Generative artificial intelligence output based purely on text prompts even detailed ones isnt protected by current copyright law, according to the US Copyright Office.The department issued this guidance in a broad report on policy issues regarding AI, focused on the copyrightability of various AI outputs. The document concludes that while generative AI may be a new technology, existing copyright principles can apply without changes to the law and these principles offer limited protection for many kinds of work.The new guidelines say that AI prompts currently dont offer enough control to make users of an AI system the authors of the output. (AI systems themselves cant hold copyrights.) That stands true whether the prompt is extremely simple or involves long strings of text and multiple iterations. No matter how many times a prompt is revised and resubmitted, the final output reflects the users acceptance of the AI systems interpretation, rather than authorship of the expression it contains, the report says.This decision would seemingly rule out protections for works like Thtre Dopra Spatial, a controversial award-winning Midjourney-generated image whose creator fought an extended battle to register it with the Copyright Office.Bad cat. No copyright. Image: US Copyright OfficeThe office demonstrates the unpredictability of AI systems with a Gemini-produced image of a cat smoking a pipe and reading a newspaper, noting that Gemini ignored some prompt instructions and added a few things of its own including an incongruous human hand. It contrasted this process with Jackson Pollocks splatter painting method, where he didnt control the exact placement of the paint on the canvas, but controlled the choice of colors, number of layers, depth of texture, placement of each addition to the overall composition and used his own body movements to execute each of these choices. Ultimately, the office writes, the issue is the degree of human control, rather than the predictability of the outcome.No matter how many times a prompt is revised and resubmitted, the final output reflects the users acceptance of the AI systems interpretation, rather than authorship of the expression it contains.At the same time, the Copyright Office says that simply using AI to assist in human creative output does not necessarily jeopardize that works ability to be protected by the law. Theres a difference between AI being used as a tool to assist a creative work and AI as a stand-in for human creativity, and the office says that further analysis is warranted. But it assures creatives that using AI to outline a book or come up with song ideas shouldnt impact the ability to copyright the final human-produced work, since the author is simply referencing, but not incorporating, the output.Artists can get some protection if they feed their own work into an AI system for modification by, say, using a tool to add 3D effects to an illustration. AI-generated elements of the work still wouldnt be protectable, but if the original product remains recognizable, the perceptible human expression in the work could still be covered by copyright.Good cyborg! (Partial) copyright granted. Image: US Copyright OfficePeople can also receive protection for works that incorporate AI-generated content as long as theres significant creative modification. A comic with AI-generated images can be covered if a human arranges those images and pairs them with human-written text, though the individual AI-generated images wouldnt be protected. Likewise, a film that includes AI-generated special effects or background artwork is copyrightable, even if the AI effects and artwork separately are not. On a case-by-case determination, even prompt-generated images could be protected if a human selects and remixes specific areas of the picture. The office compares these scenarios to making copyrightable derivative works of human-created art minus the original human.A separate question is whether text prompts themselves can be protected by copyright. Overall, the office compared prompts to instructions that convey uncopyrightable ideas, but it acknowledged some particularly creative ones could include expressive elements. This doesnt, however, translate into the work they produce being protected.The Copyright Office didnt rule out the potential for this to change if the technology evolves. In theory, AI systems could someday allow users to exert so much control over how their expression is reflected in an output that the systems contribution would become rote or mechanical, the report says. But as of now, it doesnt seem that prompts adequately determine the expressive elements produced, or control how the system translates them into an output.This document is part of a larger effort by the Copyright Office to clarify policy questions and identify legal gaps around AI, starting with a July 2024 report encouraging new deepfake laws. The office next plans to issue a third and final report on its findings on the legal implications of training AI models on copyrighted works.See More: