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  • The stunning reversal of humanity’s oldest bias

    Perhaps the oldest, most pernicious form of human bias is that of men toward women. It often started at the moment of birth. In ancient Athens, at a public ceremony called the amphidromia, fathers would inspect a newborn and decide whether it would be part of the family, or be cast away. One often socially acceptable reason for abandoning the baby: It was a girl. Female infanticide has been distressingly common in many societies — and its practice is not just ancient history. In 1990, the Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen looked at birth ratios in Asia, North Africa, and China and calculated that more than 100 million women were essentially “missing” — meaning that, based on the normal ratio of boys to girls at birth and the longevity of both genders, there was a huge missing number of girls who should have been born, but weren’t. Sen’s estimate came before the truly widespread adoption of ultrasound tests that could determine the sex of a fetus in utero — which actually made the problem worse, leading to a wave of sex-selective abortions. These were especially common in countries like India and China; the latter’s one-child policy and old biases made families desperate for their one child to be a boy. The Economist has estimated that since 1980 alone, there have been approximately 50 million fewer girls born worldwide than would naturally be expected, which almost certainly means that roughly that nearly all of those girls were aborted for no other reason than their sex. The preference for boys was a bias that killed in mass numbers.But in one of the most important social shifts of our time, that bias is changing. In a great cover story earlier this month, The Economist reported that the number of annual excess male births has fallen from a peak of 1.7 million in 2000 to around 200,000, which puts it back within the biologically standard birth ratio of 105 boys for every 100 girls. Countries that once had highly skewed sex ratios — like South Korea, which saw almost 116 boys born for every 100 girls in 1990 — now have normal or near-normal ratios. Altogether, The Economist estimated that the decline in sex preference at birth in the past 25 years has saved the equivalent of 7 million girls. That’s comparable to the number of lives saved by anti-smoking efforts in the US. So how, exactly, have we overcome a prejudice that seemed so embedded in human society?Success in school and the workplaceFor one, we have relaxed discrimination against girls and women in other ways — in school and in the workplace. With fewer limits, girls are outperforming boys in the classroom. In the most recent international PISA tests, considered the gold standard for evaluating student performance around the world, 15-year-old girls beat their male counterparts in reading in 79 out of 81 participating countries or economies, while the historic male advantage in math scores has fallen to single digits. Girls are also dominating in higher education, with 113 female students at that level for every 100 male students. While women continue to earn less than men, the gender pay gap has been shrinking, and in a number of urban areas in the US, young women have actually been outearning young men. Government policies have helped accelerate that shift, in part because they have come to recognize the serious social problems that eventually result from decades of anti-girl discrimination. In countries like South Korea and China, which have long had some of the most skewed gender ratios at birth, governments have cracked down on technologies that enable sex-selective abortion. In India, where female infanticide and neglect have been particularly horrific, slogans like “the Daughter, Educate the Daughter” have helped change opinions. A changing preferenceThe shift is being seen not just in birth sex ratios, but in opinion polls — and in the actions of would-be parents.Between 1983 and 2003, The Economist reported, the proportion of South Korean women who said it was “necessary” to have a son fell from 48 percent to 6 percent, while nearly half of women now say they want daughters. In Japan, the shift has gone even further — as far back as 2002, 75 percent of couples who wanted only one child said they hoped for a daughter.In the US, which allows sex selection for couples doing in-vitro fertilization, there is growing evidence that would-be parents prefer girls, as do potential adoptive parents. While in the past, parents who had a girl first were more likely to keep trying to have children in an effort to have a boy, the opposite is now true — couples who have a girl first are less likely to keep trying. A more equal futureThere’s still more progress to be made. In northwest of India, for instance, birth ratios that overly skew toward boys are still the norm. In regions of sub-Saharan Africa, birth sex ratios may be relatively normal, but post-birth discrimination in the form of poorer nutrition and worse medical care still lingers. And course, women around the world are still subject to unacceptable levels of violence and discrimination from men.And some of the reasons for this shift may not be as high-minded as we’d like to think. Boys around the world are struggling in the modern era. They increasingly underperform in education, are more likely to be involved in violent crime, and in general, are failing to launch into adulthood. In the US, 20 percent of American men between 25 and 34 still live with their parents, compared to 15 percent of similarly aged women. It also seems to be the case that at least some of the increasing preference for girls is rooted in sexist stereotypes. Parents around the world may now prefer girls partly because they see them as more likely to take care of them in their old age — meaning a different kind of bias against women, that they are more natural caretakers, may be paradoxically driving the decline in prejudice against girls at birth.But make no mistake — the decline of boy preference is a clear mark of social progress, one measured in millions of girls’ lives saved. And maybe one Father’s Day, not too long from now, we’ll reach the point where daughters and sons are simply children: equally loved and equally welcomed.A version of this story originally appeared in the Good News newsletter. Sign up here!See More:
    #stunning #reversal #humanitys #oldest #bias
    The stunning reversal of humanity’s oldest bias
    Perhaps the oldest, most pernicious form of human bias is that of men toward women. It often started at the moment of birth. In ancient Athens, at a public ceremony called the amphidromia, fathers would inspect a newborn and decide whether it would be part of the family, or be cast away. One often socially acceptable reason for abandoning the baby: It was a girl. Female infanticide has been distressingly common in many societies — and its practice is not just ancient history. In 1990, the Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen looked at birth ratios in Asia, North Africa, and China and calculated that more than 100 million women were essentially “missing” — meaning that, based on the normal ratio of boys to girls at birth and the longevity of both genders, there was a huge missing number of girls who should have been born, but weren’t. Sen’s estimate came before the truly widespread adoption of ultrasound tests that could determine the sex of a fetus in utero — which actually made the problem worse, leading to a wave of sex-selective abortions. These were especially common in countries like India and China; the latter’s one-child policy and old biases made families desperate for their one child to be a boy. The Economist has estimated that since 1980 alone, there have been approximately 50 million fewer girls born worldwide than would naturally be expected, which almost certainly means that roughly that nearly all of those girls were aborted for no other reason than their sex. The preference for boys was a bias that killed in mass numbers.But in one of the most important social shifts of our time, that bias is changing. In a great cover story earlier this month, The Economist reported that the number of annual excess male births has fallen from a peak of 1.7 million in 2000 to around 200,000, which puts it back within the biologically standard birth ratio of 105 boys for every 100 girls. Countries that once had highly skewed sex ratios — like South Korea, which saw almost 116 boys born for every 100 girls in 1990 — now have normal or near-normal ratios. Altogether, The Economist estimated that the decline in sex preference at birth in the past 25 years has saved the equivalent of 7 million girls. That’s comparable to the number of lives saved by anti-smoking efforts in the US. So how, exactly, have we overcome a prejudice that seemed so embedded in human society?Success in school and the workplaceFor one, we have relaxed discrimination against girls and women in other ways — in school and in the workplace. With fewer limits, girls are outperforming boys in the classroom. In the most recent international PISA tests, considered the gold standard for evaluating student performance around the world, 15-year-old girls beat their male counterparts in reading in 79 out of 81 participating countries or economies, while the historic male advantage in math scores has fallen to single digits. Girls are also dominating in higher education, with 113 female students at that level for every 100 male students. While women continue to earn less than men, the gender pay gap has been shrinking, and in a number of urban areas in the US, young women have actually been outearning young men. Government policies have helped accelerate that shift, in part because they have come to recognize the serious social problems that eventually result from decades of anti-girl discrimination. In countries like South Korea and China, which have long had some of the most skewed gender ratios at birth, governments have cracked down on technologies that enable sex-selective abortion. In India, where female infanticide and neglect have been particularly horrific, slogans like “the Daughter, Educate the Daughter” have helped change opinions. A changing preferenceThe shift is being seen not just in birth sex ratios, but in opinion polls — and in the actions of would-be parents.Between 1983 and 2003, The Economist reported, the proportion of South Korean women who said it was “necessary” to have a son fell from 48 percent to 6 percent, while nearly half of women now say they want daughters. In Japan, the shift has gone even further — as far back as 2002, 75 percent of couples who wanted only one child said they hoped for a daughter.In the US, which allows sex selection for couples doing in-vitro fertilization, there is growing evidence that would-be parents prefer girls, as do potential adoptive parents. While in the past, parents who had a girl first were more likely to keep trying to have children in an effort to have a boy, the opposite is now true — couples who have a girl first are less likely to keep trying. A more equal futureThere’s still more progress to be made. In northwest of India, for instance, birth ratios that overly skew toward boys are still the norm. In regions of sub-Saharan Africa, birth sex ratios may be relatively normal, but post-birth discrimination in the form of poorer nutrition and worse medical care still lingers. And course, women around the world are still subject to unacceptable levels of violence and discrimination from men.And some of the reasons for this shift may not be as high-minded as we’d like to think. Boys around the world are struggling in the modern era. They increasingly underperform in education, are more likely to be involved in violent crime, and in general, are failing to launch into adulthood. In the US, 20 percent of American men between 25 and 34 still live with their parents, compared to 15 percent of similarly aged women. It also seems to be the case that at least some of the increasing preference for girls is rooted in sexist stereotypes. Parents around the world may now prefer girls partly because they see them as more likely to take care of them in their old age — meaning a different kind of bias against women, that they are more natural caretakers, may be paradoxically driving the decline in prejudice against girls at birth.But make no mistake — the decline of boy preference is a clear mark of social progress, one measured in millions of girls’ lives saved. And maybe one Father’s Day, not too long from now, we’ll reach the point where daughters and sons are simply children: equally loved and equally welcomed.A version of this story originally appeared in the Good News newsletter. Sign up here!See More: #stunning #reversal #humanitys #oldest #bias
    The stunning reversal of humanity’s oldest bias
    www.vox.com
    Perhaps the oldest, most pernicious form of human bias is that of men toward women. It often started at the moment of birth. In ancient Athens, at a public ceremony called the amphidromia, fathers would inspect a newborn and decide whether it would be part of the family, or be cast away. One often socially acceptable reason for abandoning the baby: It was a girl. Female infanticide has been distressingly common in many societies — and its practice is not just ancient history. In 1990, the Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen looked at birth ratios in Asia, North Africa, and China and calculated that more than 100 million women were essentially “missing” — meaning that, based on the normal ratio of boys to girls at birth and the longevity of both genders, there was a huge missing number of girls who should have been born, but weren’t. Sen’s estimate came before the truly widespread adoption of ultrasound tests that could determine the sex of a fetus in utero — which actually made the problem worse, leading to a wave of sex-selective abortions. These were especially common in countries like India and China; the latter’s one-child policy and old biases made families desperate for their one child to be a boy. The Economist has estimated that since 1980 alone, there have been approximately 50 million fewer girls born worldwide than would naturally be expected, which almost certainly means that roughly that nearly all of those girls were aborted for no other reason than their sex. The preference for boys was a bias that killed in mass numbers.But in one of the most important social shifts of our time, that bias is changing. In a great cover story earlier this month, The Economist reported that the number of annual excess male births has fallen from a peak of 1.7 million in 2000 to around 200,000, which puts it back within the biologically standard birth ratio of 105 boys for every 100 girls. Countries that once had highly skewed sex ratios — like South Korea, which saw almost 116 boys born for every 100 girls in 1990 — now have normal or near-normal ratios. Altogether, The Economist estimated that the decline in sex preference at birth in the past 25 years has saved the equivalent of 7 million girls. That’s comparable to the number of lives saved by anti-smoking efforts in the US. So how, exactly, have we overcome a prejudice that seemed so embedded in human society?Success in school and the workplaceFor one, we have relaxed discrimination against girls and women in other ways — in school and in the workplace. With fewer limits, girls are outperforming boys in the classroom. In the most recent international PISA tests, considered the gold standard for evaluating student performance around the world, 15-year-old girls beat their male counterparts in reading in 79 out of 81 participating countries or economies, while the historic male advantage in math scores has fallen to single digits. Girls are also dominating in higher education, with 113 female students at that level for every 100 male students. While women continue to earn less than men, the gender pay gap has been shrinking, and in a number of urban areas in the US, young women have actually been outearning young men. Government policies have helped accelerate that shift, in part because they have come to recognize the serious social problems that eventually result from decades of anti-girl discrimination. In countries like South Korea and China, which have long had some of the most skewed gender ratios at birth, governments have cracked down on technologies that enable sex-selective abortion. In India, where female infanticide and neglect have been particularly horrific, slogans like “Save the Daughter, Educate the Daughter” have helped change opinions. A changing preferenceThe shift is being seen not just in birth sex ratios, but in opinion polls — and in the actions of would-be parents.Between 1983 and 2003, The Economist reported, the proportion of South Korean women who said it was “necessary” to have a son fell from 48 percent to 6 percent, while nearly half of women now say they want daughters. In Japan, the shift has gone even further — as far back as 2002, 75 percent of couples who wanted only one child said they hoped for a daughter.In the US, which allows sex selection for couples doing in-vitro fertilization, there is growing evidence that would-be parents prefer girls, as do potential adoptive parents. While in the past, parents who had a girl first were more likely to keep trying to have children in an effort to have a boy, the opposite is now true — couples who have a girl first are less likely to keep trying. A more equal futureThere’s still more progress to be made. In northwest of India, for instance, birth ratios that overly skew toward boys are still the norm. In regions of sub-Saharan Africa, birth sex ratios may be relatively normal, but post-birth discrimination in the form of poorer nutrition and worse medical care still lingers. And course, women around the world are still subject to unacceptable levels of violence and discrimination from men.And some of the reasons for this shift may not be as high-minded as we’d like to think. Boys around the world are struggling in the modern era. They increasingly underperform in education, are more likely to be involved in violent crime, and in general, are failing to launch into adulthood. In the US, 20 percent of American men between 25 and 34 still live with their parents, compared to 15 percent of similarly aged women. It also seems to be the case that at least some of the increasing preference for girls is rooted in sexist stereotypes. Parents around the world may now prefer girls partly because they see them as more likely to take care of them in their old age — meaning a different kind of bias against women, that they are more natural caretakers, may be paradoxically driving the decline in prejudice against girls at birth.But make no mistake — the decline of boy preference is a clear mark of social progress, one measured in millions of girls’ lives saved. And maybe one Father’s Day, not too long from now, we’ll reach the point where daughters and sons are simply children: equally loved and equally welcomed.A version of this story originally appeared in the Good News newsletter. Sign up here!See More:
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  • Competition: SuperPrior, Most

    An open international contest is being held to retrofit and upgrade the Brutalist-style Prior shopping centre in Most, CzechiaThe two-stage competition – organised by the Centre for Central European Architectureon behalf of the City of Most – will select a design team to upgrade the 1973 complex located on a prominent site in the centre of the planned 1970s coal-mining settlement.
    The £750,000‘SuperMost – SuperPrior’ project will transform the landmark building – which is the centrepiece of a vast planned city designed by Václav Krejčí and constructed following the demolition of historic Most to make way for a lignite mine – into a new community and cultural hub for the settlement.
    Competition site: SuperPrior, Most

    According to the brief: ‘The city of Most is announcing its first competitive dialogue, SuperMost – SuperPrior. Prior, opened in 1976 as the city's main shopping centre, has the potential to become a community and cultural hub.
    ‘The aim is to design a new future for the former department store – a place for new functions, sharing, and meeting. The current building is to be reintegrated into the life of the city and offer meaningful use.’
    Founded in mid-13th century, Most is a historic settlement of 63,000 inhabitants located in the Ústí nad Labem Region of Czechia close to Germany’s southern border.
    Most was demolished from 1965 to 1985 to make way for a lignite mine with a new planned settlement created in the Brutalist style featuring housing estates, a shopping centre, a culture centre, planetarium and an office skyscraper.
    The latest contest also comes shortly after CCEA MOBA launched a contest to retrofit and upgrade the former Palace Hotel in Ostrava.
    The ‘SuperMost – SuperPrior’ contest is the first part of a bigger programme of renewal drawn up by CCEA MOBA and the City of Most which will include an artistic intervention on the city hall and wider city centre renewal initiative.
    Competition site: SuperPrior, Most

    The project focuses on transforming the shopping centre into a new venue for film screenings and a gastronomy marketplace addressing the lack of similar facilities in the local area.
    Judges will include Marie Kašparová, director of Kultura Praha 3; Gerry Schwyter, architect at EM2N in Zurich; Marina Kounavi, founder of ANAGRAM in Athens; and the mayor of Most, Marek Hrvol.
    The contest language is Czech and English. Submissions will be judged on architectural quality including social-cultural value, aesthetic and functional quality; and technological solution comprising material and structural choices, environmental responsibility and energy performance.
    The overall winner will receive a £23,540prize while a second prize of £20,180, third prize of £13,450and a fourth and fifth prize each worth £8,410will also be awarded.

    How to apply
    Deadline: 2pm local time, 27 June

    Competition funding source: Not supplied
    Project funding source: Not supplied
    Owner of site: Not supplied
    Contact details: karin@cceamoba.czVisit the competition website for more information
    #competition #superprior #most
    Competition: SuperPrior, Most
    An open international contest is being held to retrofit and upgrade the Brutalist-style Prior shopping centre in Most, CzechiaThe two-stage competition – organised by the Centre for Central European Architectureon behalf of the City of Most – will select a design team to upgrade the 1973 complex located on a prominent site in the centre of the planned 1970s coal-mining settlement. The £750,000‘SuperMost – SuperPrior’ project will transform the landmark building – which is the centrepiece of a vast planned city designed by Václav Krejčí and constructed following the demolition of historic Most to make way for a lignite mine – into a new community and cultural hub for the settlement. Competition site: SuperPrior, Most According to the brief: ‘The city of Most is announcing its first competitive dialogue, SuperMost – SuperPrior. Prior, opened in 1976 as the city's main shopping centre, has the potential to become a community and cultural hub. ‘The aim is to design a new future for the former department store – a place for new functions, sharing, and meeting. The current building is to be reintegrated into the life of the city and offer meaningful use.’ Founded in mid-13th century, Most is a historic settlement of 63,000 inhabitants located in the Ústí nad Labem Region of Czechia close to Germany’s southern border. Most was demolished from 1965 to 1985 to make way for a lignite mine with a new planned settlement created in the Brutalist style featuring housing estates, a shopping centre, a culture centre, planetarium and an office skyscraper. The latest contest also comes shortly after CCEA MOBA launched a contest to retrofit and upgrade the former Palace Hotel in Ostrava. The ‘SuperMost – SuperPrior’ contest is the first part of a bigger programme of renewal drawn up by CCEA MOBA and the City of Most which will include an artistic intervention on the city hall and wider city centre renewal initiative. Competition site: SuperPrior, Most The project focuses on transforming the shopping centre into a new venue for film screenings and a gastronomy marketplace addressing the lack of similar facilities in the local area. Judges will include Marie Kašparová, director of Kultura Praha 3; Gerry Schwyter, architect at EM2N in Zurich; Marina Kounavi, founder of ANAGRAM in Athens; and the mayor of Most, Marek Hrvol. The contest language is Czech and English. Submissions will be judged on architectural quality including social-cultural value, aesthetic and functional quality; and technological solution comprising material and structural choices, environmental responsibility and energy performance. The overall winner will receive a £23,540prize while a second prize of £20,180, third prize of £13,450and a fourth and fifth prize each worth £8,410will also be awarded. How to apply Deadline: 2pm local time, 27 June Competition funding source: Not supplied Project funding source: Not supplied Owner of site: Not supplied Contact details: karin@cceamoba.czVisit the competition website for more information #competition #superprior #most
    Competition: SuperPrior, Most
    www.architectural-review.com
    An open international contest is being held to retrofit and upgrade the Brutalist-style Prior shopping centre in Most, Czechia (Deadline: 27 June) The two-stage competition – organised by the Centre for Central European Architecture (CCEA MOBA) on behalf of the City of Most – will select a design team to upgrade the 1973 complex located on a prominent site in the centre of the planned 1970s coal-mining settlement. The £750,000 (22.2 million CZK) ‘SuperMost – SuperPrior’ project will transform the landmark building – which is the centrepiece of a vast planned city designed by Václav Krejčí and constructed following the demolition of historic Most to make way for a lignite mine – into a new community and cultural hub for the settlement. Competition site: SuperPrior, Most According to the brief: ‘The city of Most is announcing its first competitive dialogue, SuperMost – SuperPrior. Prior, opened in 1976 as the city's main shopping centre, has the potential to become a community and cultural hub. ‘The aim is to design a new future for the former department store – a place for new functions, sharing, and meeting. The current building is to be reintegrated into the life of the city and offer meaningful use.’ Founded in mid-13th century, Most is a historic settlement of 63,000 inhabitants located in the Ústí nad Labem Region of Czechia close to Germany’s southern border. Most was demolished from 1965 to 1985 to make way for a lignite mine with a new planned settlement created in the Brutalist style featuring housing estates, a shopping centre, a culture centre, planetarium and an office skyscraper. The latest contest also comes shortly after CCEA MOBA launched a contest to retrofit and upgrade the former Palace Hotel in Ostrava. The ‘SuperMost – SuperPrior’ contest is the first part of a bigger programme of renewal drawn up by CCEA MOBA and the City of Most which will include an artistic intervention on the city hall and wider city centre renewal initiative. Competition site: SuperPrior, Most The project focuses on transforming the shopping centre into a new venue for film screenings and a gastronomy marketplace addressing the lack of similar facilities in the local area. Judges will include Marie Kašparová, director of Kultura Praha 3; Gerry Schwyter, architect at EM2N in Zurich; Marina Kounavi, founder of ANAGRAM in Athens; and the mayor of Most, Marek Hrvol. The contest language is Czech and English. Submissions will be judged on architectural quality including social-cultural value, aesthetic and functional quality; and technological solution comprising material and structural choices, environmental responsibility and energy performance. The overall winner will receive a £23,540 (CZK 700,000) prize while a second prize of £20,180 (CZK 600,000), third prize of £13,450 (CZK 400,000) and a fourth and fifth prize each worth £8,410 (CZK 250,000) will also be awarded. How to apply Deadline: 2pm local time, 27 June Competition funding source: Not supplied Project funding source: Not supplied Owner of site(s): Not supplied Contact details: karin@cceamoba.czVisit the competition website for more information
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  • Data embassies and US embargo halt give Saudi AI hope

    Saudi Arabia’sattempt to turn from one of the least to most developed data markets in the world has advanced with measures it and the US have taken to encourage investors to build artificial intelligencedatacentres in the country.
    KSA came closer to finalising plans to treat foreign computer systems as “data embassies”, reassuring firms their customer data would be safely stored in the authoritarian Gulf monarchy. Meanwhile, the US scrapped export controls on its most advanced AI chips, which had threatened to stop KSA from ever realising its plan to become a global leader in AI.
    Those legal preparations bore fruit this week before either was actually enacted, when Nvidia, whose advanced AI chips are the subject of US export controls, said it had done a deal to ship 18,000 of them to the Saudi state-owned Public Investment Fund. The chips were the first stage in a plan to install “several hundred thousand” Nvidia Grace Blackwell AI chips in five years, consuming 500MW of energy.
    Political analysts and industry insiders said, before KSA’s plans unfurled this week, that its proposed Global AI Hub Law would allow KSA to get banned AI chips that both it and foreign firms would need to build AI systems in the country. The draft law offers to give foreign computer systems embassy status, so their operators answered only to the laws of their home nations. It would forbid the Saudi state from intruding.
    KSA concluded a public consultation on the law the day after an Investment Summit, at which US president Donald Trump and Saudi crown prince Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud signed a broad economic partnership and presided over bn of trade deals, the White House said in a statement. They had done bn of deals when the conference opened, and aspired to tn, the prince told the conference on Tuesday. The deals encompassed defence, energy, tech and health.
    The audacity of KSA’s ambition was made apparent by data that in February, according to Computer Weekly analysis, showed how among 20 of the most notable data markets in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, Saudi capital Riyadh had the second-least of all operational, planned and unfinished datacentres, above only Athens.
    With 125MW of computing capacity then planned in Riyadh, it was barely 5% of the forecast size of EMEA market leader London, and not 15% of the size of its rival and neighbour, the United Arab Emirates, according to numbers published by commercial estate agent Cushman & Wakefield. The largest datacentre investment deal apparent, among those announced at the Forum, was Saudi firm DataVolt, investing bn in the US.

    about US and Saudi agreements

    On Monday, the US scrapped the AI Diffusion Rule, by which former president Joe Biden had blocked exports of powerful AI chips to all but a handful of countries because, US AI tzar David Sacks told the conference, it stopped US technology proliferating around the world and stifled strategic partners such as KSA, when it was supposed to hinder AI development in only a few countries.
    The US had decided instead to model AI policy on Silicon Valley’s software ecosystems, where firms became dominant by publishing application programming interfacesthat others could use to build on their technology.
    “They’re able to build these ecosystems without even having any lawyers involved,” said Sacks. “There’s no need for a contract. You just publish an API. In a similar way, the US needs to encourage the world to build on our tech stack.
    “President Trump said ‘the US has to win the AI race’. How do we win the AI race? We have to build the biggest partner ecosystem. We need our friends like the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and other strategic partners and allies, to build on our tech.
    “We want our technology to spread,” he said. “We want people to use it. We want to become the standard.”

    KSA’s attempt, meanwhile, to encourage foreign firms to build AI datacentres in the country by allowing their home nations to retain sovereignty over their data was widely commended as a strategic masterstroke.
    “It’s still an immature market, but the opportunity is huge,” said Stephen Beard, a real estate deal-maker for Knight Frank in Dubai. KSA could be a top-seven datacentre market in a decade. His firm estimated US cloud computing firms had recently committed to bn of investment there by 2027.
    Knight Frank alone was handling bn of datacentre deals for firms attracted by the local market opportunity, in a country with 20% lower power costs than the UK, a large, growing population and a non-democratic government able to digitise rapidly without the inconvenience of parliamentary process. President Trump commended KSA’s ruling family for that in a speech in Riyadh this week.
    “The AI Hub law is optically a fantastic move,” said Beard. “It should go some way to appeasing investors’ concerns. But we are talking about Saudi Arabia. Who decides the law in Saudi Arabia? Any developer looks for a higher return because of the macro risks.”
    But computer firms would invest there to serve KSA. The idea of KSA becoming a “super-hub” was flawed.
    Munir Suboh, a lawyer at Taylor Wessing in Riyadh, said the law would give KSA an “unprecedented advantage” over other countries which hesitate to cede sovereignty over foreign facilities. Contrast Saudi Arabia's attempt to make life easier for foreign investors with Europe’s regulatory preoccupation with imposing safety standards.
    “Traditionally, cross-border data transfers require compliance with multiple data localisation regulations, especially in data-heavy industries,” said Oliver Subhedar, a commercial dispute lawyer with Burlingtons. KSA is seeking a comparative advantage over other states by regulating datacentres themselves.”

    KSA would slash the cost of risk and compliance for multinationals that ordinarily had to accommodate a host of different regulations around the world, said Jade Masri, managing director of investment advisory R Consultancy in Dubai. That would cut capital costs for investors.
    “Hyperscalers need this law to import data into KSA to run large language models and generate meaningful AI,” said Amrik Sangha, a consultant with Gateley in Dubai.
    But KSA needed to address the question of “grey” fibre optic cables that would carry foreign data transfers “without monitoring”, he said. Grey, or “dark”, cables are private, point-to-point communications lines not reliant on local connections.
    Notwithstanding the unexpected US U-turn, Juliana Rordorf, Middle East director for political consultancy Albright Stonebridge Group, said the law might influence the global debate about data localisation, as well as AI export controls.
    Neighbouring Bahrain has had a data embassy law since 2018, while UAE, whose datacentre market and planned construction dwarfs that of KSA, recently made bilateral data embassy agreements with France and Italy.
    Such a law has even been mooted as a way to encourage investors deterred by Europe’s onerous data protection rules, having been pioneered in Estonia, and aped in Monaco, as a means of securing government backup datacentres in Luxembourg, because they otherwise had nowhere to put them safely.
    #data #embassies #embargo #halt #give
    Data embassies and US embargo halt give Saudi AI hope
    Saudi Arabia’sattempt to turn from one of the least to most developed data markets in the world has advanced with measures it and the US have taken to encourage investors to build artificial intelligencedatacentres in the country. KSA came closer to finalising plans to treat foreign computer systems as “data embassies”, reassuring firms their customer data would be safely stored in the authoritarian Gulf monarchy. Meanwhile, the US scrapped export controls on its most advanced AI chips, which had threatened to stop KSA from ever realising its plan to become a global leader in AI. Those legal preparations bore fruit this week before either was actually enacted, when Nvidia, whose advanced AI chips are the subject of US export controls, said it had done a deal to ship 18,000 of them to the Saudi state-owned Public Investment Fund. The chips were the first stage in a plan to install “several hundred thousand” Nvidia Grace Blackwell AI chips in five years, consuming 500MW of energy. Political analysts and industry insiders said, before KSA’s plans unfurled this week, that its proposed Global AI Hub Law would allow KSA to get banned AI chips that both it and foreign firms would need to build AI systems in the country. The draft law offers to give foreign computer systems embassy status, so their operators answered only to the laws of their home nations. It would forbid the Saudi state from intruding. KSA concluded a public consultation on the law the day after an Investment Summit, at which US president Donald Trump and Saudi crown prince Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud signed a broad economic partnership and presided over bn of trade deals, the White House said in a statement. They had done bn of deals when the conference opened, and aspired to tn, the prince told the conference on Tuesday. The deals encompassed defence, energy, tech and health. The audacity of KSA’s ambition was made apparent by data that in February, according to Computer Weekly analysis, showed how among 20 of the most notable data markets in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, Saudi capital Riyadh had the second-least of all operational, planned and unfinished datacentres, above only Athens. With 125MW of computing capacity then planned in Riyadh, it was barely 5% of the forecast size of EMEA market leader London, and not 15% of the size of its rival and neighbour, the United Arab Emirates, according to numbers published by commercial estate agent Cushman & Wakefield. The largest datacentre investment deal apparent, among those announced at the Forum, was Saudi firm DataVolt, investing bn in the US. about US and Saudi agreements On Monday, the US scrapped the AI Diffusion Rule, by which former president Joe Biden had blocked exports of powerful AI chips to all but a handful of countries because, US AI tzar David Sacks told the conference, it stopped US technology proliferating around the world and stifled strategic partners such as KSA, when it was supposed to hinder AI development in only a few countries. The US had decided instead to model AI policy on Silicon Valley’s software ecosystems, where firms became dominant by publishing application programming interfacesthat others could use to build on their technology. “They’re able to build these ecosystems without even having any lawyers involved,” said Sacks. “There’s no need for a contract. You just publish an API. In a similar way, the US needs to encourage the world to build on our tech stack. “President Trump said ‘the US has to win the AI race’. How do we win the AI race? We have to build the biggest partner ecosystem. We need our friends like the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and other strategic partners and allies, to build on our tech. “We want our technology to spread,” he said. “We want people to use it. We want to become the standard.” KSA’s attempt, meanwhile, to encourage foreign firms to build AI datacentres in the country by allowing their home nations to retain sovereignty over their data was widely commended as a strategic masterstroke. “It’s still an immature market, but the opportunity is huge,” said Stephen Beard, a real estate deal-maker for Knight Frank in Dubai. KSA could be a top-seven datacentre market in a decade. His firm estimated US cloud computing firms had recently committed to bn of investment there by 2027. Knight Frank alone was handling bn of datacentre deals for firms attracted by the local market opportunity, in a country with 20% lower power costs than the UK, a large, growing population and a non-democratic government able to digitise rapidly without the inconvenience of parliamentary process. President Trump commended KSA’s ruling family for that in a speech in Riyadh this week. “The AI Hub law is optically a fantastic move,” said Beard. “It should go some way to appeasing investors’ concerns. But we are talking about Saudi Arabia. Who decides the law in Saudi Arabia? Any developer looks for a higher return because of the macro risks.” But computer firms would invest there to serve KSA. The idea of KSA becoming a “super-hub” was flawed. Munir Suboh, a lawyer at Taylor Wessing in Riyadh, said the law would give KSA an “unprecedented advantage” over other countries which hesitate to cede sovereignty over foreign facilities. Contrast Saudi Arabia's attempt to make life easier for foreign investors with Europe’s regulatory preoccupation with imposing safety standards. “Traditionally, cross-border data transfers require compliance with multiple data localisation regulations, especially in data-heavy industries,” said Oliver Subhedar, a commercial dispute lawyer with Burlingtons. KSA is seeking a comparative advantage over other states by regulating datacentres themselves.” KSA would slash the cost of risk and compliance for multinationals that ordinarily had to accommodate a host of different regulations around the world, said Jade Masri, managing director of investment advisory R Consultancy in Dubai. That would cut capital costs for investors. “Hyperscalers need this law to import data into KSA to run large language models and generate meaningful AI,” said Amrik Sangha, a consultant with Gateley in Dubai. But KSA needed to address the question of “grey” fibre optic cables that would carry foreign data transfers “without monitoring”, he said. Grey, or “dark”, cables are private, point-to-point communications lines not reliant on local connections. Notwithstanding the unexpected US U-turn, Juliana Rordorf, Middle East director for political consultancy Albright Stonebridge Group, said the law might influence the global debate about data localisation, as well as AI export controls. Neighbouring Bahrain has had a data embassy law since 2018, while UAE, whose datacentre market and planned construction dwarfs that of KSA, recently made bilateral data embassy agreements with France and Italy. Such a law has even been mooted as a way to encourage investors deterred by Europe’s onerous data protection rules, having been pioneered in Estonia, and aped in Monaco, as a means of securing government backup datacentres in Luxembourg, because they otherwise had nowhere to put them safely. #data #embassies #embargo #halt #give
    Data embassies and US embargo halt give Saudi AI hope
    www.computerweekly.com
    Saudi Arabia’s (KSA’s) attempt to turn from one of the least to most developed data markets in the world has advanced with measures it and the US have taken to encourage investors to build artificial intelligence (AI) datacentres in the country. KSA came closer to finalising plans to treat foreign computer systems as “data embassies”, reassuring firms their customer data would be safely stored in the authoritarian Gulf monarchy. Meanwhile, the US scrapped export controls on its most advanced AI chips, which had threatened to stop KSA from ever realising its plan to become a global leader in AI. Those legal preparations bore fruit this week before either was actually enacted, when Nvidia, whose advanced AI chips are the subject of US export controls, said it had done a deal to ship 18,000 of them to the Saudi state-owned Public Investment Fund. The chips were the first stage in a plan to install “several hundred thousand” Nvidia Grace Blackwell AI chips in five years, consuming 500MW of energy. Political analysts and industry insiders said, before KSA’s plans unfurled this week, that its proposed Global AI Hub Law would allow KSA to get banned AI chips that both it and foreign firms would need to build AI systems in the country. The draft law offers to give foreign computer systems embassy status, so their operators answered only to the laws of their home nations. It would forbid the Saudi state from intruding. KSA concluded a public consultation on the law the day after an Investment Summit, at which US president Donald Trump and Saudi crown prince Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud signed a broad economic partnership and presided over $600bn of trade deals, the White House said in a statement. They had done $300bn of deals when the conference opened, and aspired to $1tn, the prince told the conference on Tuesday. The deals encompassed defence, energy, tech and health. The audacity of KSA’s ambition was made apparent by data that in February, according to Computer Weekly analysis, showed how among 20 of the most notable data markets in Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA), Saudi capital Riyadh had the second-least of all operational, planned and unfinished datacentres, above only Athens. With 125MW of computing capacity then planned in Riyadh, it was barely 5% of the forecast size of EMEA market leader London, and not 15% of the size of its rival and neighbour, the United Arab Emirates, according to numbers published by commercial estate agent Cushman & Wakefield. The largest datacentre investment deal apparent, among those announced at the Forum, was Saudi firm DataVolt, investing $20bn in the US. Read more about US and Saudi agreements On Monday, the US scrapped the AI Diffusion Rule, by which former president Joe Biden had blocked exports of powerful AI chips to all but a handful of countries because, US AI tzar David Sacks told the conference, it stopped US technology proliferating around the world and stifled strategic partners such as KSA, when it was supposed to hinder AI development in only a few countries. The US had decided instead to model AI policy on Silicon Valley’s software ecosystems, where firms became dominant by publishing application programming interfaces (APIs) that others could use to build on their technology. “They’re able to build these ecosystems without even having any lawyers involved,” said Sacks. “There’s no need for a contract. You just publish an API. In a similar way, the US needs to encourage the world to build on our tech stack. “President Trump said ‘the US has to win the AI race’. How do we win the AI race? We have to build the biggest partner ecosystem. We need our friends like the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and other strategic partners and allies, to build on our tech. “We want our technology to spread,” he said. “We want people to use it. We want to become the standard.” KSA’s attempt, meanwhile, to encourage foreign firms to build AI datacentres in the country by allowing their home nations to retain sovereignty over their data was widely commended as a strategic masterstroke. “It’s still an immature market, but the opportunity is huge,” said Stephen Beard, a real estate deal-maker for Knight Frank in Dubai. KSA could be a top-seven datacentre market in a decade. His firm estimated US cloud computing firms had recently committed to $9bn of investment there by 2027. Knight Frank alone was handling $7bn of datacentre deals for firms attracted by the local market opportunity, in a country with 20% lower power costs than the UK, a large, growing population and a non-democratic government able to digitise rapidly without the inconvenience of parliamentary process. President Trump commended KSA’s ruling family for that in a speech in Riyadh this week. “The AI Hub law is optically a fantastic move,” said Beard. “It should go some way to appeasing investors’ concerns. But we are talking about Saudi Arabia. Who decides the law in Saudi Arabia? Any developer looks for a higher return because of the macro risks.” But computer firms would invest there to serve KSA. The idea of KSA becoming a “super-hub” was flawed. Munir Suboh, a lawyer at Taylor Wessing in Riyadh, said the law would give KSA an “unprecedented advantage” over other countries which hesitate to cede sovereignty over foreign facilities. Contrast Saudi Arabia's attempt to make life easier for foreign investors with Europe’s regulatory preoccupation with imposing safety standards. “Traditionally, cross-border data transfers require compliance with multiple data localisation regulations, especially in data-heavy industries,” said Oliver Subhedar, a commercial dispute lawyer with Burlingtons. KSA is seeking a comparative advantage over other states by regulating datacentres themselves.” KSA would slash the cost of risk and compliance for multinationals that ordinarily had to accommodate a host of different regulations around the world, said Jade Masri, managing director of investment advisory R Consultancy in Dubai. That would cut capital costs for investors. “Hyperscalers need this law to import data into KSA to run large language models and generate meaningful AI,” said Amrik Sangha, a consultant with Gateley in Dubai. But KSA needed to address the question of “grey” fibre optic cables that would carry foreign data transfers “without monitoring”, he said. Grey, or “dark”, cables are private, point-to-point communications lines not reliant on local connections. Notwithstanding the unexpected US U-turn, Juliana Rordorf, Middle East director for political consultancy Albright Stonebridge Group, said the law might influence the global debate about data localisation, as well as AI export controls. Neighbouring Bahrain has had a data embassy law since 2018, while UAE, whose datacentre market and planned construction dwarfs that of KSA, recently made bilateral data embassy agreements with France and Italy. Such a law has even been mooted as a way to encourage investors deterred by Europe’s onerous data protection rules, having been pioneered in Estonia, and aped in Monaco, as a means of securing government backup datacentres in Luxembourg, because they otherwise had nowhere to put them safely.
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  • How long designs survive

    The Internet has greatly shortened product life cycles. Objects that stood the test of time offer lessons for today. So do designs that are intentionally ephemeral.Designing applications or websites means your designs don’t survive very long. Even if your product or app survives for a decade or more, there will be pressure to update the design every few years. This got me wondering how long designs of other things stay around. So here is a curated survey of how long our designs survive.Sticky NotesThe sticky note… a lab experiment gone awry — The ubiquitous sticky note famously emerged from a lab experiment gone awry. Glue that wasn’t very sticky. Although sticky notes have been around for 45 years, the life of any single sticky note is probably measured in hours, not days. Nevertheless they have been a boon to brainstorming sessions and design sprints around the world. Their ephemeral nature is the key to their value. Don’t like what you wrote? Throw it out and write another one. Don’t think it belongs in this group? Move it to another. Sticky notes are the rare object that is as easily used digitally as their physical counterparts.Sand MandalaA finished sand mandala — Attribution: By the original uploader was Colonel Warden at English Wikipedia. — Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by SMasters using CommonsHelper., CC BY-SA 3.0, use for a few days or weeks) — A sand mandala is a symbolic representation of the universe made of colored sand. Creating them is a ceremonial act practiced by Tibetan monks and nuns and takes a few days to several weeks to create. Constructing one is an act of meditation requiring immense focus. After the mandala is finished, it is on view for only a short period of time. It is then destroyed in a dissolution ceremony meant to emphasize the impermanence of all things. Finally the sand is released into a river to transfer the spirits embodied in the mandala back into nature and the rest of the world.The first time I saw a video of this process, it shocked my world. The design was vivid, ornate, and beautiful. To see something so beautiful then destroyed by the people who made it jolted me. When swept into a pile, the vivid pigments quickly become a single gray mass. They are an amazing lesson about the nature of our lives and the world of things.WebsitesThe SF bay area edition of Craigslist.com barely changed from when it launched in 1995! — The lifespan of your average website is about 2 years according to this post. Many sites are up for much longer but even those tend to need a refresh. Craigslist is the notable exception by still proudly sporting its original 1995 web 1.0 look and feel. I’ve worked on around 14 websites and apps. Of those, only 2are live and still reflect the design I worked on. As dominant as the Internet is in today’s culture, “built to last” simply does not apply. Permanence is an anti-pattern.Thonet №14 ChairThe Thonet №14 Chair — Attribution: This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. — Michael Thonet’s №14 Chair is a design classic. Simple and minimal. Introduced in 1859, It was the first chair to be mass produced but does not look like an industrial product. It is sometimes called the cafe chair due to its strong association with Parisian cafes. It was also sometimes referred to as the “lion-tamer chair”. You can see one in use in this post.BicycleThe ‘Flying Pigeon’ bicycle. Since the 1950s, over 500 million of these bikes have been produced and sold. — The bicycle was invented in Germany and introduced in Paris around 1817. It is an amazing design object matched only by its engineering simplicity. The basic triangular geometry is minimal, strong, and still recognizable 200 years after being invented. There have been many improvements to the underlying technologies but the basic design remains.BuildingsThe Pantheon of Rome — Attribution: By Macrons — Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, Pantheon in Rome was completed around 126 AD and has been in continuous use for almost 2000 years. It is widely considered the oldest building still in continuous use today. It began as a Roman temple. For the ceiling of the Parthenon, the Romans used cement mixed with ash which kept it light but strong. In the 7th century, it became a Christian church, the Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs. Adaptive reuse helped preserve it through centuries of war, weather, and regime changes.“Built to last” is a phrase sometimes used for things like old cars, buildings, and walls. It certainly applies to the pyramids and the Pantheon. It is much less frequently applied to objects today. It doen’t apply to the majority of objects we use in our daily lives. Consumer culture has driven us towards a throw away culture. This impacts the environment and our ability to build things to last.What does it take to build something that will last?This is a question asked by Louis Kahn, one of the great American architects. His Exeter Library is his answer. He wanted to pursue an architecture that would stand the test of time. He wanted to build something that would be monumental, strong and, like the pyramids, remain beautiful even in ruin.The interior of the Phillips Exeter Academy Library showing the raw, monumental cement building structure. Image source: use for 11,000 years) — The title of oldest continuously inhabited city is a subject of debate but Damascus is often credited as the oldest city still in use today. Jericho is older but was not in continuous use. Jerusalem & Athens both date back about 5000 years. From a design perspective, I marvel at Venice. It’s been in existence for over 1000 years. Its lasting beauty is amazing when you realize it was originally built to escape invaders on the mainland. The buildings, plazas, along with the canals and bridges that connect them are an amazing experience.The Bucentaur Returns to the Pier at the Doge’s Palaceby Canaletto — Attribution: Google Arts & Culture — mwEV7sO9uSFCpw, Public Domain, & PestleThe mortar & pestle — symbol of the pharmacist — Attribution: Image by Evan-Amos — Own work, Public Domain, using our teeth, we’ve been grinding up food and other materials for about 37,000 years. The Mortar & Pestle was likely used initially to prepare grains and seeds to be more digestible but they had many other uses.They are still widely used todayand have come to symbolize the pharmaceutical profession. As someone who cooks, I’m glad we figured out ground spices makes tastier dishes.Pyramids — The Great Pyramid of Giza was the tallest human-made structure in the world for 3800 years. I’m including pyramids for age reference only. How long they’ve been “in use” raises tricky questions. Should we measure use by the initial construction; as amazing ruins we only look at; or as a tomb for a dead pharaoh? They certainly were amazing feats of engineering.Bow & arrow / stone arrowheads — These two designs are best taken as a connected journey. Arrows are an evolution of the stone-tipped spear. The bow & arrow was a leap in the efficiency and precision of throwing a spear. The innovation allowed hunters to remain farther away from their prey. The bow, arrow, and stone arrowhead built on the previous technology. Each element required an increase in precision and skill and offered advances over the previous tool. Older arrowheads were mostly focused on the general shape and cutting edges. Later versions were shaped to be more firmly lashed to wooden spears. As the first to enter the battlefield, U.S. Marines sometimes refer to themselves as, “the tip of the spear”. A 74,000 year old metaphor that is still understandable today.Hand axeIllustration of a hand axe.Imagine designing a product that was so good it was used for a million years. That’s 1,000,000 years! I remember seeing a hand axe in the “Tools: Extending Our Reach” exhibit at the Smithsonian’s Cooper Hewitt National Design Museum. I pondered it as a design object that dwarfed my career as a designer. The hand axe is a physical testament to both the slowness of early hominid evolution and the enduring utility of the object. The key innovation was the ever more skilled chipping away of flakes to create the cutting edge. Older versions of the axe are barely recognizable as being intentionally created. Later versions however, show two distinct functional requirements. The part that you held needed to be broad and round so as to be comfortable in the hand. While “the business end” had sharp, carefully-shaped cutting edges. I marvel at anything being used for this incomprehensible span of time.Final thoughts“If you want to go quickly, go alone. But if you want to go far, go together.” — African ProverbAs I wrote this post, I thought about the lessons of these very different objects. Here are my takeaways.Monumental acts take monumental teams — It takes incredible effort by many people to build something that has great impact and will last. Monumental achievements are never accomplished by one person. Each hand axe was likely created by one person but the concept we now know as the hand axe happened over a million years of usage. Venice is a singular experience. But building it required the work of many people over centuries.Adaptation is key to survival — The Pantheon survived in part because it is a space flexible in use. If your designs are to survive, you must hand them off to others. Loving caretakers are as important as passionate creators.Celebrate the ephemeral — Sand mandalas and sticky notes allow us to create something without becoming too attached to it. Having worked on lots of long-term projects, I’ve always found making dinner to be a positive antidote. Chopping vegetables can be meditative. A meal is finished in an hour or 2 and then you get to enjoy the creation. Simple acts are still creative.A graph showing how long these designs have been use. The hand axe was excluded because its million years of use reduces the other objects to tiny, barely visible bars.ReferenceTimeline of oldest human inventions — WikipediaOldest still standing buildings — WikipediaHow long designs survive was originally published in UX Collective on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
    #how #long #designs #survive
    How long designs survive
    The Internet has greatly shortened product life cycles. Objects that stood the test of time offer lessons for today. So do designs that are intentionally ephemeral.Designing applications or websites means your designs don’t survive very long. Even if your product or app survives for a decade or more, there will be pressure to update the design every few years. This got me wondering how long designs of other things stay around. So here is a curated survey of how long our designs survive.Sticky NotesThe sticky note… a lab experiment gone awry — The ubiquitous sticky note famously emerged from a lab experiment gone awry. Glue that wasn’t very sticky. Although sticky notes have been around for 45 years, the life of any single sticky note is probably measured in hours, not days. Nevertheless they have been a boon to brainstorming sessions and design sprints around the world. Their ephemeral nature is the key to their value. Don’t like what you wrote? Throw it out and write another one. Don’t think it belongs in this group? Move it to another. Sticky notes are the rare object that is as easily used digitally as their physical counterparts.Sand MandalaA finished sand mandala — Attribution: By the original uploader was Colonel Warden at English Wikipedia. — Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by SMasters using CommonsHelper., CC BY-SA 3.0, use for a few days or weeks) — A sand mandala is a symbolic representation of the universe made of colored sand. Creating them is a ceremonial act practiced by Tibetan monks and nuns and takes a few days to several weeks to create. Constructing one is an act of meditation requiring immense focus. After the mandala is finished, it is on view for only a short period of time. It is then destroyed in a dissolution ceremony meant to emphasize the impermanence of all things. Finally the sand is released into a river to transfer the spirits embodied in the mandala back into nature and the rest of the world.The first time I saw a video of this process, it shocked my world. The design was vivid, ornate, and beautiful. To see something so beautiful then destroyed by the people who made it jolted me. When swept into a pile, the vivid pigments quickly become a single gray mass. They are an amazing lesson about the nature of our lives and the world of things.WebsitesThe SF bay area edition of Craigslist.com barely changed from when it launched in 1995! — The lifespan of your average website is about 2 years according to this post. Many sites are up for much longer but even those tend to need a refresh. Craigslist is the notable exception by still proudly sporting its original 1995 web 1.0 look and feel. I’ve worked on around 14 websites and apps. Of those, only 2are live and still reflect the design I worked on. As dominant as the Internet is in today’s culture, “built to last” simply does not apply. Permanence is an anti-pattern.Thonet №14 ChairThe Thonet №14 Chair — Attribution: This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. — Michael Thonet’s №14 Chair is a design classic. Simple and minimal. Introduced in 1859, It was the first chair to be mass produced but does not look like an industrial product. It is sometimes called the cafe chair due to its strong association with Parisian cafes. It was also sometimes referred to as the “lion-tamer chair”. You can see one in use in this post.BicycleThe ‘Flying Pigeon’ bicycle. Since the 1950s, over 500 million of these bikes have been produced and sold. — The bicycle was invented in Germany and introduced in Paris around 1817. It is an amazing design object matched only by its engineering simplicity. The basic triangular geometry is minimal, strong, and still recognizable 200 years after being invented. There have been many improvements to the underlying technologies but the basic design remains.BuildingsThe Pantheon of Rome — Attribution: By Macrons — Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, Pantheon in Rome was completed around 126 AD and has been in continuous use for almost 2000 years. It is widely considered the oldest building still in continuous use today. It began as a Roman temple. For the ceiling of the Parthenon, the Romans used cement mixed with ash which kept it light but strong. In the 7th century, it became a Christian church, the Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs. Adaptive reuse helped preserve it through centuries of war, weather, and regime changes.“Built to last” is a phrase sometimes used for things like old cars, buildings, and walls. It certainly applies to the pyramids and the Pantheon. It is much less frequently applied to objects today. It doen’t apply to the majority of objects we use in our daily lives. Consumer culture has driven us towards a throw away culture. This impacts the environment and our ability to build things to last.What does it take to build something that will last?This is a question asked by Louis Kahn, one of the great American architects. His Exeter Library is his answer. He wanted to pursue an architecture that would stand the test of time. He wanted to build something that would be monumental, strong and, like the pyramids, remain beautiful even in ruin.The interior of the Phillips Exeter Academy Library showing the raw, monumental cement building structure. Image source: use for 11,000 years) — The title of oldest continuously inhabited city is a subject of debate but Damascus is often credited as the oldest city still in use today. Jericho is older but was not in continuous use. Jerusalem & Athens both date back about 5000 years. From a design perspective, I marvel at Venice. It’s been in existence for over 1000 years. Its lasting beauty is amazing when you realize it was originally built to escape invaders on the mainland. The buildings, plazas, along with the canals and bridges that connect them are an amazing experience.The Bucentaur Returns to the Pier at the Doge’s Palaceby Canaletto — Attribution: Google Arts & Culture — mwEV7sO9uSFCpw, Public Domain, & PestleThe mortar & pestle — symbol of the pharmacist — Attribution: Image by Evan-Amos — Own work, Public Domain, using our teeth, we’ve been grinding up food and other materials for about 37,000 years. The Mortar & Pestle was likely used initially to prepare grains and seeds to be more digestible but they had many other uses.They are still widely used todayand have come to symbolize the pharmaceutical profession. As someone who cooks, I’m glad we figured out ground spices makes tastier dishes.Pyramids — The Great Pyramid of Giza was the tallest human-made structure in the world for 3800 years. I’m including pyramids for age reference only. How long they’ve been “in use” raises tricky questions. Should we measure use by the initial construction; as amazing ruins we only look at; or as a tomb for a dead pharaoh? They certainly were amazing feats of engineering.Bow & arrow / stone arrowheads — These two designs are best taken as a connected journey. Arrows are an evolution of the stone-tipped spear. The bow & arrow was a leap in the efficiency and precision of throwing a spear. The innovation allowed hunters to remain farther away from their prey. The bow, arrow, and stone arrowhead built on the previous technology. Each element required an increase in precision and skill and offered advances over the previous tool. Older arrowheads were mostly focused on the general shape and cutting edges. Later versions were shaped to be more firmly lashed to wooden spears. As the first to enter the battlefield, U.S. Marines sometimes refer to themselves as, “the tip of the spear”. A 74,000 year old metaphor that is still understandable today.Hand axeIllustration of a hand axe.Imagine designing a product that was so good it was used for a million years. That’s 1,000,000 years! I remember seeing a hand axe in the “Tools: Extending Our Reach” exhibit at the Smithsonian’s Cooper Hewitt National Design Museum. I pondered it as a design object that dwarfed my career as a designer. The hand axe is a physical testament to both the slowness of early hominid evolution and the enduring utility of the object. The key innovation was the ever more skilled chipping away of flakes to create the cutting edge. Older versions of the axe are barely recognizable as being intentionally created. Later versions however, show two distinct functional requirements. The part that you held needed to be broad and round so as to be comfortable in the hand. While “the business end” had sharp, carefully-shaped cutting edges. I marvel at anything being used for this incomprehensible span of time.Final thoughts“If you want to go quickly, go alone. But if you want to go far, go together.” — African ProverbAs I wrote this post, I thought about the lessons of these very different objects. Here are my takeaways.Monumental acts take monumental teams — It takes incredible effort by many people to build something that has great impact and will last. Monumental achievements are never accomplished by one person. Each hand axe was likely created by one person but the concept we now know as the hand axe happened over a million years of usage. Venice is a singular experience. But building it required the work of many people over centuries.Adaptation is key to survival — The Pantheon survived in part because it is a space flexible in use. If your designs are to survive, you must hand them off to others. Loving caretakers are as important as passionate creators.Celebrate the ephemeral — Sand mandalas and sticky notes allow us to create something without becoming too attached to it. Having worked on lots of long-term projects, I’ve always found making dinner to be a positive antidote. Chopping vegetables can be meditative. A meal is finished in an hour or 2 and then you get to enjoy the creation. Simple acts are still creative.A graph showing how long these designs have been use. The hand axe was excluded because its million years of use reduces the other objects to tiny, barely visible bars.ReferenceTimeline of oldest human inventions — WikipediaOldest still standing buildings — WikipediaHow long designs survive was originally published in UX Collective on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story. #how #long #designs #survive
    How long designs survive
    uxdesign.cc
    The Internet has greatly shortened product life cycles. Objects that stood the test of time offer lessons for today. So do designs that are intentionally ephemeral.Designing applications or websites means your designs don’t survive very long. Even if your product or app survives for a decade or more, there will be pressure to update the design every few years. This got me wondering how long designs of other things stay around. So here is a curated survey of how long our designs survive.Sticky NotesThe sticky note… a lab experiment gone awry(average lifespan: several hours) — The ubiquitous sticky note famously emerged from a lab experiment gone awry. Glue that wasn’t very sticky. Although sticky notes have been around for 45 years, the life of any single sticky note is probably measured in hours, not days. Nevertheless they have been a boon to brainstorming sessions and design sprints around the world. Their ephemeral nature is the key to their value. Don’t like what you wrote? Throw it out and write another one. Don’t think it belongs in this group? Move it to another. Sticky notes are the rare object that is as easily used digitally as their physical counterparts.Sand MandalaA finished sand mandala — Attribution: By the original uploader was Colonel Warden at English Wikipedia. — Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by SMasters using CommonsHelper., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16371236(in use for a few days or weeks) — A sand mandala is a symbolic representation of the universe made of colored sand. Creating them is a ceremonial act practiced by Tibetan monks and nuns and takes a few days to several weeks to create. Constructing one is an act of meditation requiring immense focus. After the mandala is finished, it is on view for only a short period of time. It is then destroyed in a dissolution ceremony meant to emphasize the impermanence of all things. Finally the sand is released into a river to transfer the spirits embodied in the mandala back into nature and the rest of the world.The first time I saw a video of this process, it shocked my world. The design was vivid, ornate, and beautiful. To see something so beautiful then destroyed by the people who made it jolted me. When swept into a pile, the vivid pigments quickly become a single gray mass. They are an amazing lesson about the nature of our lives and the world of things.WebsitesThe SF bay area edition of Craigslist.com barely changed from when it launched in 1995!(in use for 32 years) — The lifespan of your average website is about 2 years according to this post. Many sites are up for much longer but even those tend to need a refresh. Craigslist is the notable exception by still proudly sporting its original 1995 web 1.0 look and feel. I’ve worked on around 14 websites and apps. Of those, only 2 (7%) are live and still reflect the design I worked on. As dominant as the Internet is in today’s culture, “built to last” simply does not apply. Permanence is an anti-pattern.Thonet №14 ChairThe Thonet №14 Chair — Attribution: This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.(in use for 166 years) — Michael Thonet’s №14 Chair is a design classic. Simple and minimal. Introduced in 1859, It was the first chair to be mass produced but does not look like an industrial product. It is sometimes called the cafe chair due to its strong association with Parisian cafes. It was also sometimes referred to as the “lion-tamer chair”. You can see one in use in this post.BicycleThe ‘Flying Pigeon’ bicycle. Since the 1950s, over 500 million of these bikes have been produced and sold.(in use for 208 years) — The bicycle was invented in Germany and introduced in Paris around 1817. It is an amazing design object matched only by its engineering simplicity. The basic triangular geometry is minimal, strong, and still recognizable 200 years after being invented. There have been many improvements to the underlying technologies but the basic design remains.BuildingsThe Pantheon of Rome — Attribution: By Macrons — Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49683083The Pantheon in Rome was completed around 126 AD and has been in continuous use for almost 2000 years. It is widely considered the oldest building still in continuous use today. It began as a Roman temple. For the ceiling of the Parthenon, the Romans used cement mixed with ash which kept it light but strong. In the 7th century, it became a Christian church, the Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs. Adaptive reuse helped preserve it through centuries of war, weather, and regime changes.“Built to last” is a phrase sometimes used for things like old cars, buildings, and walls. It certainly applies to the pyramids and the Pantheon. It is much less frequently applied to objects today. It doen’t apply to the majority of objects we use in our daily lives. Consumer culture has driven us towards a throw away culture. This impacts the environment and our ability to build things to last.What does it take to build something that will last?This is a question asked by Louis Kahn, one of the great American architects. His Exeter Library is his answer. He wanted to pursue an architecture that would stand the test of time. He wanted to build something that would be monumental, strong and, like the pyramids, remain beautiful even in ruin.The interior of the Phillips Exeter Academy Library showing the raw, monumental cement building structure. Image source: https://www.reddit.com/r/ArchitecturePornCities(in use for 11,000 years) — The title of oldest continuously inhabited city is a subject of debate but Damascus is often credited as the oldest city still in use today. Jericho is older but was not in continuous use. Jerusalem & Athens both date back about 5000 years. From a design perspective, I marvel at Venice. It’s been in existence for over 1000 years. Its lasting beauty is amazing when you realize it was originally built to escape invaders on the mainland. The buildings, plazas, along with the canals and bridges that connect them are an amazing experience.The Bucentaur Returns to the Pier at the Doge’s Palace (c. 1730) by Canaletto — Attribution: Google Arts & Culture — mwEV7sO9uSFCpw, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22572210Mortar & PestleThe mortar & pestle — symbol of the pharmacist — Attribution: Image by Evan-Amos — Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12038229Beyond using our teeth, we’ve been grinding up food and other materials for about 37,000 years. The Mortar & Pestle was likely used initially to prepare grains and seeds to be more digestible but they had many other uses.They are still widely used today (guacamole anyone?) and have come to symbolize the pharmaceutical profession. As someone who cooks, I’m glad we figured out ground spices makes tastier dishes.Pyramids(built 4000 years ago) — The Great Pyramid of Giza was the tallest human-made structure in the world for 3800 years. I’m including pyramids for age reference only. How long they’ve been “in use” raises tricky questions. Should we measure use by the initial construction; as amazing ruins we only look at; or as a tomb for a dead pharaoh? They certainly were amazing feats of engineering.Bow & arrow / stone arrowheads(in use for 37,000–74,000 years) — These two designs are best taken as a connected journey. Arrows are an evolution of the stone-tipped spear. The bow & arrow was a leap in the efficiency and precision of throwing a spear. The innovation allowed hunters to remain farther away from their prey. The bow, arrow, and stone arrowhead built on the previous technology (an interesting concept known as “the adjacent possible” richly described by Steven Johnson in, ‘Where Good Ideas Come From’). Each element required an increase in precision and skill and offered advances over the previous tool. Older arrowheads were mostly focused on the general shape and cutting edges. Later versions were shaped to be more firmly lashed to wooden spears. As the first to enter the battlefield, U.S. Marines sometimes refer to themselves as, “the tip of the spear”. A 74,000 year old metaphor that is still understandable today.Hand axeIllustration of a hand axe.Imagine designing a product that was so good it was used for a million years. That’s 1,000,000 years! I remember seeing a hand axe in the “Tools: Extending Our Reach” exhibit at the Smithsonian’s Cooper Hewitt National Design Museum. I pondered it as a design object that dwarfed my career as a designer. The hand axe is a physical testament to both the slowness of early hominid evolution and the enduring utility of the object. The key innovation was the ever more skilled chipping away of flakes to create the cutting edge. Older versions of the axe are barely recognizable as being intentionally created. Later versions however, show two distinct functional requirements. The part that you held needed to be broad and round so as to be comfortable in the hand. While “the business end” had sharp, carefully-shaped cutting edges. I marvel at anything being used for this incomprehensible span of time.Final thoughts“If you want to go quickly, go alone. But if you want to go far, go together.” — African ProverbAs I wrote this post, I thought about the lessons of these very different objects. Here are my takeaways.Monumental acts take monumental teams — It takes incredible effort by many people to build something that has great impact and will last. Monumental achievements are never accomplished by one person. Each hand axe was likely created by one person but the concept we now know as the hand axe happened over a million years of usage. Venice is a singular experience. But building it required the work of many people over centuries.Adaptation is key to survival — The Pantheon survived in part because it is a space flexible in use. If your designs are to survive, you must hand them off to others. Loving caretakers are as important as passionate creators.Celebrate the ephemeral — Sand mandalas and sticky notes allow us to create something without becoming too attached to it. Having worked on lots of long-term projects, I’ve always found making dinner to be a positive antidote. Chopping vegetables can be meditative. A meal is finished in an hour or 2 and then you get to enjoy the creation. Simple acts are still creative.A graph showing how long these designs have been use. The hand axe was excluded because its million years of use reduces the other objects to tiny, barely visible bars.ReferenceTimeline of oldest human inventions — WikipediaOldest still standing buildings — WikipediaHow long designs survive was originally published in UX Collective on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
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  • These Ancient Scrolls Have Been a Tantalizing Mystery for 2,000 Years. Researchers Just Deciphered a Title for the First Time

    Cool Finds

    These Ancient Scrolls Have Been a Tantalizing Mystery for 2,000 Years. Researchers Just Deciphered a Title for the First Time
    Mount Vesuvius’ eruption preserved the Herculaneum scrolls beneath a blanket of ash. Two millennia later, X-ray scans show that one of them is a philosophical text called “On Vice”

    The scroll previously known only as PHerc. 172 was written by the Epicurean philosopher Philodemus.
    Vesuvius Challenge / Bodleian Libraries, Oxford University

    In the 1750s, an Italian farmer digging a well stumbled upon a lavish villa in the ruins of Herculaneum. Inside was a sprawling library with hundreds of scrolls, untouched since Mount Vesuvius’ eruption in 79 C.E. Some of them were still neatly tucked away on the shelves.
    This staggering discovery was the only complete library from antiquity ever found. But when 18th-century scholars tried to unroll the charred papyrus, the scrolls crumbled to pieces. They became resigned to the fact that the text hidden inside wouldn’t be revealed during their lifetimes.
    In recent years, however, researchers realized that they were living in the generation that would finally solve the puzzle. Using artificial intelligence, they’ve developed methods to peer inside the Herculaneum scrolls without damaging them, revealing short passages of ancient text.
    This month, researchers announced a new breakthrough. While analyzing a scroll known as PHerc. 172, they determined its title: On Vices. Based on other works, they think the full title is On Vices and Their Opposite Virtues and in Whom They Are and About What.

    The scan revealed letters spelling out the scroll's title.

    Vesuvius Challenge

    “We are thrilled to share that the written title of this scroll has been recovered from deep inside its carbonized folds of papyrus,” the Vesuvius Challenge, which is leading efforts to decipher the scrolls, says in a statement. “This is the first time the title of a still-rolled Herculaneum scroll has ever been recovered noninvasively.”
    On Vices was written by Philodemus, a Greek philosopher who lived in Herculaneum more than a century before Vesuvius’ eruption. Born around 110 B.C.E., Philodemus studied at a school in Athens founded several centuries earlier by the influential philosopher Epicurus, who believed in achieving happiness by pursuing certain specific forms of pleasure.
    “This will be a great opportunity to learn more about Philodemus’ ethical views and to get a better view of the On Vices as a whole,” Michael McOsker, a papyrologist at University College London who is working with the Vesuvius Challenge, tells CNN’s Catherine Nicholls.
    When it launched in 2023, the Vesuvius Challenge offered more than million in prize money to citizen scientists around the world who could use A.I. to help decipher scans of the Herculaneum scrolls. 

    Spearheaded by Brent Seales, a computer scientist at the University of Kentucky, the team scanned several of the scrolls and uploaded the data for anyone to use. To earn the prize money, participants competed to be the first to reach a series of milestones.
    Reading the papyrus involves solving several difficult problems. After the rolled-up scrolls are scanned, their many layers need to be separated out and flattened into two-dimensional segments. At that point, the carbon-based ink usually isn’t visible in the scans, so machine-learning models are necessary to identify the inked sections.
    In late 2023, a computer science student revealed the first word on an unopened scroll: “porphyras,” an ancient Greek term for “purple.” Months later, participants worked out 2,000 characters of text, which discussed pleasures such as music and food.

    5 Surprising Facts About Pompeii
    Watch on

    But PHerc. 172 is different from these earlier scrolls. When researchers scanned it last summer, they realized that some of the ink was visible in the images. They aren’t sure why this scroll is so much more legible, though they hypothesize it’s because the ink contains a denser contaminant such as lead, according to the University of Oxford’s Bodleian Libraries, which houses the scroll.
    In early May, the Vesuvius Challenge announced that contestants Marcel Roth and Micha Nowak, computer scientists at Germany’s University of Würzburg, would receive for deciphering the title. Sean Johnson, a researcher with the Vesuvius Challenge, had independently identified the title around the same time.
    Researchers are anticipating many more breakthroughs on the horizon. In the past three months alone, they’ve already scanned dozens of new scrolls.
    “The pace is ramping up very quickly,” McOsker tells the Guardian’s Ian Sample. “All of the technological progress that’s been made on this has been in the last three to five years—and on the timescales of classicists, that’s unbelievable.”

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    #these #ancient #scrolls #have #been
    These Ancient Scrolls Have Been a Tantalizing Mystery for 2,000 Years. Researchers Just Deciphered a Title for the First Time
    Cool Finds These Ancient Scrolls Have Been a Tantalizing Mystery for 2,000 Years. Researchers Just Deciphered a Title for the First Time Mount Vesuvius’ eruption preserved the Herculaneum scrolls beneath a blanket of ash. Two millennia later, X-ray scans show that one of them is a philosophical text called “On Vice” The scroll previously known only as PHerc. 172 was written by the Epicurean philosopher Philodemus. Vesuvius Challenge / Bodleian Libraries, Oxford University In the 1750s, an Italian farmer digging a well stumbled upon a lavish villa in the ruins of Herculaneum. Inside was a sprawling library with hundreds of scrolls, untouched since Mount Vesuvius’ eruption in 79 C.E. Some of them were still neatly tucked away on the shelves. This staggering discovery was the only complete library from antiquity ever found. But when 18th-century scholars tried to unroll the charred papyrus, the scrolls crumbled to pieces. They became resigned to the fact that the text hidden inside wouldn’t be revealed during their lifetimes. In recent years, however, researchers realized that they were living in the generation that would finally solve the puzzle. Using artificial intelligence, they’ve developed methods to peer inside the Herculaneum scrolls without damaging them, revealing short passages of ancient text. This month, researchers announced a new breakthrough. While analyzing a scroll known as PHerc. 172, they determined its title: On Vices. Based on other works, they think the full title is On Vices and Their Opposite Virtues and in Whom They Are and About What. The scan revealed letters spelling out the scroll's title. Vesuvius Challenge “We are thrilled to share that the written title of this scroll has been recovered from deep inside its carbonized folds of papyrus,” the Vesuvius Challenge, which is leading efforts to decipher the scrolls, says in a statement. “This is the first time the title of a still-rolled Herculaneum scroll has ever been recovered noninvasively.” On Vices was written by Philodemus, a Greek philosopher who lived in Herculaneum more than a century before Vesuvius’ eruption. Born around 110 B.C.E., Philodemus studied at a school in Athens founded several centuries earlier by the influential philosopher Epicurus, who believed in achieving happiness by pursuing certain specific forms of pleasure. “This will be a great opportunity to learn more about Philodemus’ ethical views and to get a better view of the On Vices as a whole,” Michael McOsker, a papyrologist at University College London who is working with the Vesuvius Challenge, tells CNN’s Catherine Nicholls. When it launched in 2023, the Vesuvius Challenge offered more than million in prize money to citizen scientists around the world who could use A.I. to help decipher scans of the Herculaneum scrolls.  Spearheaded by Brent Seales, a computer scientist at the University of Kentucky, the team scanned several of the scrolls and uploaded the data for anyone to use. To earn the prize money, participants competed to be the first to reach a series of milestones. Reading the papyrus involves solving several difficult problems. After the rolled-up scrolls are scanned, their many layers need to be separated out and flattened into two-dimensional segments. At that point, the carbon-based ink usually isn’t visible in the scans, so machine-learning models are necessary to identify the inked sections. In late 2023, a computer science student revealed the first word on an unopened scroll: “porphyras,” an ancient Greek term for “purple.” Months later, participants worked out 2,000 characters of text, which discussed pleasures such as music and food. 5 Surprising Facts About Pompeii Watch on But PHerc. 172 is different from these earlier scrolls. When researchers scanned it last summer, they realized that some of the ink was visible in the images. They aren’t sure why this scroll is so much more legible, though they hypothesize it’s because the ink contains a denser contaminant such as lead, according to the University of Oxford’s Bodleian Libraries, which houses the scroll. In early May, the Vesuvius Challenge announced that contestants Marcel Roth and Micha Nowak, computer scientists at Germany’s University of Würzburg, would receive for deciphering the title. Sean Johnson, a researcher with the Vesuvius Challenge, had independently identified the title around the same time. Researchers are anticipating many more breakthroughs on the horizon. In the past three months alone, they’ve already scanned dozens of new scrolls. “The pace is ramping up very quickly,” McOsker tells the Guardian’s Ian Sample. “All of the technological progress that’s been made on this has been in the last three to five years—and on the timescales of classicists, that’s unbelievable.” Get the latest stories in your inbox every weekday. #these #ancient #scrolls #have #been
    These Ancient Scrolls Have Been a Tantalizing Mystery for 2,000 Years. Researchers Just Deciphered a Title for the First Time
    www.smithsonianmag.com
    Cool Finds These Ancient Scrolls Have Been a Tantalizing Mystery for 2,000 Years. Researchers Just Deciphered a Title for the First Time Mount Vesuvius’ eruption preserved the Herculaneum scrolls beneath a blanket of ash. Two millennia later, X-ray scans show that one of them is a philosophical text called “On Vice” The scroll previously known only as PHerc. 172 was written by the Epicurean philosopher Philodemus. Vesuvius Challenge / Bodleian Libraries, Oxford University In the 1750s, an Italian farmer digging a well stumbled upon a lavish villa in the ruins of Herculaneum. Inside was a sprawling library with hundreds of scrolls, untouched since Mount Vesuvius’ eruption in 79 C.E. Some of them were still neatly tucked away on the shelves. This staggering discovery was the only complete library from antiquity ever found. But when 18th-century scholars tried to unroll the charred papyrus, the scrolls crumbled to pieces. They became resigned to the fact that the text hidden inside wouldn’t be revealed during their lifetimes. In recent years, however, researchers realized that they were living in the generation that would finally solve the puzzle. Using artificial intelligence, they’ve developed methods to peer inside the Herculaneum scrolls without damaging them, revealing short passages of ancient text. This month, researchers announced a new breakthrough. While analyzing a scroll known as PHerc. 172, they determined its title: On Vices. Based on other works, they think the full title is On Vices and Their Opposite Virtues and in Whom They Are and About What. The scan revealed letters spelling out the scroll's title. Vesuvius Challenge “We are thrilled to share that the written title of this scroll has been recovered from deep inside its carbonized folds of papyrus,” the Vesuvius Challenge, which is leading efforts to decipher the scrolls, says in a statement. “This is the first time the title of a still-rolled Herculaneum scroll has ever been recovered noninvasively.” On Vices was written by Philodemus, a Greek philosopher who lived in Herculaneum more than a century before Vesuvius’ eruption. Born around 110 B.C.E., Philodemus studied at a school in Athens founded several centuries earlier by the influential philosopher Epicurus, who believed in achieving happiness by pursuing certain specific forms of pleasure. “This will be a great opportunity to learn more about Philodemus’ ethical views and to get a better view of the On Vices as a whole,” Michael McOsker, a papyrologist at University College London who is working with the Vesuvius Challenge, tells CNN’s Catherine Nicholls. When it launched in 2023, the Vesuvius Challenge offered more than $1 million in prize money to citizen scientists around the world who could use A.I. to help decipher scans of the Herculaneum scrolls.  Spearheaded by Brent Seales, a computer scientist at the University of Kentucky, the team scanned several of the scrolls and uploaded the data for anyone to use. To earn the prize money, participants competed to be the first to reach a series of milestones. Reading the papyrus involves solving several difficult problems. After the rolled-up scrolls are scanned, their many layers need to be separated out and flattened into two-dimensional segments. At that point, the carbon-based ink usually isn’t visible in the scans, so machine-learning models are necessary to identify the inked sections. In late 2023, a computer science student revealed the first word on an unopened scroll: “porphyras,” an ancient Greek term for “purple.” Months later, participants worked out 2,000 characters of text, which discussed pleasures such as music and food. 5 Surprising Facts About Pompeii Watch on But PHerc. 172 is different from these earlier scrolls. When researchers scanned it last summer, they realized that some of the ink was visible in the images. They aren’t sure why this scroll is so much more legible, though they hypothesize it’s because the ink contains a denser contaminant such as lead, according to the University of Oxford’s Bodleian Libraries, which houses the scroll. In early May, the Vesuvius Challenge announced that contestants Marcel Roth and Micha Nowak, computer scientists at Germany’s University of Würzburg, would receive $60,000 for deciphering the title. Sean Johnson, a researcher with the Vesuvius Challenge, had independently identified the title around the same time. Researchers are anticipating many more breakthroughs on the horizon. In the past three months alone, they’ve already scanned dozens of new scrolls. “The pace is ramping up very quickly,” McOsker tells the Guardian’s Ian Sample. “All of the technological progress that’s been made on this has been in the last three to five years—and on the timescales of classicists, that’s unbelievable.” Get the latest stories in your inbox every weekday.
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  • From Myth To Moonshot: Athens Panathēnea Ascent As A Startup City

    Athens Panathēnea: Re-celebrating innovation and connection with a modern festival of tech, art, and ... More startups, ending in an epic street party beneath the Acropolis.Timothy Papandreou
    Imagine a city where the spirit of innovation and connection has thrived for thousands of years. Last week in Athens, that spirit was reborn with the sold-out inaugural Panathēnea festival. This vibrant event, a modern echo of ancient gatherings, powerfully announced a bold ambition: this historic city is not just a birthplace of civilization, democracy and innovation, but a rising force aiming to be Europe's next major startup hub. Anchored by the timeless values of "connection, competition, celebration" and with the confident declaration, "throwing festivals since 566 BC," Panathēnea was more than an industry and arts convergence for me. It felt like a bright signal flare, clearly indicating Athens' readiness to take its rightful place on the global startup landscape.

    Returning to my Greek roots as part of the diaspora, I attended the multi-day event impressed by the student-driven and designed program. A mini moonshot in itself, this went from idea to event in a few months! even the Mayor of Athens was surprised. What set thios apart was how the event drew in a significant international contingent, from the big AI tech giants like Microsoft, Amazon , OpenAI and Canva, to a surprise attendance of pop star Ke$ha to discuss her new startup Smash. It was also a fantastic opportunity to meet with and learn about the burgeoning local startup scene in Athens, which is making great strides in areas from AI, defense, robotics, and more, demonstrating a growing global interest in the Greek capital’s talent. Meeting these founders and learning about their challenges and dreams was incredibly insightful and felt like were at the tip of an unstoppable force. A truly surreal moment for me was meeting former Prime Minister of Greeceand having it confirmed we are distant relatives!
    At the intersection of tech and music: Jen Hallinterviews Ke$ha on her innovative startup, ... More Smash.Timothy Papandreou

    The Unfolding Story: Athens' Potential as Europe's Next Tech Hub
    The trajectory of the global startup landscape, while dominated by established powerhouses from where I was based in San Francisco in the US consistently reveals the emergence of innovation from unexpected locales. The United States, for instance, continues to lead in overall venture capital investment by a long shot followed by cities in China. However, several cities in Europe demonstrate significant strength in early-stage funding and deep tech development, indicating a robust capacity for future growth. According to several industry reports, early-stage funding in key startup hubs in Europe have shown consistent year-on-year increases, and deep tech investments are attracting a larger share of capital compared to a decade ago. This reflects a strategic shift towards longer-term, more research-intensive ventures with the potential for transformative impact.

    The ultimate success of these nascent ecosystems, however, hinges not so much on geography, but on fundamental drivers: product-market fit and the adaptability of founders. Location, while influential, serves as an amplifier of these core dynamics. A supportive environment can significantly increase a startup's chances of finding product-market fit and adapting to market changes, while a challenging environment can exacerbate these inherent risks.

    From Perth to global dominance: Lars Rasmussentalks ... Morescaling with Canva co-founders Melanie Perkins and Cliff Obrecht, exploring their design-wave ride and AI integration.Timothy Papandreou
    Why Athens? The Seeds of a Thriving Ecosystem
    The city presents a unique value proposition anchored by a substantial reservoir of highly educated, multilingual and technically proficient talent, a strategic geopolitical location at the nexus of Europe, Asia, and Africa offering access to diverse markets, and a significantly more attractive cost structurecompared to established European hubs in the north-west. Furthermore, the increasingly engaged global Greek diaspora in their own respective tech hubs from London, San Francisco, New York and as far as Sydney represent a potent source of capital, mentorship, and international networks.

    Athens has a unique opportunity to not just catch up, but to strategically leapfrog legacy issues hindering industries. By embracing the transformative power of AI, Athens start ups can bypass traditional talent, funding and other bottlenecks and pioneer innovative solutions and go-to-market products and services quicker than ever before. This future-forward approach allows Athens to transcend any notion of "too small" a market or succumb to "imposter syndrome." The confluence of factors, coupled with what I call a "gritty yet chic" urban energy is something of a unique and authentic offering in today’s overly generic, chain-store dominated and hollowed-out central cities.
    Sophia Nunes, Portugal's pioneering woman co-founder of the Unicorn startup Mambu, shares insights ... More on scaling for successTimothy Papandreou
    Germination Amidst the Grit: Addressing Foundational Needs
    The energy witnessed at Panathēnea and in conversations with local founders signals that the seeds of a thriving startup ecosystem are indeed beginning to germinate. Having personally observed similar early-stage vibrancy in the nascent phases of ecosystems like San Francisco, Berlin, London and Tel Aviv, it’s clear that Athens possesses the raw ingredients for success. However, for Athens, to truly realize its moonshot potential, certain foundational elements require significant cultivation. Building upon initial steps, the immediate priority is laser focus policies to bolster startup infrastructure. This includes streamlining and digital one-stop-shop business formation, taxation, and residency processes to create a frictionless environment for entrepreneurs. Concurrently from the business community, fostering a more collaborative culture, one that actively encourages mentorship and currency of learning over internal competition, is paramount. To ensure long-term viability and attract significant investment, a concerted effort must be made to evolve the funding landscape, actively courting later-stage venture capital to complement existing seed funding. This unwavering focus on these core pillars from efficient infrastructure, a collaborative culture, and a mature funding ecosystem, will be crucial in attracting and retaining both domestic and international talent, ultimately solidifying Athens' position on the global startup map.
    The Decades in the Making: Athens' Emerging Startup LandscapeMarathon VC's Panos Papadopoulos and Hack The Box CEO Haris Pylarinos share their insights on ... More scaling passion projects into thriving international businessesTimothy Papandreou
    Athens is not without its hurdles; it is just recovering from a deeply painful and prolonged fiscal crisis, Covid shutdowns and acute cost of living impact. While the wounds over this last decade run deep, this is not the first time Athens has been tested. In fact, these ground-truths highlighted a recurring theme at the event- the resilience born from these hardships. While failure in startups can feel inevitable, it happens quickly, and the concept of 'failing forward’ means these Greek startups are unlikely to retreat easily.
    This tenacity gives the impression that Athens is already an overnight success, but in reality, it has been decades in the making. Credit is due to the founders, VCs, and policy supporters who have diligently addressed each barrier over the years. Addressing infrastructural limitations and fostering a risk-tolerant, 'fail fast’ investment culture will be crucial. However, the fundamental ingredients: the rising talent, strategic location, compelling value proposition, and burgeoning entrepreneurial spirit are undeniably present. The energy is shifting, the ambition and hunger is real, and the various pieces are starting to come together. The potential for Athens to become Europe’s next significant startup 'moonshot’ is increasingly viable. The world of venture capital and global innovation would be wise to pay close attention to the unfolding future story in this ancient city.
    #myth #moonshot #athens #panathēnea #ascent
    From Myth To Moonshot: Athens Panathēnea Ascent As A Startup City
    Athens Panathēnea: Re-celebrating innovation and connection with a modern festival of tech, art, and ... More startups, ending in an epic street party beneath the Acropolis.Timothy Papandreou Imagine a city where the spirit of innovation and connection has thrived for thousands of years. Last week in Athens, that spirit was reborn with the sold-out inaugural Panathēnea festival. This vibrant event, a modern echo of ancient gatherings, powerfully announced a bold ambition: this historic city is not just a birthplace of civilization, democracy and innovation, but a rising force aiming to be Europe's next major startup hub. Anchored by the timeless values of "connection, competition, celebration" and with the confident declaration, "throwing festivals since 566 BC," Panathēnea was more than an industry and arts convergence for me. It felt like a bright signal flare, clearly indicating Athens' readiness to take its rightful place on the global startup landscape. Returning to my Greek roots as part of the diaspora, I attended the multi-day event impressed by the student-driven and designed program. A mini moonshot in itself, this went from idea to event in a few months! even the Mayor of Athens was surprised. What set thios apart was how the event drew in a significant international contingent, from the big AI tech giants like Microsoft, Amazon , OpenAI and Canva, to a surprise attendance of pop star Ke$ha to discuss her new startup Smash. It was also a fantastic opportunity to meet with and learn about the burgeoning local startup scene in Athens, which is making great strides in areas from AI, defense, robotics, and more, demonstrating a growing global interest in the Greek capital’s talent. Meeting these founders and learning about their challenges and dreams was incredibly insightful and felt like were at the tip of an unstoppable force. A truly surreal moment for me was meeting former Prime Minister of Greeceand having it confirmed we are distant relatives! At the intersection of tech and music: Jen Hallinterviews Ke$ha on her innovative startup, ... More Smash.Timothy Papandreou The Unfolding Story: Athens' Potential as Europe's Next Tech Hub The trajectory of the global startup landscape, while dominated by established powerhouses from where I was based in San Francisco in the US consistently reveals the emergence of innovation from unexpected locales. The United States, for instance, continues to lead in overall venture capital investment by a long shot followed by cities in China. However, several cities in Europe demonstrate significant strength in early-stage funding and deep tech development, indicating a robust capacity for future growth. According to several industry reports, early-stage funding in key startup hubs in Europe have shown consistent year-on-year increases, and deep tech investments are attracting a larger share of capital compared to a decade ago. This reflects a strategic shift towards longer-term, more research-intensive ventures with the potential for transformative impact. The ultimate success of these nascent ecosystems, however, hinges not so much on geography, but on fundamental drivers: product-market fit and the adaptability of founders. Location, while influential, serves as an amplifier of these core dynamics. A supportive environment can significantly increase a startup's chances of finding product-market fit and adapting to market changes, while a challenging environment can exacerbate these inherent risks. From Perth to global dominance: Lars Rasmussentalks ... Morescaling with Canva co-founders Melanie Perkins and Cliff Obrecht, exploring their design-wave ride and AI integration.Timothy Papandreou Why Athens? The Seeds of a Thriving Ecosystem The city presents a unique value proposition anchored by a substantial reservoir of highly educated, multilingual and technically proficient talent, a strategic geopolitical location at the nexus of Europe, Asia, and Africa offering access to diverse markets, and a significantly more attractive cost structurecompared to established European hubs in the north-west. Furthermore, the increasingly engaged global Greek diaspora in their own respective tech hubs from London, San Francisco, New York and as far as Sydney represent a potent source of capital, mentorship, and international networks. Athens has a unique opportunity to not just catch up, but to strategically leapfrog legacy issues hindering industries. By embracing the transformative power of AI, Athens start ups can bypass traditional talent, funding and other bottlenecks and pioneer innovative solutions and go-to-market products and services quicker than ever before. This future-forward approach allows Athens to transcend any notion of "too small" a market or succumb to "imposter syndrome." The confluence of factors, coupled with what I call a "gritty yet chic" urban energy is something of a unique and authentic offering in today’s overly generic, chain-store dominated and hollowed-out central cities. Sophia Nunes, Portugal's pioneering woman co-founder of the Unicorn startup Mambu, shares insights ... More on scaling for successTimothy Papandreou Germination Amidst the Grit: Addressing Foundational Needs The energy witnessed at Panathēnea and in conversations with local founders signals that the seeds of a thriving startup ecosystem are indeed beginning to germinate. Having personally observed similar early-stage vibrancy in the nascent phases of ecosystems like San Francisco, Berlin, London and Tel Aviv, it’s clear that Athens possesses the raw ingredients for success. However, for Athens, to truly realize its moonshot potential, certain foundational elements require significant cultivation. Building upon initial steps, the immediate priority is laser focus policies to bolster startup infrastructure. This includes streamlining and digital one-stop-shop business formation, taxation, and residency processes to create a frictionless environment for entrepreneurs. Concurrently from the business community, fostering a more collaborative culture, one that actively encourages mentorship and currency of learning over internal competition, is paramount. To ensure long-term viability and attract significant investment, a concerted effort must be made to evolve the funding landscape, actively courting later-stage venture capital to complement existing seed funding. This unwavering focus on these core pillars from efficient infrastructure, a collaborative culture, and a mature funding ecosystem, will be crucial in attracting and retaining both domestic and international talent, ultimately solidifying Athens' position on the global startup map. The Decades in the Making: Athens' Emerging Startup LandscapeMarathon VC's Panos Papadopoulos and Hack The Box CEO Haris Pylarinos share their insights on ... More scaling passion projects into thriving international businessesTimothy Papandreou Athens is not without its hurdles; it is just recovering from a deeply painful and prolonged fiscal crisis, Covid shutdowns and acute cost of living impact. While the wounds over this last decade run deep, this is not the first time Athens has been tested. In fact, these ground-truths highlighted a recurring theme at the event- the resilience born from these hardships. While failure in startups can feel inevitable, it happens quickly, and the concept of 'failing forward’ means these Greek startups are unlikely to retreat easily. This tenacity gives the impression that Athens is already an overnight success, but in reality, it has been decades in the making. Credit is due to the founders, VCs, and policy supporters who have diligently addressed each barrier over the years. Addressing infrastructural limitations and fostering a risk-tolerant, 'fail fast’ investment culture will be crucial. However, the fundamental ingredients: the rising talent, strategic location, compelling value proposition, and burgeoning entrepreneurial spirit are undeniably present. The energy is shifting, the ambition and hunger is real, and the various pieces are starting to come together. The potential for Athens to become Europe’s next significant startup 'moonshot’ is increasingly viable. The world of venture capital and global innovation would be wise to pay close attention to the unfolding future story in this ancient city. #myth #moonshot #athens #panathēnea #ascent
    From Myth To Moonshot: Athens Panathēnea Ascent As A Startup City
    www.forbes.com
    Athens Panathēnea: Re-celebrating innovation and connection with a modern festival of tech, art, and ... More startups, ending in an epic street party beneath the Acropolis.Timothy Papandreou Imagine a city where the spirit of innovation and connection has thrived for thousands of years. Last week in Athens, that spirit was reborn with the sold-out inaugural Panathēnea festival (with a waiting list!). This vibrant event, a modern echo of ancient gatherings, powerfully announced a bold ambition: this historic city is not just a birthplace of civilization, democracy and innovation, but a rising force aiming to be Europe's next major startup hub. Anchored by the timeless values of "connection, competition, celebration" and with the confident declaration, "throwing festivals since 566 BC," Panathēnea was more than an industry and arts convergence for me. It felt like a bright signal flare, clearly indicating Athens' readiness to take its rightful place on the global startup landscape. Returning to my Greek roots as part of the diaspora, I attended the multi-day event impressed by the student-driven and designed program (similar to SLUSH). A mini moonshot in itself, this went from idea to event in a few months! even the Mayor of Athens was surprised. What set thios apart was how the event drew in a significant international contingent, from the big AI tech giants like Microsoft, Amazon , OpenAI and Canva, to a surprise attendance of pop star Ke$ha to discuss her new startup Smash ( I was fanboying and also deeply touched by her personal story and drive to launch her startup). It was also a fantastic opportunity to meet with and learn about the burgeoning local startup scene in Athens, which is making great strides in areas from AI, defense, robotics, and more, demonstrating a growing global interest in the Greek capital’s talent. Meeting these founders and learning about their challenges and dreams was incredibly insightful and felt like were at the tip of an unstoppable force. A truly surreal moment for me was meeting former Prime Minister of Greece (George Papandreou) and having it confirmed we are distant relatives! At the intersection of tech and music: Jen Hall (Amazon) interviews Ke$ha on her innovative startup, ... More Smash.Timothy Papandreou The Unfolding Story: Athens' Potential as Europe's Next Tech Hub The trajectory of the global startup landscape, while dominated by established powerhouses from where I was based in San Francisco in the US consistently reveals the emergence of innovation from unexpected locales. The United States (particularly Californian cities), for instance, continues to lead in overall venture capital investment by a long shot followed by cities in China. However, several cities in Europe demonstrate significant strength in early-stage funding and deep tech development, indicating a robust capacity for future growth. According to several industry reports, early-stage funding in key startup hubs in Europe have shown consistent year-on-year increases, and deep tech investments are attracting a larger share of capital compared to a decade ago. This reflects a strategic shift towards longer-term, more research-intensive ventures with the potential for transformative impact. The ultimate success of these nascent ecosystems, however, hinges not so much on geography, but on fundamental drivers: product-market fit and the adaptability of founders. Location, while influential, serves as an amplifier of these core dynamics. A supportive environment can significantly increase a startup's chances of finding product-market fit and adapting to market changes, while a challenging environment can exacerbate these inherent risks. From Perth to global dominance: Lars Rasmussen (Co-0founder Google Maps and Panathēnea mentor) talks ... More (via live video box) scaling with Canva co-founders Melanie Perkins and Cliff Obrecht, exploring their design-wave ride and AI integration.Timothy Papandreou Why Athens? The Seeds of a Thriving Ecosystem The city presents a unique value proposition anchored by a substantial reservoir of highly educated, multilingual and technically proficient talent, a strategic geopolitical location at the nexus of Europe, Asia, and Africa offering access to diverse markets, and a significantly more attractive cost structure (critical for startup runway) compared to established European hubs in the north-west. Furthermore, the increasingly engaged global Greek diaspora in their own respective tech hubs from London, San Francisco, New York and as far as Sydney represent a potent source of capital, mentorship, and international networks. Athens has a unique opportunity to not just catch up, but to strategically leapfrog legacy issues hindering industries. By embracing the transformative power of AI, Athens start ups can bypass traditional talent, funding and other bottlenecks and pioneer innovative solutions and go-to-market products and services quicker than ever before. This future-forward approach allows Athens to transcend any notion of "too small" a market or succumb to "imposter syndrome." The confluence of factors, coupled with what I call a "gritty yet chic" urban energy is something of a unique and authentic offering in today’s overly generic, chain-store dominated and hollowed-out central cities. Sophia Nunes, Portugal's pioneering woman co-founder of the Unicorn startup Mambu, shares insights ... More on scaling for successTimothy Papandreou Germination Amidst the Grit: Addressing Foundational Needs The energy witnessed at Panathēnea and in conversations with local founders signals that the seeds of a thriving startup ecosystem are indeed beginning to germinate. Having personally observed similar early-stage vibrancy in the nascent phases of ecosystems like San Francisco, Berlin, London and Tel Aviv, it’s clear that Athens possesses the raw ingredients for success. However, for Athens ( like cities before it), to truly realize its moonshot potential, certain foundational elements require significant cultivation. Building upon initial steps, the immediate priority is laser focus policies to bolster startup infrastructure. This includes streamlining and digital one-stop-shop business formation, taxation, and residency processes to create a frictionless environment for entrepreneurs. Concurrently from the business community, fostering a more collaborative culture, one that actively encourages mentorship and currency of learning over internal competition, is paramount. To ensure long-term viability and attract significant investment, a concerted effort must be made to evolve the funding landscape, actively courting later-stage venture capital to complement existing seed funding. This unwavering focus on these core pillars from efficient infrastructure, a collaborative culture, and a mature funding ecosystem, will be crucial in attracting and retaining both domestic and international talent, ultimately solidifying Athens' position on the global startup map. The Decades in the Making: Athens' Emerging Startup LandscapeMarathon VC's Panos Papadopoulos and Hack The Box CEO Haris Pylarinos share their insights on ... More scaling passion projects into thriving international businessesTimothy Papandreou Athens is not without its hurdles; it is just recovering from a deeply painful and prolonged fiscal crisis, Covid shutdowns and acute cost of living impact. While the wounds over this last decade run deep, this is not the first time Athens has been tested. In fact, these ground-truths highlighted a recurring theme at the event- the resilience born from these hardships. While failure in startups can feel inevitable, it happens quickly, and the concept of 'failing forward’ means these Greek startups are unlikely to retreat easily. This tenacity gives the impression that Athens is already an overnight success, but in reality, it has been decades in the making. Credit is due to the founders, VCs, and policy supporters who have diligently addressed each barrier over the years. Addressing infrastructural limitations and fostering a risk-tolerant, 'fail fast’ investment culture will be crucial. However, the fundamental ingredients: the rising talent, strategic location, compelling value proposition, and burgeoning entrepreneurial spirit are undeniably present. The energy is shifting, the ambition and hunger is real, and the various pieces are starting to come together. The potential for Athens to become Europe’s next significant startup 'moonshot’ is increasingly viable. The world of venture capital and global innovation would be wise to pay close attention to the unfolding future story in this ancient city.
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  • Step Into a Painstakingly Recreated 3D Model of the Parthenon, Now Restored to Its Ancient Glory

    New Research

    Step Into a Painstakingly Recreated 3D Model of the Parthenon, Now Restored to Its Ancient Glory
    A researcher simulated the Athenian temple’s lighting conditions at different times of the day, discovering that its interior was actually “quite dark and dim”

    The reconstructions show that the Parthenon’s internal appearance was constructed to provoke maximum awe—and even fear.
    Juan de Lara

    By combining archaeology and technology, a researcher has shed light on a longstanding architectural mystery: how the ancient Greeks experienced the inside of the Parthenon, the Athenian Acropolis’ largest temple, built and dedicated to the goddess Athena in the fifth century B.C.E.
    Today, the Parthenon is a broken-down rectangle of grand marble columns, and its interior is largely vacant. But when the temple was constructed between 447 and 438 B.C.E., designed in part by the legendary architect Phidias, it hosted a 40-foot-tall, gilded statue of Athena. For many centuries, historians assumed that in ancient times, the chamber was brightly illuminated by the Grecian sun.
    But now, Juan de Lara, an archaeologist at the University of Oxford, has created a virtual model of the Parthenon that upends such beliefs. As he writes in the journal Annual of the British School at Athens, the temple’s interior was actually “quite dark and dim.” This lighting might have emphasized the space’s religious purpose.“Imagine entering the Parthenon—your eyes still weary from the bright sun outside, slowly adjusting to the gradual darkness within,” says de Lara in a statement. “As sunlight filters through the temple’s doorway, it strikes the gold of the goddesses’ robes with a luminous vertical beam. This was the effect the architects and Phidias intended to create. It must have been magical.”
    De Lara spent four years on the project, using 3D modeling tools and conducting physical simulations to calculate paths of light and reflection. He has “precisely recreated how both natural and artificial lighting interacted with the elements of the Parthenon,” including the massive ivory and gold statue of Athena, the statement notes. He accounted for openings in the temple’s roof, windows, interior pools of water and the reflection potential of polished white marble.
    “I’ve long been fascinated by spaces that no longer exist, and by the challenge of imagining how they might have felt,” de Lara tells classicist Jeremy Tanner in an interview for the “Cambridge Core” blog. “Given my background in 3D modeling and, this project offered a unique opportunity to explore that question.”

    A hypothetical reconstruction of the temple's artifact-filled chamber

    Juan de Lara

    The resulting reconstructions show that the Parthenon’s internal appearance was constructed to provoke maximum awe—and even fear—by presenting a monumental golden goddess emerging from darkness. The temple’s architects were “working with special effects in a sense,” de Lara tells IFLScience’s Russell Moul.
    De Lara’s project simulates how the temple’s interior would have looked at different times of the day, as well as at night, when it might have been filled with people holding torches. According to the statement, de Lara discovered that the sun probably shined directly onto the statue during summer mornings, meaning that during the Panathenaea, a summer festival celebrating Athena, the goddess’ likeness acted as a shining beacon at the start of each day.
    The ancient Greeks built many, many temples dedicated to gods or goddesses. Though it’s the most famous, the Parthenon isn’t the only temple on the Acropolis, the ancient complex of buildings nestled atop a hill in Athens. The site also hosts the Temple of Athena Nike—whose name refers to a hybridization of Athena and Nike, the goddess of victory—and the Erechtheion, which was dedicated to Athena, the mythical king Erechtheus and Poseidon, the god of the sea.

    A rendering of how the temple might have looked on a morning in late August

    Juan de Lara

    As de Lara explains to Tanner, each Greek temple’s visual experience was different. They varied based on the location and the deity being worshipped. But from the fifth century B.C.E. onward, “There is a marked increase in a conscious staging of the religious experience.”
    Still, “we know little about what actually took place inside the Parthenon,” de Lara tells Artnet News’ Richard Whiddington. “What rituals were performed? Who was allowed to enter and when?”
    In general, de Lara says to Tanner, temples “acted as museums, safeguarding objects of both material and emotional value.” Thanks to ancient inventories, researchers have been able to discern the Parthenon’s probable interior furnishings, like numerous incense burners that would have enhanced a visitor’s sensory experience.
    “Given that the Acropolis and the Parthenon are among the most visited monuments in the world,” de Lara tells IFL Science, “… it becomes even more relevant to offera more complete image of the site. If visitors can carry a richer, more accurate vision in their minds, the encounter with the monument becomes far more meaningful.”

    How the light of torches might have illuminated the Parthenon

    Juan de Lara

    Get the latest stories in your inbox every weekday.
    #step #into #painstakingly #recreated #model
    Step Into a Painstakingly Recreated 3D Model of the Parthenon, Now Restored to Its Ancient Glory
    New Research Step Into a Painstakingly Recreated 3D Model of the Parthenon, Now Restored to Its Ancient Glory A researcher simulated the Athenian temple’s lighting conditions at different times of the day, discovering that its interior was actually “quite dark and dim” The reconstructions show that the Parthenon’s internal appearance was constructed to provoke maximum awe—and even fear. Juan de Lara By combining archaeology and technology, a researcher has shed light on a longstanding architectural mystery: how the ancient Greeks experienced the inside of the Parthenon, the Athenian Acropolis’ largest temple, built and dedicated to the goddess Athena in the fifth century B.C.E. Today, the Parthenon is a broken-down rectangle of grand marble columns, and its interior is largely vacant. But when the temple was constructed between 447 and 438 B.C.E., designed in part by the legendary architect Phidias, it hosted a 40-foot-tall, gilded statue of Athena. For many centuries, historians assumed that in ancient times, the chamber was brightly illuminated by the Grecian sun. But now, Juan de Lara, an archaeologist at the University of Oxford, has created a virtual model of the Parthenon that upends such beliefs. As he writes in the journal Annual of the British School at Athens, the temple’s interior was actually “quite dark and dim.” This lighting might have emphasized the space’s religious purpose.“Imagine entering the Parthenon—your eyes still weary from the bright sun outside, slowly adjusting to the gradual darkness within,” says de Lara in a statement. “As sunlight filters through the temple’s doorway, it strikes the gold of the goddesses’ robes with a luminous vertical beam. This was the effect the architects and Phidias intended to create. It must have been magical.” De Lara spent four years on the project, using 3D modeling tools and conducting physical simulations to calculate paths of light and reflection. He has “precisely recreated how both natural and artificial lighting interacted with the elements of the Parthenon,” including the massive ivory and gold statue of Athena, the statement notes. He accounted for openings in the temple’s roof, windows, interior pools of water and the reflection potential of polished white marble. “I’ve long been fascinated by spaces that no longer exist, and by the challenge of imagining how they might have felt,” de Lara tells classicist Jeremy Tanner in an interview for the “Cambridge Core” blog. “Given my background in 3D modeling and, this project offered a unique opportunity to explore that question.” A hypothetical reconstruction of the temple's artifact-filled chamber Juan de Lara The resulting reconstructions show that the Parthenon’s internal appearance was constructed to provoke maximum awe—and even fear—by presenting a monumental golden goddess emerging from darkness. The temple’s architects were “working with special effects in a sense,” de Lara tells IFLScience’s Russell Moul. De Lara’s project simulates how the temple’s interior would have looked at different times of the day, as well as at night, when it might have been filled with people holding torches. According to the statement, de Lara discovered that the sun probably shined directly onto the statue during summer mornings, meaning that during the Panathenaea, a summer festival celebrating Athena, the goddess’ likeness acted as a shining beacon at the start of each day. The ancient Greeks built many, many temples dedicated to gods or goddesses. Though it’s the most famous, the Parthenon isn’t the only temple on the Acropolis, the ancient complex of buildings nestled atop a hill in Athens. The site also hosts the Temple of Athena Nike—whose name refers to a hybridization of Athena and Nike, the goddess of victory—and the Erechtheion, which was dedicated to Athena, the mythical king Erechtheus and Poseidon, the god of the sea. A rendering of how the temple might have looked on a morning in late August Juan de Lara As de Lara explains to Tanner, each Greek temple’s visual experience was different. They varied based on the location and the deity being worshipped. But from the fifth century B.C.E. onward, “There is a marked increase in a conscious staging of the religious experience.” Still, “we know little about what actually took place inside the Parthenon,” de Lara tells Artnet News’ Richard Whiddington. “What rituals were performed? Who was allowed to enter and when?” In general, de Lara says to Tanner, temples “acted as museums, safeguarding objects of both material and emotional value.” Thanks to ancient inventories, researchers have been able to discern the Parthenon’s probable interior furnishings, like numerous incense burners that would have enhanced a visitor’s sensory experience. “Given that the Acropolis and the Parthenon are among the most visited monuments in the world,” de Lara tells IFL Science, “… it becomes even more relevant to offera more complete image of the site. If visitors can carry a richer, more accurate vision in their minds, the encounter with the monument becomes far more meaningful.” How the light of torches might have illuminated the Parthenon Juan de Lara Get the latest stories in your inbox every weekday. #step #into #painstakingly #recreated #model
    Step Into a Painstakingly Recreated 3D Model of the Parthenon, Now Restored to Its Ancient Glory
    www.smithsonianmag.com
    New Research Step Into a Painstakingly Recreated 3D Model of the Parthenon, Now Restored to Its Ancient Glory A researcher simulated the Athenian temple’s lighting conditions at different times of the day, discovering that its interior was actually “quite dark and dim” The reconstructions show that the Parthenon’s internal appearance was constructed to provoke maximum awe—and even fear. Juan de Lara By combining archaeology and technology, a researcher has shed light on a longstanding architectural mystery: how the ancient Greeks experienced the inside of the Parthenon, the Athenian Acropolis’ largest temple, built and dedicated to the goddess Athena in the fifth century B.C.E. Today, the Parthenon is a broken-down rectangle of grand marble columns, and its interior is largely vacant. But when the temple was constructed between 447 and 438 B.C.E., designed in part by the legendary architect Phidias, it hosted a 40-foot-tall, gilded statue of Athena. For many centuries, historians assumed that in ancient times, the chamber was brightly illuminated by the Grecian sun. But now, Juan de Lara, an archaeologist at the University of Oxford, has created a virtual model of the Parthenon that upends such beliefs. As he writes in the journal Annual of the British School at Athens, the temple’s interior was actually “quite dark and dim.” This lighting might have emphasized the space’s religious purpose.“Imagine entering the Parthenon—your eyes still weary from the bright sun outside, slowly adjusting to the gradual darkness within,” says de Lara in a statement. “As sunlight filters through the temple’s doorway, it strikes the gold of the goddesses’ robes with a luminous vertical beam. This was the effect the architects and Phidias intended to create. It must have been magical.” De Lara spent four years on the project, using 3D modeling tools and conducting physical simulations to calculate paths of light and reflection. He has “precisely recreated how both natural and artificial lighting interacted with the elements of the Parthenon,” including the massive ivory and gold statue of Athena, the statement notes. He accounted for openings in the temple’s roof, windows, interior pools of water and the reflection potential of polished white marble. “I’ve long been fascinated by spaces that no longer exist, and by the challenge of imagining how they might have felt,” de Lara tells classicist Jeremy Tanner in an interview for the “Cambridge Core” blog. “Given my background in 3D modeling and [computer-generated imagery], this project offered a unique opportunity to explore that question.” A hypothetical reconstruction of the temple's artifact-filled chamber Juan de Lara The resulting reconstructions show that the Parthenon’s internal appearance was constructed to provoke maximum awe—and even fear—by presenting a monumental golden goddess emerging from darkness. The temple’s architects were “working with special effects in a sense,” de Lara tells IFLScience’s Russell Moul. De Lara’s project simulates how the temple’s interior would have looked at different times of the day, as well as at night, when it might have been filled with people holding torches. According to the statement, de Lara discovered that the sun probably shined directly onto the statue during summer mornings, meaning that during the Panathenaea, a summer festival celebrating Athena, the goddess’ likeness acted as a shining beacon at the start of each day. The ancient Greeks built many, many temples dedicated to gods or goddesses. Though it’s the most famous, the Parthenon isn’t the only temple on the Acropolis, the ancient complex of buildings nestled atop a hill in Athens. The site also hosts the Temple of Athena Nike—whose name refers to a hybridization of Athena and Nike, the goddess of victory—and the Erechtheion, which was dedicated to Athena, the mythical king Erechtheus and Poseidon, the god of the sea. A rendering of how the temple might have looked on a morning in late August Juan de Lara As de Lara explains to Tanner, each Greek temple’s visual experience was different. They varied based on the location and the deity being worshipped. But from the fifth century B.C.E. onward, “There is a marked increase in a conscious staging of the religious experience.” Still, “we know little about what actually took place inside the Parthenon,” de Lara tells Artnet News’ Richard Whiddington. “What rituals were performed? Who was allowed to enter and when?” In general, de Lara says to Tanner, temples “acted as museums, safeguarding objects of both material and emotional value.” Thanks to ancient inventories, researchers have been able to discern the Parthenon’s probable interior furnishings, like numerous incense burners that would have enhanced a visitor’s sensory experience. “Given that the Acropolis and the Parthenon are among the most visited monuments in the world,” de Lara tells IFL Science, “… it becomes even more relevant to offer [people] a more complete image of the site. If visitors can carry a richer, more accurate vision in their minds, the encounter with the monument becomes far more meaningful.” How the light of torches might have illuminated the Parthenon Juan de Lara Get the latest stories in your inbox every weekday.
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    Please log in to like, share and comment!
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