This is today's edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what's going on in the world of technology. Why climate researchers are taking the temperature of mountain snow The Sierra’s frozen reservoir provides about a third of California’s water and most of what comes out of the faucets, shower heads, and sprinklers in the towns and cities of northwestern Nevada. As it melts through the spring and summer, dam operators, water agencies, and communities have to manage the flow of billions of gallons of runoff, storing up enough to get through the dry summer months without allowing reservoirs and canals to flood. The need for better snowpack temperature data has become increasingly critical for predicting when the water will flow down the mountains, as climate change fuels hotter weather, melts snow faster, and drives rapid swings between very wet and very dry periods. In the past, it was hard work to gather this data. Now, a new generation of tools, techniques, and models promises to ease that process, improve water forecasts, and help California and other states manage in the face of increasingly severe droughts and flooding. However, observers fear that any such advances could be undercut by the Trump administration’s cutbacks across federal agencies.Read the full story. —James Temple MIT Technology Review Narrated: What’s next for our privacy? The US still has no federal privacy law. But recent enforcement actions against data brokers may offer some new protections for Americans’ personal information. This is our latest story to be turned into a MIT Technology Review Narrated podcast, which we’re publishing each week on Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Just navigate to MIT Technology Review Narrated on either platform, and follow us to get all our new content as it’s released. The must-reads I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology. 1 The US is warning other countries not to use Huawei’s chips If they do, they may face criminal penalties for breaching US export controls. (FT $)+ The Trump administration has axed the ‘AI Diffusion Rule’ for chips. (WSJ $)+ It may move towards negotiating deals with countries directly. (Bloomberg $) 2 US tech firms are inking AI deals with the Middle EastAmong the biggest of which is Nvidia. (The Guardian) + Tech leaders accompanied Trump on his trip. (WP $)3 A new treatment for inherited breast cancer was trialed successfully The drug olaparib can help to significantly improve survival rates. (BBC)4 TikTok workers fear a new messaging feature could be exploited But the company is pressing ahead with it anyway. (The Information $)5 Apple is working on brain-computer interfaces for its products People with brain implants could one day use them to control their devices. (WSJ $)+ Brain-computer interfaces face a critical test. (MIT Technology Review) 6 What’s next for NASA? The agency is poised for its most radical shakeup in decades. (Ars Technica)+ NASA has made an air traffic control system for drones. (MIT Technology Review)7 Finland is harvesting heat from its data centersBloomberg $) + The next data center hub? India. (FT $)+ These four charts sum up the state of AI and energy. (MIT Technology Review)8 Airbnb wants to become the next everything-appWired $) + Hotel-like services, anyone? (NYT $)+ Its host features have been overhauled, too. (The Verge)9 The FBI is buying new tech to help it see through wallsThanks to radar. (New Scientist $) 10 Baidu is planning to launch its robotaxis in Europe 🚗 In a bid to extend its competitive advantage overseas. (WSJ $)+ How Wayve’s driverless cars will meet one of their biggest challenges yet. (MIT Technology Review) Quote of the day “It's literally Einstein's proverbial definition of insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting a different result.” —Entrepreneur Arnaud Bertrand reflects on America’s latest attempt to rein in Huawei in a post on X. One more thing How DeepSeek ripped up the AI playbook—and why everyone’s going to follow its lead When the Chinese firm DeepSeek dropped a large language model called R1 at the start of this year, it sent shock waves through the US tech industry. Not only did R1 match the best of the homegrown competition, it was built for a fraction of the cost—and given away for free. DeepSeek has now suddenly become the company to beat. What exactly did it do to rattle the tech world so fully? Is the hype justified? And what can we learn from the buzz about what’s coming next? Here’s what you need to know.   —Will Douglas Heaven We can still have nice things A place for comfort, fun and distraction to brighten up your day. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line or skeet 'em at me.)+ Happy birthday to the one, the only Stevie Wonder—75 years young this week.+ A scooped bagel? Not on my watch. 🥯+ A few tips on how to navigate some of life’s trickier conversations with ease.+ Everyone’s got a random junk drawer. Here’s how to get it under control.

Detail of “Otra Vez.” All images courtesy of Lyles & King, shared with permission Floral Quilted Portraits by Maria A. Guzmán Capron Cultivate Care and Love May 14, 2025 Art Grace Ebert For thousands of years, flowers have been a rich source of symbolism. Dating back to the Ottomans, floriology, or the language of flowers, blossomed in the Victorian era when a bouquet functioned as a nonverbal code. The delicate sweetpea, for example, might have been given as a thank you to a particularly generous host, while buttercups would tell the recipient that the sender thought them childish and immature. Maria A. Guzmán Capron (previously) references the timeless expressions of flowers for Solo Pienso en Volver a Verte, which opens this week at Lyles & King. Translating to “I only think about seeing you again,” the solo exhibition comprises the artist’s signature textile portraits of opulently patterned fabrics in a layered patchwork. Soft and plump with batting, the quilted characters are each unique, although Capron sometimes uses the same secondhand material on several pieces. “Déjame Llevarte” Encircled in hand-dyed fabrics, the figures in this body of work are often doubled or conjoined, as in the embracing women of “Otra Vez” or the two-faced subject of “Echa de Pedacitos.” Love, warmth, and protection feature prominently, as hands grasp for one another or emerge as a three-dimensional gesture. Capron envisions these layered, hybrid forms as a way to visualize the various identities, experiences, and memories within all of us. The artist also stitches and screenprints a wide array of flowers on faces, garments, and throughout the lush surroundings. Sometimes abstract and often indeterminate, the blooms share stories and messages of desire that might be unspeakable or better communicated through a symbol of affection. Tending to love in all of its forms is the thread that runs through each work, as Capron welcomes us into a world in which compassion and care are the most beautiful gifts. Solo Pienso en Volver a Verte runs through June 21 in New York. Find more from Capron on Instagram. “Otra Vez” “Echa de Pedacitos” “Para Que Me Mires” “Te Dejé Quererme” Detail of “Y Comencé” “También Allí” “Algo Escondido” Detail of “Otra Vez” “Y Comencé” Detail of “Te Dejé Quererme” Next article

This is today's edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what's going on in the world of technology. Why climate researchers are taking the temperature of mountain snow The Sierra’s frozen reservoir provides about a third of California’s water and most of what comes out of the faucets, shower heads, and sprinklers in the towns and cities of northwestern Nevada. As it melts through the spring and summer, dam operators, water agencies, and communities have to manage the flow of billions of gallons of runoff, storing up enough to get through the dry summer months without allowing reservoirs and canals to flood. The need for better snowpack temperature data has become increasingly critical for predicting when the water will flow down the mountains, as climate change fuels hotter weather, melts snow faster, and drives rapid swings between very wet and very dry periods. In the past, it was hard work to gather this data. Now, a new generation of tools, techniques, and models promises to ease that process, improve water forecasts, and help California and other states manage in the face of increasingly severe droughts and flooding. However, observers fear that any such advances could be undercut by the Trump administration’s cutbacks across federal agencies.Read the full story. —James Temple MIT Technology Review Narrated: What’s next for our privacy? The US still has no federal privacy law. But recent enforcement actions against data brokers may offer some new protections for Americans’ personal information. This is our latest story to be turned into a MIT Technology Review Narrated podcast, which we’re publishing each week on Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Just navigate to MIT Technology Review Narrated on either platform, and follow us to get all our new content as it’s released. The must-reads I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology. 1 The US is warning other countries not to use Huawei’s chips If they do, they may face criminal penalties for breaching US export controls. (FT $)+ The Trump administration has axed the ‘AI Diffusion Rule’ for chips. (WSJ $)+ It may move towards negotiating deals with countries directly. (Bloomberg $) 2 US tech firms are inking AI deals with the Middle EastAmong the biggest of which is Nvidia. (The Guardian) + Tech leaders accompanied Trump on his trip. (WP $)3 A new treatment for inherited breast cancer was trialed successfully The drug olaparib can help to significantly improve survival rates. (BBC)4 TikTok workers fear a new messaging feature could be exploited But the company is pressing ahead with it anyway. (The Information $)5 Apple is working on brain-computer interfaces for its products People with brain implants could one day use them to control their devices. (WSJ $)+ Brain-computer interfaces face a critical test. (MIT Technology Review) 6 What’s next for NASA? The agency is poised for its most radical shakeup in decades. (Ars Technica)+ NASA has made an air traffic control system for drones. (MIT Technology Review)7 Finland is harvesting heat from its data centersBloomberg $) + The next data center hub? India. (FT $)+ These four charts sum up the state of AI and energy. (MIT Technology Review)8 Airbnb wants to become the next everything-appWired $) + Hotel-like services, anyone? (NYT $)+ Its host features have been overhauled, too. (The Verge)9 The FBI is buying new tech to help it see through wallsThanks to radar. (New Scientist $) 10 Baidu is planning to launch its robotaxis in Europe 🚗 In a bid to extend its competitive advantage overseas. (WSJ $)+ How Wayve’s driverless cars will meet one of their biggest challenges yet. (MIT Technology Review) Quote of the day “It's literally Einstein's proverbial definition of insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting a different result.” —Entrepreneur Arnaud Bertrand reflects on America’s latest attempt to rein in Huawei in a post on X. One more thing How DeepSeek ripped up the AI playbook—and why everyone’s going to follow its lead When the Chinese firm DeepSeek dropped a large language model called R1 at the start of this year, it sent shock waves through the US tech industry. Not only did R1 match the best of the homegrown competition, it was built for a fraction of the cost—and given away for free. DeepSeek has now suddenly become the company to beat. What exactly did it do to rattle the tech world so fully? Is the hype justified? And what can we learn from the buzz about what’s coming next? Here’s what you need to know.   —Will Douglas Heaven We can still have nice things A place for comfort, fun and distraction to brighten up your day. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line or skeet 'em at me.)+ Happy birthday to the one, the only Stevie Wonder—75 years young this week.+ A scooped bagel? Not on my watch. 🥯+ A few tips on how to navigate some of life’s trickier conversations with ease.+ Everyone’s got a random junk drawer. Here’s how to get it under control.

This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology. Why climate researchers are taking the temperature of mountain snow The Sierra’s frozen reservoir provides about a third of California’s water and most of what comes out of the faucets, shower heads, and sprinklers in the towns and cities of northwestern Nevada. As it melts through the spring and summer, dam operators, water agencies, and communities have to manage the flow of billions of gallons of runoff, storing up enough to get through the dry summer months without allowing reservoirs and canals to flood. The need for better snowpack temperature data has become increasingly critical for predicting when the water will flow down the mountains, as climate change fuels hotter weather, melts snow faster, and drives rapid swings between very wet and very dry periods. In the past, it was hard work to gather this data. Now, a new generation of tools, techniques, and models promises to ease that process, improve water forecasts, and help California and other states manage in the face of increasingly severe droughts and flooding. However, observers fear that any such advances could be undercut by the Trump administration’s cutbacks across federal agencies. Read the full story. —James Temple MIT Technology Review Narrated: What’s next for our privacy? The US still has no federal privacy law. But recent enforcement actions against data brokers may offer some new protections for Americans’ personal information. This is our latest story to be turned into a MIT Technology Review Narrated podcast, which we’re publishing each week on Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Just navigate to MIT Technology Review Narrated on either platform, and follow us to get all our new content as it’s released. The must-reads I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology. 1 The US is warning other countries not to use Huawei’s chipsIf they do, they may face criminal penalties for breaching US export controls. (FT $)+ The Trump administration has axed the ‘AI Diffusion Rule’ for chips. (WSJ $)+ It may move towards negotiating deals with countries directly. (Bloomberg $) 2 US tech firms are inking AI deals with the Middle EastAmong the biggest of which is Nvidia. (The Guardian)+ Tech leaders accompanied Trump on his trip. (WP $) 3 A new treatment for inherited breast cancer was trialed successfullyThe drug olaparib can help to significantly improve survival rates. (BBC) 4 TikTok workers fear a new messaging feature could be exploitedBut the company is pressing ahead with it anyway. (The Information $) 5 Apple is working on brain-computer interfaces for its productsPeople with brain implants could one day use them to control their devices. (WSJ $)+ Brain-computer interfaces face a critical test. (MIT Technology Review) 6 What’s next for NASA?The agency is poised for its most radical shakeup in decades. (Ars Technica)+ NASA has made an air traffic control system for drones. (MIT Technology Review) 7 Finland is harvesting heat from its data centersWhile no data center is good for the environment, this helps lessen their footprint. (Bloomberg $)+ The next data center hub? India. (FT $)+ These four charts sum up the state of AI and energy. (MIT Technology Review) 8 Airbnb wants to become the next everything-appIt wants to expand beyond vacations and into a community platform, apparently. (Wired $)+ Hotel-like services, anyone? (NYT $)+ Its host features have been overhauled, too. (The Verge) 9 The FBI is buying new tech to help it see through wallsThanks to radar. (New Scientist $) 10 Baidu is planning to launch its robotaxis in Europe In a bid to extend its competitive advantage overseas. (WSJ $)+ How Wayve’s driverless cars will meet one of their biggest challenges yet. (MIT Technology Review) Quote of the day “It’s literally Einstein’s proverbial definition of insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting a different result.” —Entrepreneur Arnaud Bertrand reflects on America’s latest attempt to rein in Huawei in a post on X. One more thing How DeepSeek ripped up the AI playbook—and why everyone’s going to follow its lead When the Chinese firm DeepSeek dropped a large language model called R1 at the start of this year, it sent shock waves through the US tech industry. Not only did R1 match the best of the homegrown competition, it was built for a fraction of the cost—and given away for free. DeepSeek has now suddenly become the company to beat. What exactly did it do to rattle the tech world so fully? Is the hype justified? And what can we learn from the buzz about what’s coming next? Here’s what you need to know.   —Will Douglas Heaven We can still have nice things A place for comfort, fun and distraction to brighten up your day. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line or skeet ’em at me.)+ Happy birthday to the one, the only Stevie Wonder—75 years young this week.+ A scooped bagel? Not on my watch. + A few tips on how to navigate some of life’s trickier conversations with ease.+ Everyone’s got a random junk drawer. Here’s how to get it under control.

With a continued emphasis on team-based collaboration, IBM leadership envisioned a place to bring its diverse business units under one roof in Manhattan. Once again, they tapped Gensler (the firm completed IBM’s Toronto office) to design the 270,000-square-foot headquarters in the Flatiron District. Located at One Madison Avenue, the new flagship centralizes the tech company’s New York workforce, highlighting a visionary, forward-focused culture. “We really start with the user experience and mapping those journeys, and there was an opportunity for impromptu connections between team members that didn’t always work together,” says John Budesa, studio director and senior associate at Gensler. The ground floor lobby features a striking 40-foot-long Quantum Wave sculpture that captures the energy within the space, a visual representation of emerging and future technologies. A reception area on the second floor includes the circular Blue Bar. A central gathering spot with sweeping views of Madison Square Park, it serves as a coffee bar during the day, and doubles as a cocktail bar after work hours. At the Innovation Studio, a dedicated customer-centric space with a range of briefing rooms, partners can co-create with staff members and experience IBM’s work first-hand. The headquarters accommodates more than 2,000 employees, so the workspace is divided into three key zones, which Budesa describes as “an ecosystem of spaces that support innovation,” offering flexibility and choice. Individual zones are ideal for independent, focused tasks, while collaboration areas are suitable for meetings. Community sections are places for relaxation or get-togethers with colleagues. These sectors have varied lighting and multiple types of furnishings throughout to support individuals as they perform tasks. There’s less rigidity, yet the pieces are not only limited to the ultra-soft lounge styles that have been favored in recent seasons. Seating in particular was chosen for comfortable efficiency, which for Budesa means that each chair is functional no matter where it is in the building. A prime amenities hub is on the 10th floor, with a full-service kitchen, café, and an auditorium that can host up to 300 people. IBM is also known as Big Blue, and pops of the brand’s cobalt tone are used strategically throughout the office to signal signature moments, whether on a wall covered with acoustic felt, or surrounding a staircase. Materials are deftly combined, referencing the bridge between man and machine. Wood and stone elements honor our connection to the natural world. In contrast, polished metals, reflective surfaces, and computer chip-like textures provide futuristic flair. The standout is a 25,000-square-foot outdoor oasis, designed in partnership with RGR Landscape. The largest commercial office terrace in the city, it boasts 40 species of live plants, half of which are native to New York. Enabled for work, every seat has power, and Wi-Fi is available. There are also areas that are perfect for large-scale events, and on the east side, more private settings allow people to recharge even in the midst of the bustling city. Budesa explains that the expansive headquarters was planned with seamless movement in mind as users navigate in and out of the various zones. “It’s about those dynamic environments that increase the caliber of the experience,” he notes. For more information on Gensler and IBM’s new hub, visit gensler.com. Photography by Alexander Severin.

Figma announced 'Sites' at Config 2025, which lets users create simple static websites from designs. Imagine a website generator like Framer or Webflow, but embedded inside Figma.The buzz is serious. Sites could become the de facto tool for quick marketing campaigns or small personal websites. But what if you need Sites to integrate with your existing design systems, custom components, and production code?Figma SitesFigma Sites is a visual developer tool similar to Webflow or Framer. It's focused on letting designers build websites without coding or leaving Figma.Its greatest strength is its integration with the Figma ecosystem. For designers already comfortable with the platform, Sites offers a path to deploy a design as a live website quickly.Easy interactivity and AI-enhanced codeFigma Sites includes numerous presets for everyday website interactions and effects. For instance, you can add a hover effect to a button or a typewriter effect to a text block.A future version of Sites will also include an AI tool for generating code.Responsive design and hands-off infrastructureFigma Sites can also display your design in desktop, tablet, and mobile layouts side by side. The preview version (press shift + space) and the published version are both fully responsive websites.Press the Publish button in the top-left corner once you’re ready to deploy the design into a working website. After some quick validations (it can even help with auto layout), Figma Sites will deploy your project to a generated URL. For a fee, you can wire up a custom domain.Coming soon: CMS and Code LayersRight now, Figma Sites translates your design into HTML and CSS. The team's future improvement, "Code Layers,” will take a user prompt and transform it into React and Tailwind CSS.Another future improvement is a CMS feature inside Figma Sites. This would allow users to manage their website content more efficiently. The idea of a fully integrated design-to-publish tool with an internal CMS is very appealing.Going from Figma to website to complete applicationSimple site builders are great for getting something online, but aren’t great at creating fully integrated applications that mesh with an existing codebase. This is a familiar problem.The challenge lies in moving beyond a static page built with HTML and CSS. What happens if you need this new site to use the Next.js framework and the App Router patterns that your team has adopted? Can you leverage your company's custom components? Is there a way to add complex user interactions? These limitations become significant hurdles for any product beyond a basic landing page or marketing campaign.Visual Editor: stepping beyond simple sitesBuilder.io's Visual Editor satisfies this larger need. Figma Sites gets you something fast without ever leaving the Figma ecosystem. Visual Editor gets you something nearly as fast, but it connects designs directly to your production codebase on one canvas.The core idea is different. Visual Editor is for feature-rich applications where your existing production codebase and design systems are first-class citizens.Figma Sites was engineered to transform a Figma design into a static site using no third-party tools and the most minimal toolchain possible. Visual Editor was engineered to transform designs into production applications at the enterprise scale:Figma-like precisionVisual Editor gives you a familiar, precise visual editing experience, but you're building interactive applications, not just static mockups. Use prompts to generate UI, then fine-tune it visually. The output isn't just a picture; it's code that works.Solving handoffsImport Figma designs with a click, and Builder translates them into interactive code using your component library. The CLI deeply integrates with your specific framework and codebase patterns, generating clean, maintainable code that developers want to work with. It respects your tech stack.On-brand generation, every timeStop worrying about brand drift. Because Builder understands your codebase, it uses your actual design system context—your colors, typography, spacing, and components—automatically ensuring everything generated is consistent and on-brand. No more manual checking.Dual workflows (develop & publish)Builder offers flexibility. Developers can use it to build new UIs that integrate directly with application code. Marketers or designers can use the 'Publish' workflow to create and update content visually using pre-built components, without needing a developer or a new deployment. This addresses the content bottleneck, too.Smashing workflow silosVisual Editor provides a unified canvas for design, development, and content updates. It fits into existing developer workflows (like Git) rather than trying to replace them, enabling better collaboration across the entire digital team.Getting started with Visual EditorReady to see the difference? You can try Visual Editor and experience how it connects to a real codebase.Open the Visual Copilot Figma plugin. Install it from the Figma Community if you haven't already.Select a layer or design in your Figma file that you want to bring into Builder.io.Click the "Export Design" button within the plugin.Click the "View Code in Builder" button. This will open your design directly in the Builder.io Visual Editor.(Optional) Enhance in the Visual Editor: Use AI prompts or manual controls to add interactivity, connect data, or refine the design within Builder.Generate code with the CLI: Copy the provided CLI command from Builder.io and run it in your local project's terminal. The CLI will analyze your codebase and generate the integrated, production-ready code components.The best way to understand the power of Visual Editor is to experience how it generates code that uses your components and fits your workflow.ConclusionFigma Sites is a big step forward for Figma. If you already work with the platform, you get all your favorite Figma features and a near-frictionless path to simple, real websites.Sites fills an essential market need. But you might find the tool underpowered if your team faces the challenges of integrating designs with a complex codebase, maintaining brand consistency across an extensive application, or enabling collaboration between large, diverse teams. In those cases, Builder's Visual Editor is the enterprise-grade solution. It provides a robust, integrated visual development environment that respects your code and scales with your product.Further reading Introducing Visual Copilot: convert Figma designs to high quality code in a single click.Try Visual CopilotGet a demo

As long as you keep up with regular cleaning and follow the recommended maintenance tips we’ve rounded up here, you shouldn’t have any issues.Is it expensive to maintain quartz countertops?According to Booth, not in the slightest. “Quartz is nonporous,” she says. “So there is no need to routinely seal the surface.” In comparison, countertops such as quartzite, granite, and marble do need to be routinely sealed to maintain their appearance. That being said, you may face some hefty costs if you don’t follow the general recommendations for preventing long-term damage to your countertops, like avoiding extreme heat or scratching them with knives or other sharp objects.Can you use Clorox wipes on quartz countertops?The short answer? Probably not. The long answer? Right this way. Many Clorox wipes are actually bleach-free. You can use them occasionally for deep cleaning, but they shouldn’t be the first thing you grab. You shouldn’t be using Clorox wipes daily, or even often, on quartz countertops because they have citric acid, which can be very harsh on your counter. Long-term use could lead to discoloration of your quartz surface.Can I use Windex on quartz countertops?Windex is considered a base and has a pretty high pH level, which means it could be damaging to quartz. Some professionals say it’s okay to use in small quantities, while others warn against it. For the safest and most sure option to keeping your quartz clean, skip Windex and opt for a mild cleaner like dish soap.In general you should be very careful when using this cleaner. Some Windex formulas rely on the cleaning agent ammonia, which can create very harmful mixtures when combined with bleach—like sodium hypochlorite. This combo can create chloramine vapor, a noxious fume that can irritate your eyes, nose, throat, and airway. In some cases, large quantities can even be fatal.What should you not clean quartz countertops with?In addition to avoiding Clorox and Windex, you shouldn’t use anything with abrasive or harsh chemicals to clean your stone countertops. That means skipping bleach, degreaser, oven cleaner, scouring pads, or other alkaline cleaning solutions or disinfecting formulas with high pH levels. These highly acidic cleaners will damage the countertop and ruin its integrity. If you‘re using them on other items, make sure the spray doesn’t land on the stone surface.To prevent stubborn gunk from building up, it’s best to stick to mild detergents, soapy water and gentle cleaning products. Keep up with a daily maintenance routine rather than trying to address the dirt with a deep cleaning method or harsh cleaners later on. If you happen to have accidents involving nail polish or permanent marker stains, try DIY methods, like using watered-down lemon juice or a dose of rubbing alcohol in a spray bottle.It’s also important to keep quartz surfaces safe from hot pans because they are sensitive to extreme heat. You can use trivets and hot pads to protect granite countertops (which have quartz) from off-the-stove dishes. For food prep that uses sharp objects, especially knives for chopping, cutting boards protect the surface from scratches and divots. And it’s always best to keep coasters around for hot mugs.How to remove stubborn stains from quartz countertopsTo prevent stubborn gunk from building up on quartz countertops, it’s best to stick to mild detergents, soapy water, and gentle cleaning products. Keep up with a daily maintenance routine rather than trying to go back in with a deep cleaning method or harsh cleaners later on. As a general rule of thumb for any stains you come across, Booth recommends first trying mild cleaning solutions before reaching for the stronger, harsher options; it’s better to start slow than risk causing irreversible damage. “I suggest starting with mild dish soap and a microfiber cloth,” she says. “Rub the stain in circular motion and then rinse with clean water.”

May 13, 20256 min readDeep Math from String Theory Appears in Clashing Black HolesResearchers have shown that abstract mathematical functions from the frontiers of theoretical physics have a real-world use in modeling gravitational wavesBy Ramin Skibba edited by Lee BillingsAn illustration of two black holes about to merge and emitting copious gravitational waves. Chris Henze/NASA/SPL/Getty ImagesA decade ago astrophysicists at the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), operated by the California Institute of Technology and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, managed to detect subtle ripples in spacetime called gravitational waves, released by a pair of black holes spiraling into each other, for the first time. That impressive discovery—which earned the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics—has since become commonplace, with researchers regularly detecting gravitational waves from myriad far-distant celestial sources.And as the numbers of gravitational-wave observations have increased, physicists’ careful modeling is revealing new details about their mysterious origins. Some of the most intriguing gravitational-wave events, it turns out, could arise not from catastrophic collisions but rather from near misses. Furthermore, these cosmic close calls might be best understood using concepts derived from string theory—a notional theory of everything that posits that all of nature is fundamentally composed of countless, wriggling subatomic strings. This arguably marks the first linkage to date between a core mathematical aspect of the arcane theory and real-world astrophysics.At least, that’s the conclusion of an international team of researchers that applied geometric structures inspired by particle physics and string theory to the behavior of black holes when the colossal objects closely pass and deflect each other. Such interactions between black holes or neutron stars (compact remnants of exploded massive stars) can be studied through the deflection angle, the energy released through the near miss and the momentum of the objects’ recoil—all of which may be discerned in gravitational waves. The team’s results were published in the journal Nature on Wednesday.On supporting science journalismIf you're enjoying this article, consider supporting our award-winning journalism by subscribing. By purchasing a subscription you are helping to ensure the future of impactful stories about the discoveries and ideas shaping our world today.Black Holes as ParticlesIn their study, the researchers used an obscure class of abstract mathematical functions to solve the formidable equations involved in determining the radiated energy from a near miss. “You need these new functions, which, in math and mathematical physics, have been studied intensively but, to date, have not appeared in any real physical observable. That’s what makes it quite interesting,” says Jan Plefka, a theoretical physicist at the Humboldt University of Berlin and a co-author of the new study. Those obscure functions, known as six-dimensional Calabi-Yau manifolds, had never been shown as directly relevant to descriptions of real astrophysical phenomena before.In the years since LIGO’s initial detection, two additional major gravitational-wave observatories, Europe’s Virgo and Japan’s Kamioka Gravitational-Wave Detector (KAGRA), have come online. Together, they form the international LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collaboration and have amassed detections of nearly 300 gravitational-wave events over the past decade, mostly from colliding pairs of black holes. Also called black hole “mergers,” such events are the cacophonous moment when these dense gravitational behemoths smash together to form a single, larger beast. Plefka and his colleagues are studying different interactions known as “scattering” events, which occur when paired black holes slip by each other, usually in prelude to their eventual coalescence. During these close encounters, the clashing gravity of the black holes causes each to accelerate past the other, generating a significant gravitational-wave signal, but the objects are sufficiently separated to avoid merging.It’s no coincidence that this resembles elementary particles deflecting each other. “You can use the techniques developed for the scattering of microscopic objects to describe this scattering of macroscopic ones,” Plefka says. Considered from far enough away, well beyond the event horizon—that pivotal region within which neither matter nor light can escape—a black hole can be modeled as a particlelike point with mass and spin, albeit one that generates gravitational rather than electromagnetic waves.On that basis, Plefka and his colleagues applied techniques from quantum field theory that are more typically used to analyze the behavior of elementary particles. “We’re building on decades of work that has been done to make predictions for collider experiments,” says Gustav Mogull, a particle physicist at Queen Mary University of London and one of Plefka’s co-authors.Closer to Complex RealitiesThe team’s goal was to bring its numerical approximations as close as possible to mirroring reality—which, of course, tends to be more messy. To do that, Mogull, Plefka and their team toiled to crank up the complexity of their calculations. In this work, the researchers incorporated five levels of that complexity—to what is known as the fifth post-Minkowskian order of precision—for describing the scattering angles of black hole pairs, their radiated energies and their recoils.This is where the Calabi-Yau geometric structures, normally associated with string theory, come in. In string theory, Calabi-Yau geometries involve the compactification of higher dimensions. Here, they are not merely abstractions but instead emerge from the researchers’ calculations of black hole scattering. It’s perhaps ironic that string theory, notoriously derided as untestable, has given rise to mathematical structures of relevance to measurable physics far from the rarefied realm of strings.A visualization of two black holes scattering off each other and emitting gravitational waves, which are rendered in shades of blue (darker shades correspond to higher energies). This visualization was computed with the aid of advanced mathematical functions known as Calabi-Yau manifolds.Mathias Driesse/Humboldt Universtität zu BerlinAny mathematical function is associated with some kind of geometry, Mogull explains—and as the function increases in complexity, so, too, does its geometry. In the case of something basic, such as the sine or cosine functions used in trigonometry, that geometry is a simple circle. Elliptic functions, on the other hand, imply a doughnut-shaped geometry called a torus, which is also a Calabi-Yau onefold. It turns out that the functions Mogull, Plefka and their team developed for black hole scattering are associated with Calabi-Yau threefold structures, which involve six-dimensional surfaces. “I don’t think the appearance of Calabi-Yaus was that unexpected within our community. I would say this represents confirmation of something that people had suspected but was yet to be verified,” Mogull says.To demonstrate the utility of their approach in their study, Plefka, Mogull and their colleagues compare their approximations of black hole scattering angles to other, presumably more precise ones that were derived from numerical simulations. Such simulations can be time-consuming to run, even on state-of-the-art supercomputers—hence the search for accurate approximations. The team’s highest-order approximation closely matches the results of supercomputer number crunching for cases of black holes that gently deflect each other across great distances. But when the black holes come closer to a head-on collision, the team’s calculations begin diverging from the numerical simulations.Such work may seem to be a purely academic exercise, but in fact, the research could prove vital for making new discoveries. Signals from scattering black holes and neutron stars should be within reach of the next generation of gravitational-wave detectors that are set to come online in the late 2030s. These detectors, which will also need a new generation of models called waveform templates to discern true gravitational-wave signals from a sea of cosmic and terrestrial noise, include the proposed Einstein Telescope in Europe and Cosmic Explorer in the U.S. The latter, like LIGO, is supported by the National Science Foundation, and so far these kinds of gravitational-wave projects have avoided being directly targeted by the Trump administration’s aggressive proposed cuts to federally funded science.The work’s prospect for enhancing our understanding of gravitational-wave sources excites scientists who are gearing up for this new wave of detectors. They include Jocelyn Read, a physicist at California State University, Fullerton, who works with the Cosmic Explorer project. “Next-generation facilities can measure nearby signals with exquisite fidelity,” she says. (Here “nearby” means “within a few billion light-years.”) “So having very accurate and precise predictions from our current theories is definitely needed to test them against those kinds of future observations,” Read adds.Yet she also urges caution when assessing the significance of Plefka, Mogull and their colleagues’ work. “If they’re talking about implications for gravitational-wave astronomy, there are a few more steps that are needed,” she says. And their team has competitors, too, including some who have been deploying numerical simulations of their own.These kinds of approximate methods could eventually inform the waveform templates that are so crucial for filtering out noise in upcoming gravitational-wave detectors, Plefka says. Geraint Pratten, a LIGO physicist at the University of Birmingham in England, agrees. “I think it’s a heroic calculation by the group. It will provide a lot of insight into how we can structure next-generation waveform models,” he says. Pratten adds that more work will need to be done to move past the new study’s limitations. For example, the paper focuses on black holes without spin and those that undergo “unbound” scattering, which means that they deflect each other and never meet again. In reality, most, if not all, black holes are thought to spin, and usually scattering events precede an eventual merger.But in any case, he believes some gravitational waves from black hole and neutron star deflections will eventually be detectable, such as through observations of globular clusters, where these dense objects are packed together in a small space, cosmically speaking.For Plefka, Mogull and their peers, this macroscopic version of quantum field theory is still a young field, and there are many new types of astrophysically relevant calculations that they and others can do. These esoteric Calabi-Yau structures, formerly on the frontier of theoretical physics, could be just the beginning. “You’ve had this whole new class of mathematical functions—these theoretical things that had appeared in string theory,” Mogull says. “And we’re saying, ‘Look, this is tangible. This [radiated energy from scattering] is something you can try to detect, try to measure. This is real physics now.’”

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In an industry where typefaces are designed to be used by thousands, a radical new concept has emerged that turns conventional type distribution on its head. David Březina, managing director at Rosetta Type, has created a typographic experiment called Only Yours: a typeface system that generates unique variants available exclusively to individual customers. The premise is brilliantly simple yet revolutionary: nine new variants of the typeface are released every day. Once purchased, a variant is permanently removed from circulation, ensuring that no one else will ever own that specific design. "The idea for a typeface that would be different for each customer has been on my mind for a few years," explains David. "According to surveys, most designers do not know how to use OpenType features and hence letter alternates. I'd been working on a still-unreleased typeface called Sacco, and at some point, it was so easy to create more and more letter alternates that it seemed like a shame to keep them tucked away somewhere in the font where no one would look." This observation sparked a more profound question: what if instead of hiding alternates within a font's features, the alternates themselves became the foundation for entirely unique typeface variants? Inspired by Dylan The concept lay dormant, though, until a surprising moment of inspiration. "I sat on it for a few years," recalls David. "The project seemed intimidating in scope, and I didn't really see a good reason to do it. "Then I went to see Bob Dylan, who's known for constantly rewriting his songs, in concert. It occurred to me that having so many perceivably different variants would bring more authenticity to the users. They could each have a unique font, in the same way concert-goers can attend a unique performance." This parallel between the legendary musician's ever-evolving performances and the notion of typographic uniqueness crystallised the concept. What began as design work in December 2025 led to a soft launch at the Automatic Type Design conference in Nancy, France, in February 2025. Science behind the system Only Yours isn't merely a stylistic exercise; it's grounded in David's PhD research on letter similarity perception. "I studied how they are clearly different, yet, in a well-designed font, they also look visually coherent," he explains. Technical implementation is where things become fascinatingly complex. Rather than designing alternative letters, David took a more fundamental approach. "Similarity perception is explained in terms of distinctive visual features that are shared by some of the letters, but not necessarily all of them," he explains. "More shared features mean stronger perceived similarity between the letters. It occurred to me that I could hack into this system and design alternates, not for the letters as we're used to from contemporary fonts, but for the individual features." While keeping some aspects of the generation process proprietary, David confirms that this feature-based approach allows for remarkable diversity while maintaining design coherence. "Using a reverse-contrast design remotely related to Antique Olive also helped to incorporate some rectangular elements more easily. The coherence does not need to be perfect, after all. Some of my favourite variants come from unexpected violations of the overall coherence." Scarcity as a feature, not a bug In an era of unlimited digital reproduction, Only Yours deliberately introduces scarcity. With over a million variants, the decision to release just nine per day transforms typography selection into something akin to a daily treasure hunt. "We didn't want to design a system for users to pick and choose," David notes. "The value of the project is not in providing all the options. It is in exclusivity. "Originally, I wanted the variant to be chosen randomly for the customers," he added. "But that did not seem right, so we settled on a compromise: offering nine new variants every day, which also turns it into a game. They're never shown again, so if you like one, you better get it." This approach creates a fascinating tension between the digital nature of typefaces and the artificial scarcity that makes each variant valuable. Once a customer purchases a weight from a variant, all weights within that variant become exclusive to them, preventing anyone else from fragmenting their unique typographic identity. Redefining typographic identity When sharing his concept with fellow designers before launch, David received some scepticism. "When I tried to discuss this idea with some friends, graphic designers, in November, they told me that it would be 'totally useless for branding'," he recalls with amusement. I disagree: since every variant is exclusive, it is perfect for branding!" Far from being an obstacle to professional use, the consistency within each variant across weights ensures practical usability while maintaining uniqueness. "Each variant of Only Yours is consistent across multiple weights, so it should work just fine in professional contexts," he asserts. The potential applications extend beyond individual designers. "Creating unique experiences in branding is not new. There is Freitag with their bags, each original, or even Coca-Cola with their named cans, which is a step in that direction," David points out. "Perhaps Only Yours could make it easier in some cases. We could, theoretically, generate thousands of unique variants for someone to licence as a bulk. Or a magazine could get a new variant for each issue." Looking to the future: Softly Yours Building on the success of Only Yours, Rosetta Type has already announced plans for Softly Yours, a rounded version using the same generative framework. "We set the price quite affordable to be more flexible," David adds. "We do have customers who already purchased multiple variants." Overall, this project represents a fascinating intersection of typographic design, computational creativity and exclusivity marketing. In a world increasingly concerned with digital ownership and authenticity, Rosetta Type has created something that feels almost paradoxical: a digital asset that can't be perfectly duplicated. For graphic designers and branding specialists, Rosetta Type offers something truly novel: the guarantee that your typographic voice won't be inadvertently duplicated by competitors. In an industry constantly searching for uniqueness, David has engineered it directly into the fabric of his typeface. As the nine variants change daily and customers claim their exclusive pieces of typographic history, Only Yours and Softly Yours aren't just new fonts. They represent a new relationship between designers and their tools, where scarcity, exclusivity and personal connection have been reintroduced to the digital realm.