitation can cause significant damage to roadways and jeopardize the structural integrity of rail systems. Additionally, sea-level rise is accelerating coastal erosion that can undermine roads and rail lines. The deterioration of pavement leads to traffic delays and damaged vehicles. And, most critically, it can cause traffic accidents.Hot rails can expand and also buckleRail expansion is another significant concern, especially with continuous welded rails like the main lines that trains use.When temperatures rise, rails expand due to the heat. This expansion can create high pressure and tension within the rail material. Combined with the forces exerted by moving trains, this pressure can cause the tracks to buckle to the side and become misaligned. It is sometimes referred to as a sun kink.Buckling rails are a serious safety hazard that can cause derailments. Thats one of the reasons Amtrak slows its speed in extreme heat, often leading to schedule delays. Washington, D.C.s Metro cuts its trains speed to a maximum of 35 mph once rails reach a temperature of 135 degrees Fahrenheit.High heat caused thermal expansion of the rails, buckling this section of railway. [Photo: U.S. Department of Transportation]Predicting these thermal stresses can be challenging. Rail temperature measurements alone are not enough, because there are many unknown factors related to the tracks structure and how it moves. This makes it difficult to accurately forecast how much the rails will expand or contract.Engineers can reduce rail expansion risk by using heat-resistant materials, such as hypereutectoid rail steel and martensite rail steel, adjusting track design and ensuring timely repairs.To prevent roadways from buckling, engineers also have protective measures, such as using single-cut sawed joints filled with sealant to provide flexibility while keeping water out. They can also implement cold weather concreting practices that avoid pouring concrete during low temperatures or on cold bases, and they can use stronger and more durable concrete. Performing timely repairs when pavement cracks and becomes damaged can also help avoid buckling.Keeping infrastructure healthyInfrastructure health is similar to human health: If doctors detect problems such as tumors or cancer only in the later stages, it is often too late. Like human bodies, infrastructure needs to be maintained from the beginning to reduce costs and increase the potential for effective rehabilitation.One area my department works on is nondestructive evaluation methods for monitoring infrastructure without causing damage or requiring long road closures.Devices attached to a vehicle can quickly scan a roadway for weaknesses and defects, acting like mobile MRI machines.[Photo: Suyun Paul Ham/University of Texas, Arlington,CC BY-ND]We use mobile scanning systems that are almost like portable MRI machines to look for weakness or defects in bridges, roads, and runways. We are also developing advanced sensors that use mechanical and magnetic field phenomena to assess the condition of infrastructure, and we are using artificial intelligence to spot problems in the materials.A scan of a bridge roadway shows areas with weaknesses.[Photo: Smart Infrastructure and Testing Laboratory/University of Texas, Arlington]Infrastructure will face increasing challenges as the climate changes and roads, bridges, and other infrastructure age. The large number of buckling roadways and other problems this summer highlight the urgent need for resilient infrastructure to stand up to the future.Suyun Paul Ham is an associate professor of civil engineering at the University of Texas at Arlington.This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.