New ResearchAncient Britons May Have Built Stonehenge to Symbolize UnityThe monument was built during a period of immigration from mainland Europe, and it may been intended to unify communities across the British Isles Stonehenge is located on Salisbury Plain in southern England. garethwiscombe via Wikimedia Commons under CC BY 2.0Around 5,000 years ago, prehistoric people in what is now southern England began constructing the circular formation of massive standing and stacked boulders now known as Stonehenge. The monument is composed of rocks transported from far and wideimpressive feats of shipping for its Neolithic builders.Recent research suggests that Stonehenges 43 bluestones came from about 140 miles away in western Wales, while its larger sarsen stones originated 15 miles north of the site. The structures central, 13,200-pound Altar Stone, meanwhile, likely traveled not from Wales, but rather remote Scotland, more than 400 miles away.Based on these findings, archaeologists have proposed a new theory about Stonehenges purpose. According to a forthcoming study in the journal Archaeology International, the circle might have been erected to unify Britains ancient inhabitants.The fact that all of [Stonehenges] stones originated from distant regions, making it unique among over 900 stone circles in Britain, suggests that the stone circle may have had a political as well as a religious purposeas a monument of unification for the peoples of Britain, celebrating their eternal links with their ancestors and the cosmos, says lead author Mike Parker Pearson, an archaeologist at University College London, in a statement. The Altar Stone (bottom) lies buried beneath two sarsen stones. Nick Pearce / Aberystwyth UniversityStonehenge was built in phases. A 2015 analysis by Parker Pearson indicated that the bluestones were placed first, around 2900 B.C.E., followed by the sarsen stones around 2500 B.C.E. Stonehenge later went through a rebuilding phase, during which prehistoric people erected a large outer circle of sarsen stones and an inner horseshoe of trilithons (pairs of vertical stones capped by horizontal lintels). It was during this phasesometime between roughly 2500 and 2020 B.C.E.that the Altar Stone was placed within the monuments central horseshoe.Today, the Altar Stone lies flat and is partially hidden by a fallen rock. As Parker Pearson tells the Guardians Esther Addley, people have long assumed that it, too, once stood up straight but later fell down. But researchers know of multiple circular monuments in northeastern Scotland that were purposely laid flat. They posit that Stonehenges builders excavated the Altar Stone from a distant Scottish circle.Given what we now know about where its from, it seems all the more likely that it was deliberately set as a recumbent stone, Parker Pearson says. Its highly likely that the Altar Stone was once part of an older Scottish monument, he adds. These stones are not just plucked out of anywhere.Stonehenges location, on the expansive plateau of Salisbury Plain, must have been important to both the immediate inhabitants of the region and people across Britain, Parker Pearson tells CNNs Ashley Strickland. The plain was important enough that ancient peoples brought massive monoliths across sometimes hundreds of miles to this one location.The stones distant origins have led Parker Pearson and his colleagues to believe that Stonehenges second phase of construction was meant to bring Britain together. The era was marked by the arrival of new immigrants from Europemainly the modern-day Netherlands and Germany. Stonehenges builders may have added to the Salisbury monument to unite Indigenous Britons, the statement says.Stonehenge | World Heritage Site | Why was Stonehenge built? | 10-Minute Talks | The British AcademyWatch on Theres obviously some kind of interactionyou might call it first contact [with immigrants], Parker Pearson tells the Guardian. That is the moment that Stonehenge is built, and I wonder if it is that moment of contact that serves, in whatever way, as the catalyst for this really impressive second stage of Stonehenge. Its an attempt to assert unity, quite possibly integrating the newcomersor not.Moving such large, heavy stones would have been an extraordinary feat in Neolithic Britain, the statement notes. Though the wheel was invented in Mesopotamia around the fifth millennium B.C.E., the technology hadnt yet reached the British Isles. So, moving Stonehenges pieces would have required the efforts of hundreds if not thousands of people, making each act a show of unity in and of itself.As for the Altar Stones exact origins, researchers have slightly narrowed the possibilities: This fall, they concluded that the stone is not from the Scottish archipelago of Orkney.Its really gratifying that our geological investigations can contribute to the archaeological research and the unfolding story as our knowledge has been improving so dramatically in just the last few years, says study co-author Richard Bevins, an archaeologist at Aberystwyth University in Wales, in the statement.Since researchers began excavating and studying Stonehenge in the 17th century, the structures purpose has remained a mystery. Earlier scholars suggested the monument was a temple, a calendar or an observatory. Stonehenge is famously aligned with the sun and the moon, and modern crowds gather at the site on the solstices to celebrate the longest and shortest days of the year. The new research about the monuments stones has widened its possible cultural significance.I think weve just not been looking at Stonehenge in the right way, Parker Pearson tells the Guardian. As he says in the statement, The similarities in architecture and material culture between the Stonehenge area and northern Scotland now make more sense. These distant places had more in common than we might have once thought.Get the latest stories in your inbox every weekday.Filed Under: Ancient Civilizations, Archaeology, British History, England, European History, Immigrants, Monument, New Research, Stonehenge