Gold and cryptocurrency mining present sustainability quandariesgettyThe election of President Trump has caused a sudden surge in cryptocurrency stocks given his willingness to experiment with alternate monetary policy, including the gold standard. Cryptocurrency is often conflated with exchange or fiat currencies like the dollar but in fact it has more in common with reserve currency like gold. Cryptocurrencies are limited by energy and processing power of computational systems just as gold is limited by physical capacity to mine and refine the material. There are thus some key similarities but also fundamental differences between having gold versus a currency like Bitcoin as a reserve standard. Currently the only country which is making Bitcoin as a legal-tender currency exchange medium is El Salvador. However, the International Monetary Fund has recently ordained some erosion of Bitcoin friendly laws in the country as a precondition for a $1.4 billion loan.Amidst all the ambition and anxiety over cryptocurrency in the Age of Trump, it may be worth reviewing key features of the gold standard from a sustainability perspective. Since mining bitcoins requires enormous amounts of energy while mining gold is highly pollution intensive one may wonder how there could be any positive outcome of these currencies. However, there are some key features of how these currencies limit the potential for resource consumption that should be considered.The rise of the gold standard can be traced back to the work of a scientist of no less eminence than Sir Isaac Newton, who also had the distinction of serving as the Master of the Royal Mint and was also fascinated by the alchemists desire to turn lead into gold. The elemental quality of gold as a rare and durable primary resource may have played some role in Newtons championing of the gold standard, particularly in comparison to its more reactive competing metal silver. The popularity of silver as a currency was largely due to the abundant stocks of the metal that were discovered in South America by the Spaniards, particularly in the mines of Potosi (in present-day Bolivia) which continues to be a region of ecologically questionable mineral extraction.Celebrated chronicler of the Klondike gold rush, Jack London, conceded in his back-of-the-envelope cost benefit analysis that the miners had probably invested over $220 million dollars to build infrastructure and sustain themselves in order to dig up around $22 million of gold. Yet to him, this calculation at the turn of the twentieth century was still weighted in favor of the yellow metals worth. He noted still that this monumental effort was still of inestimable benefit to the Yukon country, because natural obstacles will be cleared away or surmounted, primitive methods abandoned, and hardship of toil and travel reduced to the smallest possible minimum.Gold was almost universally valued, but there were some rare exceptions to the rule. In highly resource scarce communities, such as the desert tribes of the Sahara, the mineral commodity of choice was not an inert metal like gold but a compound formed by one of the most reactive metals in the periodic table sodium. Peter Bernstein describes the comparison between gold and salt in the eyes of the Saharan tribesmen: What must those poor diggers have thought of the funny people from the North country who swapped inestimable salt for stuff whose only role was to give men pride and pleasure by letting them see its luster.MORE FOR YOUFollowing Newtons earlier interest in gold, there was a period of uncertainty worldwide until huge reserves of gold were discovered in Southern Africa towards the end of the nineteenth century. The United States instituted the gold standard during a similar period of gold obsession. From 1834 onwards, gold was considered alongside silver as a standard reserve metal in monetary policy with a fixed price of gold set at $20.67 per ounce which remained in force until 1933. During this period, there was a global resurgence in the primacy of gold, particularly towards the end of the nineteenth century due to gold rushes worldwide. These rushes fueled phenomenal growth in various industrial sectors and paved the way for many other sectors of the economy to develop.The arguments against the gold standard have been predicated on how it limits the range of policy tools dealing with extenuating circumstances, such as the needs of a wartime economy. Following World War II, the Bretton Woods agreement, which created the World Bank and related financial institutions, recognized the salience of gold by keeping a reserve currency system, albeit with a variable price of gold. Following the Vietnam War, President Nixon withdrew from the international gold exchange standard completely. The US dollar itself became trustworthy enough in the eyes of the international community for it to be liberated from the shackles of gold. However, these shackles are precisely what many current proponents of the gold standard consider so compelling.The gold standard has the potential to instill discipline in monetary policy and can prevent governments from wantonly printing money and causing inflation. The standard can also prevent governments from overspending and creating huge deficits hence its current popularity with many in the Tea Party and MAGA movements in the United States. From an ecological perspective, the gold standard has the attraction of linking economic growth to natural resource constraints. However, the environmental impact of mining gold is so intense that any support for resurrecting the gold standard is summarily dismissed by many activists. For example, each ounce of gold produces 30 tons of waste, and the US EPA estimates the cost of cleanup for existing metal mines to be around $54 billion. The main argument for gold mining relates to the estimated 15 to 20 million livelihoods of gold miners and the major tax revenues it brings to many impoverished countries where it is mined.Given the durability of gold and its ease of recycling, the gold standard can in principle be maintained without having to mine more gold. Furthermore, if gold is being used as a reserve in and of itself, the main issue of consequence is property rights over the gold. If there were international consensus on the global gold reserves still in the ground, then trade and ownership of such reserves could also be handled through an international treaty system that regulates ownership of gold reserves, rather than through physical extraction of the metal. For example, if the worlds total gold deposits could be centrally certified and shares issued for buying these reserves, the same purpose could be served as stockpiling gold in a vault. In other words, a nations gold reserves could remain stored in their natural underground state, rather than being mined, purified, and deposited in a Fort Knox-like vault.Some discounting factor could be added to account for the accessibility of certain deposits versus others and countries which have gold on their land could get preferred purchase rights to the shares similar to how company founders or employees have preferred stock options. While this would be environmentally preferable to the present system of mining and storage, ecological economists would be right to ask: why not simply anchor currency to some other metric of planetary carrying capacity which could be considered in the same way? Perhaps a leave it underground approach to gold could be a first step on the road to considering more ecologically benign means of storing and measuring wealth.The gold standard has a checkered history in terms of its overall efficacy in economic development but there is little doubt that we need to instill some discipline within our financial institutions. Historically, gold mining and the gold standard have contributed to a great deal of ecological devastation. However, they have also contributed to the great enterprise and economic growth of the modern era. The gold standard unwittingly acknowledged the connection between monetary power and natural resource reserves, which constitute the core of many contemporary environmental ideologies. While the earlier proponents of the standard did not envisage this connection, the discipline they sought was the result of the natural limits of gold extraction and the underlying finite gold reserves.Current conversations about resurrecting the gold standard or indeed linking even cryptocurrency to gold should focus on this underlying presumption of the standard. Indeed, such an approach may help to also bridge the perceived tension between environmentalists and conservative politicians and economists. The take-home message remains that the salience of a gold standard for financial discipline is due not only to the nature of gold itself but is a product of the fact that gold is a relatively scarce natural resource with the persistent allure of durability. Revisiting a hybrid form of the gold standard paradigm could provide a potential solution to dealing with the challenge of excessive public and private sector consumption within a capitalist framework.