Meta met un pied dans les équipements à usage militaire. La firme de Mark Zuckerberg s'associe à la start-up de défense Anduril pour mettre au...

AI could soon surpass Bitcoin mining in energy consumption, according to a new analysis that concludes artificial intelligence could use close to half of all the electricity consumed by data centers globally by the end of 2025.The estimates come from Alex de Vries-Gao, a PhD candidate at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies who has tracked cryptocurrencies’ electricity consumption and environmental impact in previous research and on his website Digiconomist. He published his latest commentary on AI’s growing electricity demand last week in the journal Joule. AI already accounts for up to a fifth of the electricity that data centers use, according to de Vries-Gao. It’s a tricky number to pin down without big tech companies sharing data specifically on how much energy their AI models consume. De Vries-Gao had to make projections based on the supply chain for specialized computer chips used for AI. He and other researchers trying to understand AI’s energy consumption have found, however, that its appetite is growing despite efficiency gains — and at a fast enough clip to warrant more scrutiny.“Oh boy, here we go.”With alternative cryptocurrencies to Bitcoin — namely Ethereum — moving to less energy-intensive technologies, de Vries-Gao says he figured he was about to hang up his hat. And then “ChatGPT happened,” he tells The Verge. “I was like, Oh boy, here we go. This is another usually energy-intensive technology, especially in extremely competitive markets.” There are a couple key parallels he sees. First is a mindset of “bigger is better.” “We see these big tech [companies] constantly boosting the size of their models, trying to have the very best model out there, but in the meanwhile, of course, also boosting the resource demands of those models,” he says. That chase has led to a boom in new data centers for AI, particularly in the US, where there are more data centers than in any other country. Energy companies plan to build out new gas-fired power plants and nuclear reactors to meet growing electricity demand from AI. Sudden spikes in electricity demand can stress power grids and derail efforts to switch to cleaner sources of energy, problems similarly posed by new crypto mines that are essentially like data centers used to validate blockchain transactions. The other parallel de Vries-Gao sees with his previous work on crypto mining is how hard it can be to suss out how much energy these technologies are actually using and their environmental impact. To be sure, many major tech companies developing AI tools have set climate goals and include their greenhouse gas emissions in annual sustainability reports. That’s how we know that both Google’s and Microsoft’s carbon footprints have grown in recent years as they focus on AI. But companies usually don’t break down the data to show what’s attributable to AI specifically.To figure this out, de Vries-Gao used what he calls a “triangulation” technique. He turned to publicly available device details, analyst estimates, and companies’ earnings calls to estimate hardware production for AI and how much energy that hardware will likely use. Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), which fabricates AI chips for other companies including Nvidia and AMD, saw its production capacity for packaged chips used for AI more than double between 2023 and 2024. After calculating how much specialized AI equipment can be produced, de Vries-Gao compared that to information about how much electricity these devices consume. Last year, they likely burned through as much electricity as de Vries-Gao’s home country of the Netherlands, he found. He expects that number to grow closer to a country as large as the UK by the end of 2025, with power demand for AI reaching 23GW. Last week, a separate report from consulting firm ICF forecast a 25 percent rise in electricity demand in the US by the end of the decade thanks in large part to AI, traditional data centers, and Bitcoin mining. It’s still really hard to make blanket predictions about AI’s energy consumption and the resulting environmental impact — a point laid out clearly in a deeply reported article published in MIT Technology Review last week with support from the Tarbell Center for AI Journalism. A person using AI tools to promote a fundraiser might create nearly twice as much carbon pollution if their queries were answered by data centers in West Virginia than in California, as an example. Energy intensity and emissions depend on a range of factors including the types of queries made, the size of the models answering those queries, and the share of renewables and fossil fuels on the local power grid feeding the data center. It’s a mystery that could be solved if tech companies were more transparentIt’s a mystery that could be solved if tech companies were more transparent about AI in their sustainability reporting. “The crazy amount of steps that you have to go through to be able to put any number at all on this, I think this is really absurd,” de Vries-Gao says. “It shouldn’t be this ridiculously hard. But sadly, it is.”Looking further into the future, there’s even more uncertainty when it comes to whether energy efficiency gains will eventually flatten out electricity demand. DeepSeek made a splash earlier this year when it said that its AI model could use a fraction of the electricity that Meta’s Llama 3.1 model does — raising questions about whether tech companies really need to be such energy hogs in order to make advances in AI. The question is whether they’ll prioritize building more efficient models and abandon the “bigger is better” approach of simply throwing more data and computing power at their AI ambitions. When Ethereum transitioned to a far more energy efficient strategy for validating transactions than Bitcoin mining, its electricity consumption suddenly dropped by 99.988 percent. Environmental advocates have pressured other blockchain networks to follow suit. But others — namely Bitcoin miners — are reluctant to abandon investments they’ve already made in existing hardware (nor give up other ideological arguments for sticking with old habits). There’s also the risk of Jevons paradox with AI, that more efficient models will still gobble up increasing amounts of electricity because people just start to use the technology more. Either way, it’ll be hard to manage the issue without measuring it first. See More:

Mich Mich Bakery / entre escalasSave this picture!© Pedro KokStore•São Paulo, Brazil Architects: entre escalas Area Area of this architecture project Area:  117 m² Year Completion year of this architecture project Year:  2024 Manufacturers Brands with products used in this architecture project Manufacturers:  Deca, Pedras Coimbra, REKA, São Rafael, Toldos Granja Viana Lead Architect: Marina Panzoldo Canhadas More SpecsLess Specs Save this picture! Text description provided by the architects. The small semi-detached house in the Pompeia neighborhood of São Paulo has been transformed into a small bread factory, with seating areas for the public and production areas for the products.Save this picture!The architectural project for the Mich Mich Bakery was based on the premise of visually connecting the public with production. New openings were created to establish these visual relationships, as well as providing continuity from the sidewalk to the internal courtyard. Save this picture!Save this picture!The first floor has service areas on the front terrace, in the central hall and in the courtyard at the back. In addition to the kitchen with all the equipment needed to run an industrial kitchen, there is also a freight elevator that makes the vertical connection between the kitchen and the upper floor.Save this picture!The upper floor, which is restricted to the public, houses another production area that includes a refrigerated room for producing specific low-temperature pasta, a cold room, a storage room and a staff bathroom. Save this picture!Some pre-existing architectural elements have been retained, such as the archway, wooden doors, staircase and wooden handrail. The walls have been stripped bare, revealing not only the original construction technique (structural brickwork), but also the passage of time. Save this picture!The service counter and wooden showcase were designed to receive and display the breads produced daily to the public. Save this picture!As part of the kitchen invades the central hall, a new metallic closure with glass in earthy tones was proposed, reinforcing the visual relationship between the public and the production. Save this picture!Save this picture!Save this picture!New materials were proposed, such as Portuguese mosaic flooring in the outdoor areas, giving continuity from the sidewalk to the area in front of the bakery, in a kind of extended public area, with a new fixed concrete bench. Save this picture! Project gallerySee allShow less Project locationAddress:São Paulo, BrazilLocation to be used only as a reference. It could indicate city/country but not exact address.About this officeentre escalasOffice••• MaterialBrickMaterials and TagsPublished on May 30, 2025Cite: "Mich Mich Bakery / entre escalas" [Padaria Mich Mich / entre escalas] 30 May 2025. ArchDaily. Accessed . <https://www.archdaily.com/1030436/mich-mich-bakery-entre-escalas&gt ISSN 0719-8884Save世界上最受欢迎的建筑网站现已推出你的母语版本!想浏览ArchDaily中国吗?是否 You've started following your first account!Did you know?You'll now receive updates based on what you follow! Personalize your stream and start following your favorite authors, offices and users.Go to my stream

Welcome back to TechCrunch Mobility — your central hub for news and insights on the future of transportation. Sign up here for free — just click TechCrunch Mobility! It might have been a short week, but there was still plenty of news, including another Zoox recall, an update on the Stellantis-Amazon partnership, and a few startup-funding deals.  One item of note: This week, I wrote about Carma Technology and its patent infringement lawsuit against Uber. This isn’t a patent troll situation, and the IP attorneys I have spoken with say it will be a challenging case for Uber.  The gist? Carma, which was formed in 2007 by serial entrepreneur and SOSV Ventures founder Sean O’Sullivan, filed a lawsuit earlier this year against Uber, alleging the company infringed on five of its patents that are related to the system of matching riders (or packages) with capacity in vehicles. In other words, ride-sharing. IP attorney Larry Ashery provided the money quote that explains why this is such a complicated and challenging case.  “What’s important to understand here is, Carma isn’t just asserting five patents. They have had a very sophisticated strategy of patent procurement that they’ve been working on for the past 18 years.” Carma’s five patents are part of a 30-patent family that are all related and connected to the original filing date. That matters because each of the five asserted patents contains multiple patent claims, which define the legal boundaries of the invention. These individual claims — not just the patents as a whole — are what Carma is asserting against Uber.That means Uber will have to address and defend against each asserted claim, making the litigation more complex and difficult to defeat, Ashery noted.  Techcrunch event Save now through June 4 for TechCrunch Sessions: AI Save $300 on your ticket to TC Sessions: AI—and get 50% off a second. Hear from leaders at OpenAI, Anthropic, Khosla Ventures, and more during a full day of expert insights, hands-on workshops, and high-impact networking. These low-rate deals disappear when the doors open on June 5. Exhibit at TechCrunch Sessions: AI Secure your spot at TC Sessions: AI and show 1,200+ decision-makers what you’ve built — without the big spend. Available through May 9 or while tables last. Berkeley, CA | June 5 REGISTER NOW Let’s get into the rest of the news.  A little bird Image Credits:Bryce Durbin A few little birds have been chirping at us for months now about a new autonomous vehicle technology startup that has been quietly plugging along for a year. The interesting nugget about this startup — which is called Bedrock Robotics — is who is behind it: Boris Sofman, who led Waymo’s self-driving trucks program and previously co-founded and led the popular consumer robotics company Anki.  The San Francisco-based startup is still in stealth, but my sources tell me it has raised considerable venture funds. Bedrock Robotics is working on a self-driving kit that retrofits onto construction equipment and other heavy machinery, according to a filing with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.  Got a tip for us? Email Kirsten Korosec at kirsten.korosec@techcrunch.com or my Signal at kkorosec.07, Sean O’Kane at sean.okane@techcrunch.com, or Rebecca Bellan at rebecca.bellan@techcrunch.com. Or check out these instructions to learn how to contact us via encrypted messaging apps or SecureDrop. Deals! Image Credits:Bryce Durbin Firefly Aerospace received a $50 million investment from Northrop Grumman as part of its Series D round. This investment will further advance production of the startup’s  co-developed medium launch vehicle, now known as Eclipse. Pallet, a warehouse logistics software startup based in Fremont, California, raised $27 million in a Series B funding round led by General Catalyst. Bain Capital Ventures, Activant Capital, and Bessemer Venture Partners also participated. Volteras, a London-based startup building virtual connective tissue that will allow plugged-in EVs to offer their batteries to support the grid, closed an $11.1 million Series A led by Union Square Ventures, with participation from Edenred, Exor, Long Journey Ventures, and Wex. Way Data Technologies, a fleet management startup founded by veterans of Lucid Motors and Wolt, raised €2.6 million ($2.95 million) in pre-seed funding led by Pale Blue Dot, with participation from 10x Founders and Greens Ventures.  Notable reads and other tidbits Image Credits:Bryce Durbin Autonomous vehicles Rivr’s four-wheeled, stair-climbing delivery robot — which its CEO and founder, Marko Bjelonic, describes as a dog on roller skates — will ferry packages from Veho vans directly to customers’ front doors as part of a pilot program in Austin, Texas. Both companies see this small pilot as a critical step toward solving a unique slice of the end-to-end autonomous delivery journey.   TuSimple (now CreateAI) sent a trove of sensitive data — effectively the blueprint of an American-made autonomous vehicle system — to a Beijing-owned firm after committing to the U.S. government that it would cease such transfers under a national security agreement. The revelation, first reported by the Wall Street Journal, prompted numerous “not surprised” responses from several readers and sources within the industry. Zoox issued its second voluntary software recall in a month, following a collision between one of its robotaxis and an e-scooter rider in San Francisco on May 8. The incident is notable, largely for what happened after the unoccupied Zoox vehicle operating at low speed was struck by the e-scooter after braking to yield at an intersection.  According to Zoox, the e-scooterist fell to the ground directly next to the vehicle and the “robotaxi began to move and stopped after completing the turn, but did not make further contact with the e-scooterist.” In other Zoox news, the company announced it was the “official robotaxi partner of Resorts World Las Vegas.” As part of the deal, there will be a dedicated and Zoox-branded robotaxi pickup and drop-off location at Resorts World Las Vegas.  Electric vehicles, charging, & batteries The Tesla Cybertruck is having a rough time. Dozens of unsold Tesla Cybertrucks are piling up at a Detroit shopping center parking lot. And while Cybertruck owners are now allowed by Tesla to trade in their vehicles for the first time since they hit the market, they’ll face a steep depreciation hit. CarGurus recently showed depreciation rates of up to 45%. Meanwhile, Tesla sales in Europe and the U.K. have fallen by nearly half, according to data released by the European Automobile Manufacturers Association.  The Volkswagen emissions cheating scandal of 2015 rippled through the automotive sector and prompted the company (and later followed by others) to shift away from diesel and toward hybrids and electric vehicles. Now, four former Volkswagen executives have received prison sentences for their role. In-car tech Amazon is no longer working with Stellantis to create in-car software for the automaker’s vehicles. The partnership, first announced in January 2022, was part of Stellantis’ plan to generate $22.5 billion annually from software. Stellantis told TechCrunch it would be pivoting to an Android-based system.

Michael Giannou, Global General Manager, HoneywellMay 29, 20254 Min ReadAndriy Popov via Alamy StockData centers are quickly becoming the backbone of our information-driven world. At the same time, the increasing sophistication of cybersecurity attacks, combined with the growing frequency of extreme climate events, means there is also greater operational risk than ever before, as bad actors have begun targeting cooling centers to purposefully compromise the equipment, causing irreversible loss and damage.  The best defense against these threats is an integrated system centered around situational awareness and security. By taking steps to safeguard key areas, data center operators can enhance the protection of their facility and data, helping prevent costly threats and downtime.  Seeing the Big Picture Developing a comprehensive awareness and monitoring system serves as a critical first step to protecting data centers. This is especially important as data centers begin to welcome more tenants into shared space, requiring vendors to consider each tenant individually and as part of the broader system. A threat to one tenant can quickly become a threat to all tenants. Centralizing all information in one system provides a single location for operators to view and analyze real-time data, allowing them to instantly access critical information, monitor incidents and respond quickly with pre-defined incident workflows. An intelligent system will integrate all security events -- including video recordings, access point clearance and data reporting -- together in one place to reduce coverage gaps and information silos.  Related:Another benefit of having one comprehensive system is the ability to integrate separate aspects of the system to improve response time. For example, a centralized security system could be configured to ensure that any fire or intruder alarm immediately triggers the CCTV cameras in the vicinity of the alarm, so the security team can quickly and efficiently respond to the situation. Close partnering between systems that transcend departments such as security, IT and the management of employees, contractors and visitors is key to protecting the facility and its data, both in low-friction (e.g. office space) and high-friction (e.g. server space) areas.  Addressing the Gaps Once a centralized security system is in place, operators can address the cybersecurity gaps where the data center is most vulnerable to bad actors. A strong, always-on cybersecurity program should be tailored to the specific facility and its compliance needs, often including:  Data encryption: Whether data is stored in the system or just passing through, encryption is key to preventing unauthorized access. A strong encryption process goes beyond thwarting attacks -- it is critical for establishing trust, ensuring the authenticity of data exchanged, guaranteeing the integrity of commands to smart devices and maintaining secrecy where it is needed most.  Related:Network security: Data center operators can help prevent unauthorized access and cyberattacks by developing strong intrusion detection/prevention systems, firewalls and network segmentation. Facility protection: By integrating technologies such as electronic access control, biometrics, CCTV and perimeter detection, operators can maintain security around the physical facility. Security also requires vendors to adhere to standard operating procedures, often overlooked in today’s technology-focused environment, such as enforcing visitor security policies and requiring visitors to have escorts.  Regular audits and updates: It may seem to be a lower priority than the often-urgent concerns set forth above, but out-of-date firmware carries a significant cybersecurity risk. Proactive attention and system maintenance can reduce operating costs in the long run and help avoid costly downtime. Related:Looking Ahead With so many current considerations to focus on, data center operators must also look ahead to future-proof their facility. As quickly as the industry has grown in recent years, the momentum will likely continue to accelerate. One new frontier emerging is quantum security: using quantum-enhanced randomness to deliver truly unpredictable key generation and safeguard sensitive information. This enables the system to develop armor that evolves just as quickly as cybersecurity threats. As the largest companies make significant investment in data centers -- for example, Microsoft’s plan to invest approximately $80 billion in AI-enabled datacenters in FY25 -- many in the industry are watching to see how these companies’ actions and investments shape the future of both data centers and building security overall.  Another forward-looking trend is military-grade solutions entering the commercial and industrial marketplace. It is clear to understand how a system hardened for integrated perimeter security in harsh environments can also fit the security and resilience needs of a data center. In addition, those solutions have often been certified through rigorous testing and evaluation, giving operators confidence their system can withstand almost all third-party attacks.  Finally, the industry will begin to prioritize modularity -- meaning systems that can be added to in the future, will work with third-party solutions and are both user-friendly and energy-efficient. This allows operators to expand their facilities to include the latest and greatest technology without a costly overhaul of their existing infrastructure. By integrating with their business systems and leaning into wider stakeholder influence, organizations can more effectively monitor and manage their facilities using modular systems. Cybersecurity risks can never truly be considered resolved -- it is constantly evolving. But by continuously revisiting the areas detailed above, data center operators can enhance their facility and systems protections, helping to protect their data now and in the future.  About the AuthorMichael GiannouGlobal General Manager, HoneywellMichael Giannou is a global sales executive with over 15 years of experience leading high-performing teams and driving growth in the data center and technology sectors. As Global General Manager of Data Centers at Honeywell, he built and led a global sales team, delivering double-digit growth and now leads the company’s global data center vertical. Previously, at Schneider Electric, he grew division sales from $70M to $350M over six years. Known for transforming underperforming programs and developing trusted customer relationships, Michael is a strategic, growth-focused leader passionate about mentoring enterprise sales professionals.  See more from Michael GiannouWebinarsMore WebinarsReportsMore ReportsNever Miss a Beat: Get a snapshot of the issues affecting the IT industry straight to your inbox.SIGN-UPYou May Also Like

A U.S. Air Force B-17 'Flying Fortress' bomber flies through the sky.   Image: R. Gates/Hulton Archive/Getty Images Get the Popular Science daily newsletter💡 Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. A man in Marengo, Illinois, is on a mission to fully restore a World War II-era B-17 bomber—a project he’s been diligently working on in a roadside barn for the past 40 years. A lifelong aviation enthusiast, Mike Kellner began his journey in high school after hearing that a junkyard in Maine was looking to offload the abandoned remains of the historic bomber. The asking price was “$7,000 or best offer” for a collection of disassembled parts. Kellner loaded the 75-foot aluminum behemoth onto a house trailer (he had to extend it by about 10 feet) and hauled it halfway across the country with a pickup truck. It’s lived in his barn ever since. Kellner shared the decades-long story of his restoration project with local outlet WGN earlier this week.  And unlike many World War II-era roadside relics, this one isn’t just collecting dust. Kellner has spent countless hours working to restore the plane to its former glory, performing his own repairs, adding finishing touches, and tracking down an array of rare and hard-to-find parts. Word of his efforts spread, attracting other aviation enthusiasts who have volunteered their time over the years to assist with the restoration. Kellner documents the entire process on a Facebook page, which features thousands of update posts dating back to 2010. He doesn’t just want the project to be something pretty to look at—he wants it to fly. “It is a piece of history, and I would like the opportunity to fly it,” Kellner told WGN. Popular Science reached out to Kellner for more details but has not heard back.  Rebuilding a ‘Flying fortress’  The B-17 was the most iconic bomber used by the US military during the second World War. Its origin actually traces back a decade earlier to 1934, when the Army Air Corps approached Boeing with an ask to design and develop a massive plane capable of carrying bombs at 10,000 feet and for more than 10 hours. The military wanted a new breed of bomber that would be able to travel beyond enemy lines at great distances and drop bombs with precision. It needed to be able to reach altitudes high enough to fly outside of the range of enemy antiaircraft artillery. The eventual B-17 featured a state-of-the-art Norden bombsight to maintain accuracy even at extreme altitudes.  Early versions of the B-17 entered production in 1937, but manufacturing ramped up significantly after the U.S. officially entered World War II in 1941. The bomber that eventually flew missions behind enemy lines featured four engines—a major upgrade from the then-standard two—and was equipped with a smattering of gun turrets, including ones in the nose, upper fuselage, and tail. This cornucopia of munitions, combined with the aircraft’s mammoth size, earned it the nickname “Flying Fortress.” The B-17 currently being resurrected in Kellner’s barn reportedly carries two names. One, “Desert Rat,” is painted in bold yellow lettering on the aircraft’s exterior. The other, “Tangerine,” was discovered later, scrawled somewhere inside the fuselage.It’s unclear how much longer Kellner will need to make his dream of flying the Desert Rat a reality. The task seems like a daunting one for someone working part-time on a shoestring budget but then again, few would have likely predicted he would have made it this far to begin with. You can keep up with all of Kellner’s progress by following his official Facebook page here.

The Netherlands is facing a growing cyber security crisis, with a staggering 66% of Dutch businesses lacking adequate cyber resilience, according to academic research.   As geopolitical tensions rise and digital threats escalate, Rick van der Kleij, a psychologist and professor in Cyber Resilient Organisations at Avans University of Applied Sciences, who also conducts research at TNO, says that traditional approaches have failed and a paradigm shift is urgently needed.  Van der Kleij suggests that cyber security provides the illusion of safety rather than actual protection for many Dutch organisations. His stark assessment is that the Netherlands’ traditional approach to cyber risk is fundamentally broken.  “We need to stop thinking in terms of cyber security. It’s a model that has demonstrably failed,” he says. “Despite years of investment in cyber security measures, the frequency and impact of incidents continue to increase rapidly across Dutch businesses.”  This reflects the central argument of his recent inaugural lecture “Now that security is no more”, where he called for a paradigm shift in how Dutch organisations approach cyber risks.  Van der Kleij describes “the great digital dilemma” of balancing openness and security in a country with one of Europe’s most advanced digital infrastructures. “How can entrepreneurs remain open and connected without having to completely lock down their businesses?” he asks.  The statistics are stark. Van der Kleij’s study found that 66% of Dutch businesses are inadequately prepared for cyber threats. Recent ABN Amro research confirms the crisis: one in five businesses suffered cyber crime damage last year, rising to nearly 30% among large companies. For the first time, SMEs (80%) are more frequently targeted than large corporations (75%), marking a significant shift in cyber criminal strategy.  Despite the numbers, a perception gap persists. Van der Kleij identifies ‘the overconfident’ – Dutch businesses believing their cyber security is adequate when it isn’t. While SME attack rates soar, their risk perception remains static, whereas large organisations show marked awareness increases (from 41% to 64%). This creates a “waterbed effect” – as large companies strengthen defences, cyber criminals shift to less-prepared SMEs which are paradoxically reducing cyber security investments.  Van der Kleij emphasises a crucial distinction: while cyber security focuses on preventing incidents, cyber resilience acknowledges that incidents will happen. “It’s about having the capacity to react appropriately, recover from incidents, and learn from what went wrong to emerge stronger,” he says.  This requires four capabilities – prepare, respond, recover and adapt – yet most Dutch organisations focus only on preparation. The ABN Amro findings confirm this: many SMEs have firewalls but lack intrusion detection or incident response plans. Large companies take a more balanced approach, combining technology with training, response capabilities and insurance.  Uber’s experience illustrates the weakness of purely technical approaches. After a 2016 hack, they implemented two-factor authentication – yet were hacked again in 2022 by an 18-year-old using WhatsApp social engineering. “This shows that investing only in technology without addressing human factors creates fundamental weakness, which is particularly relevant for Dutch businesses that prioritise technological solutions,” van der Kleij adds.  Van der Kleij challenges the persistent myth that humans are cyber security’s weakest link. “People are often blamed when things go wrong, but the actual vulnerabilities typically lie elsewhere in the system, often in the design itself,” he says.  The misdirection is reflected in spending: 85% of cyber security investments go toward technology, 14% toward processes and just 1% toward the human component. Yet the ABN Amro research shows phishing – which succeeds through psychological manipulation rather than sophisticated technology – affects 71% of Dutch businesses.  “We’ve known for decades that people aren’t equipped to remember complex passwords across dozens of accounts, yet we continue demanding this and then express surprise when they create workarounds,” van der Kleij says. “Rather than blaming users, we should design systems that make secure behaviour easier. In the Netherlands, we need more human awareness in security teams, not more security awareness training for end users.”  Why do so many Dutch SMEs fail to invest in cyber resilience despite evident risks? Van der Kleij believes it’s about behaviour, not business size. “It’s not primarily about size or industry – it’s about behaviour and beliefs,” he says.  Common limiting beliefs among Dutch entrepreneurs include “I’m too small to be a target” or “I don’t have confidential information”. Remarkably, even suffering a cyber attack doesn’t change this mindset. “Studies show that when businesses are hacked, it doesn’t automatically lead them to better secure their operations afterward,” van der Kleij says.  The challenge is reaching those who need help most. “We have vouchers, we have arrangements where entrepreneurs can get help at a significantly reduced fee from cyber security professionals, but uptake remains negligible,” van der Kleij says. “It’s always the same parties who come to the government’s door – the large companies who are already mature. The small ones, we just can’t seem to reach them.”  Van der Kleij sees “relational capital” – resources generated through partnerships – as key to enhancing Dutch cyber resilience. “You can become more cyber resilient by establishing partnerships,” he says, pointing to government-encouraged initiatives like Information Sharing and Analysis Centers.   The ABN Amro research reveals why collaboration matters: 39% of large companies experienced cyber incidents originating with suppliers or partners, compared with 25% of smaller firms. This supply chain vulnerability drives major Dutch organisations to demand higher standards from partners through initiatives such as Big Helps Small.  European regulations reinforce this trend. The new NIS2 directive will expand coverage from hundreds to several thousand Dutch companies, yet only 11% have adequately prepared. Among SMEs, approximately half have done little preparation – despite Dutch police warnings about increasingly frequent ransomware attacks where criminals threaten to release stolen data publicly.  Van der Kleij’s current research at Avans University focuses on identifying barriers to cyber resilience investment through focus groups with Dutch entrepreneurs. “When we understand these barriers – which are more likely motivational than knowledge-related – we can design targeted interventions,” he says.  Van der Kleij’s message is stark: “The question isn’t whether your organisation will face a cyber incident, but when – and how effectively you’ll respond. Cyber resilience encompasses cyber security while adding crucial capabilities for response, recovery and adaptation. It’s time for a new paradigm in the Netherlands.”  Read more about Dutch cyber security