“Pillars” (2024), oil on linen, 84 x 96 inches. All images courtesy of Mario Moore and Library Street Collective, shared with permission Mario Moore’s Oil Paintings Bridge Past and Present to Spotlight Black Resilience and Style June 4, 2025 Kate Mothes In large-scale works in oil, Detroit-based artist Mario Moore taps into the legacy of European painting traditions to create bold portraits exploring the nature of veneration, self-determination, and the continuum of history. Moore’s work is currently on view in Beneath Our Feet at Library Street Collective alongside fellow Detroiter LaKela Brown. His new pieces nod to the Dutch and Flemish tradition of devotional painting, particularly religious garland paintings. Within elegant arrangements of flowers and foliage, he highlights Black figures relaxing or tending to gardens. “The Patron Saint of Urban Farming” (2025), oil on linen, 72 x 48 inches In “Watermelon Man,” a stone altar is surrounded by hibiscus and watermelons, both symbols of resilience. Historically, the latter represented self-sufficiency and freedom for Southern African Americans following Emancipation, but whites flipped the narrative into a stereotypical exemplar of poverty. Moore reclaims the fruit in the spirit of refined 17th-century still-lifes. The artist has long drawn on the culture and legacies of both Detroit and the U.S. more broadly through the lens of the Black diaspora. Earlier works like “Pillars” position Black figures in elegant dress within the vast wildernesses of the American frontier, bridging the past to explore how racial divisions continue to shape the present. An exhibition last summer at Grand Rapids Art Museum titled Revolutionary Times took his series A New Republic as a starting point, revisiting the history of Black Union soldiers during the Civil War. Moore learned that one of his ancestors, who had been enslaved as a child, later enlisted in the Union Army, spurring the artist’s exploration of the seminal mid-19th-century period of conflict and Western colonization. He positions present-day figures in contemporary dress within historical contexts, interrogating political and racial segregations. “Watermelon Man” (2025), oil on linen, 51 1/2 x 42 inches Through tropes of European painting like a self-portrait of the artist in mirrored reflections and poses in three-quarter profile, Moore renders individuals whose direct, confident gazes and elegant dress invoke Detroit style and pride. For Beneath Our Feet, Brown and Moore collaborated on a five-foot-wide bas-relief bronze coin. Each artist completed one side, with Mario’s contribution taking the form of a portrait of Brown. “Her profile echoes the conventional format of traditional American coinage, confronting the historic absence of Black women in national symbolism and positions of authority,” the gallery says. On the opposite side, Brown depicts a bouquet of collard greens symbolic of nourishment and community. For this exhibition, Brown and Moore “reflect on the wealth held in the earth beneath us—and the enduring question of who holds the rights to till, own, and shape that land,” says an exhibition statement. Detroit is home to ambitious urban gardening initiatives that aim for local food sovereignty, mirroring the resourcefulness of Black farmers throughout history. The artists “consider land not just as property but as history, inheritance, and possibility,” the gallery says. Beneath Our Feet continues through July 30 in Detroit. See more on Moore’s website and Instagram. “International Detroit Playa: Sheefy” (2022), oil on linen, 108 x 96 inches “These Are Not Yams But They Are Damn Good” (2025), oil on linen, 51 1/2 x 42 inches “Creation of a Revolutionary (Helen Moore)” (2023), oil on linen, 76 x 52 inches “Black” (2023), oil on linen, 48 x 48 inches “Garland of Resilience” (2025), oil on linen, 51 1/2 x 42 inches “Birth of Cool” (2023), oil on linen, 72 x 48 inches Installation view of ‘LaKela Brown and Mario Moore: Beneath Our Feet’ at Library Street Collective, Detroit Previous articleNext article

If, like me, you’re slightly addicted to your astrology app and love checking your daily horoscope, you may have wondered just how much stock you should put into it. Allow me to tell you that it may be more revealing than you think. Sure, your zodiac sign can give you guidance on when to make a big move or when to save a certain conversation for a better, star-blessed date. But, did you know it can also help you decorate? That’s right. Your astrological sign can give you insight into what no-regret color you should choose for your kitchen, living room, bedroom or if you *actually* should go all in on maximalism (looking at you, Virgo). To answer all your decorating questions, we sat down with astrologer Sam Manzella to chat about the impact astrology can have on how you decorate your home and to find out what she thinks are the best paint colors for each astrology sign.Want even more astrology content? Check out these stories.Meet Our AstrologerSam Manzella is a Brooklyn-based astrologer and multi-award winning journalist. She practices a Hellenistic tradition, working from ancient frameworks, including the Whole Sign house system, sect, and traditional rulerships. Additionally, her practice is based around the planetary rulers that were visible to the naked eye in the age before telescopes, also called the seven core planets, meaning that the outer planets of Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto won't be making an appearance in this article. The Signs, Their Rulers, and Their Color FamiliesLet’s start with the basics: There are 12 signs in Western astrology. You’ve probably heard of them—think Aries, Cancer, Libra, etc. While most modern mainstream astrology focuses heavily on the signs, it’s actually their relationship to the planets that has the biggest impact on your day-to-day. “In astrology, planets, not zodiac signs, are the main players,” says Sam. This more nuanced and wholistic approach to astrology uses planets to determine what will happen, while signs only dictate the how. “Pop astrology often relies too heavily on zodiac sign archetypes, in my opinion,” says Sam. “Place a planet in a specific sign? Now we’re cooking, baby.”When it comes to matching up planets and colors, millennia of traditional associations guide the way. Sam’s color coordination is based on two works: The Complete Picatrix, a Medieval text on astrological magic, and Hellenistic Astrology: The Study of Fate and Fortune, a traditional astrology manual written by storied astrologer Chris Brennan. Below, we’ll break down the seven core planets, the signs that correspond with them, and their traditional color associations.MarsSigns: Aries, ScorpioColor Associations: Strong, aged shades of red and rust. VenusSigns: Taurus, LibraColor Associations: Sumptuous natural shades, such as greens, pinks, whites, and pastels.MercurySigns: Gemini, VirgoColor Associations: Orange is a good color for Mercury, but mixes of patterns and colors also works well for these Mercurial signs. SunSigns: LeoColor Associations: Classic sunny shades, such as golds and yellows. MoonSigns: CancerColor Associations: Silvery shades and crisp whites. JupiterSigns: Sagittarius, Pisces. Color Associations: A mix of royally influenced shades, such as purples, blues, and yellows. SaturnSigns: Capricorn, AquariusColor Associations: Dark and moody shades, such as browns, blacks, and grays. How Can You Use Astrology to Help You Decorate? The best place to start is at the very beginning. Sam’s advice? Call your mom. “I highly recommend calculating your full birth chart—to do so, you’ll need the exact date, time, and location of your birth.” This will give you the proper framework from which you can build your astrologically inspired home. Once you have your complete birth chart, look at your various planetary alignments. While your sun sign can tell you a lot about who you are, it’s actually your Venus placement that Sam recommends consulting. “This planet governs art, beauty, and romance—if it’s sweet, enjoyable, or aesthetically pleasing, then it probably falls under Venus’s purview. Whatever zodiac sign this planet occupies in your birth chart can tell you a lot about the vibes, color palettes, and visual aesthetics you gravitate toward.” Not sure you have all the information you need for a full birth chart? No worries, we’ve pulled together the best paint color for you based on your zodiac sign and planetary ruler below. If you want to dive a little deeper, Sam recommends checking out the planetary placement in your Fourth House. “The Fourth House represents our home and family life. Whatever planet rules this house, and its placement by zodiac sign, reflects the energy that feels like home to you.”The Best Paint Colors for Every Zodiac Sign:

If you’ve ever wondered whether the food on your plate could shape your brain’s future, the science is starting to say: yes, it might. While healthy eating has long been linked to better brain health, new research is getting more specific about which diets help, and when you should start following them.At this year’s annual Nutrition conference in Orlando, Florida, researchers presented findings that add weight to the growing link between diet and dementia. According to a news release, study author Song-Yi Park of the University of Hawaii at Manoa said, “Our study findings confirm that healthy dietary patterns in mid to late life and their improvement over time may prevent Alzheimer’s and related dementias. This suggests that it is never too late to adopt a healthy diet to prevent dementia.”The research focused on nearly 93,000 U.S. adults from the long-running Multiethnic Cohort Study. Participants were between 45 years and 75 years old when they entered the study in the 1990s. Over time, more than 21,000 developed Alzheimer’s disease or related dementias — but those who closely followed a specific eating plan, the MIND diet, were significantly less likely to be among them.Combining the Mediterranean Diet and DASH DietThe MIND diet (short for Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay) blends the best elements of two established eating plans: the Mediterranean diet and the DASH diet.The Mediterranean diet is inspired by the traditional cuisines of countries like Greece, Italy, and Spain. It focuses on plant-based foods (fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains), healthy fats like olive oil, and moderate amounts of fish, poultry, and dairy, with red meat eaten sparingly. It’s been linked to a lower risk of heart disease and is also environmentally friendly.The DASH diet, originally designed to lower blood pressure, shares many similarities but puts extra emphasis on limiting sodium and increasing intake of nutrients like potassium, magnesium, and calcium. It includes low-fat dairy and lean protein sources and doesn’t rely on any hard-to-find foods.The MIND diet specifically promotes brain-healthy foods like leafy greens, berries, nuts, and olive oil, combining benefits of both approaches with a focus on protecting cognitive health.Read More: Is the Mediterranean Diet Healthy?The MIND Diet Over TimeAccording to Park and her team, people who scored highest in MIND diet adherence at the study’s start had a 9 percent lower risk of developing dementia. That number was even higher with around 13 percent for African American, Latino, and White participants. Looking at those who improved their adherence to the MIND diet over time, showed a 25 percent reduction in dementia risk compared to those whose dietary habits declined, which was consistent no matter the age or racial background.“We found that the protective relationship between a healthy diet and dementia was more pronounced among African Americans, Latinos, and Whites, while it was not as apparent among Asian Americans and showed a weaker trend in Native Hawaiians,” Park said in the press release. “A tailored approach may be needed when evaluating different subpopulations’ diet quality.”Interestingly, Asian Americans also tend to have lower dementia rates overall, which researchers believe could mean other cultural eating patterns might offer similar protection than the MIND diet for that group.The Best Time to Start Is NowOne of the most encouraging findings was that starting late still helped. Participants who began following the MIND diet more closely over a 10-year period, regardless of how old they were when they began, saw benefits. This suggests that even if you didn’t grow up eating brain-boosting foods, it’s not too late to change course.It’s worth noting that the study is observational, so, by itself, it can’t prove this specific diet causes better brain health. Study author Park notes that the next step is conducting interventional studies to verify these promising results.Still, the evidence is mounting. Whether you're 45 or 75, choosing greens over greasy snacks could make a real difference when it comes to aging with or without dementia.This article is not offering medical advice and should be used for informational purposes only.Article SourcesOur writers at Discovermagazine.com use peer-reviewed studies and high-quality sources for our articles, and our editors review for scientific accuracy and editorial standards. Review the sources used below for this article:National Institute of Aging. What Do We Know About Diet and Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease?Harvard Health Publishing. A practical guide to the Mediterranean dietNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Following the DASH Eating PlanHaving worked as a biomedical research assistant in labs across three countries, Jenny excels at translating complex scientific concepts – ranging from medical breakthroughs and pharmacological discoveries to the latest in nutrition – into engaging, accessible content. Her interests extend to topics such as human evolution, psychology, and quirky animal stories. When she’s not immersed in a popular science book, you’ll find her catching waves or cruising around Vancouver Island on her longboard.

While there’s more than one way to format Unity C# code, agreeing on a consistent code style for your project enables your team to develop a clean, readable, and scalable codebase. In this blog, we provide some guidelines and examples you can use to develop and maintain your own code style guide.Please note that these are only recommendations based on those provided by Microsoft. This is your chance to get inspired and decide what works best for your team.Ideally, a Unity project should feel like it’s been developed by a single author, no matter how many developers actually work on it. A style guide can help unify your approach for creating a more cohesive codebase.It’s a good idea to follow industry standards wherever possible and browse through existing style guides as a starting point for creating your own. In partnership with internal and external Unity experts, we released a new e-book, Create a C# style guide: Write cleaner code that scales for inspiration, based on Microsoft’s comprehensive C# style.The Google C# style guide is another great resource for defining guidelines around naming, formatting, and commenting conventions. Again, there is no right or wrong method, but we chose to follow Microsoft standards for our own guide.Our e-book, along with an example C# file, are available for free. Both resources focus on the most common coding conventions you’ll encounter while developing in Unity. These are all, essentially, a subset of the Microsoft Framework Design guidelines, which include an extensive number of best practices beyond what we cover in this post.We recommend customizing the guidelines provided in our style guide to suit your team’s preferences. These preferences should be prioritized over our suggestions and the Microsoft Framework Design guidelines if they’re in conflict.The development of a style guide requires an upfront investment but will pay dividends later. For example, managing a single set of standards can reduce the time developers spend on ramping up if they move onto another project.Of course, consistency is key. If you follow these suggestions and need to modify your style guide in the future, a few find-and-replace operations can quickly migrate your codebase.Concentrate on creating a pragmatic style guide that fits your needs by covering the majority of day-to-day use cases. Don’t overengineer it by attempting to account for every single edge case from the start. The guide will evolve organically over time as your team iterates on it from project to project.Most style guides include basic formatting rules. Meanwhile, specific naming conventions, policy on use of namespaces, and strategies for classes are somewhat abstract areas that can be refined over time.Let’s look at some common formatting and naming conventions you might consider for your style guide.The two common indentation styles in C# are the Allman style, which places the opening curly braces on a new line (also known as the BSD style from BSD Unix), and the K&R style, or “one true brace style,” which keeps the opening brace on the same line as the previous header.In an effort to improve readability, we picked the Allman style for our guide, based on the Microsoft Framework Design guidelines: Whatever style you choose, ensure that every programmer on your team follows it.A guide should also indicate whether braces from nested multiline statements should be included. While removing braces in the following example won’t throw an error, it can be confusing to read. That’s why our guide recommends applying braces for clarity, even if they are optional.Something as simple as horizontal spacing can enhance your code’s appearance onscreen. While your personal formatting preferences can vary, here are a few recommendations from our style guide to improve overall readability:Add spaces to decrease code density:The extra whitespace can give a sense of visual separation between parts of a lineUse a single space after a comma, between function arguments.Don’t add a space after the parenthesis and function arguments.Don’t use spaces between a function name and parenthesis.Avoid spaces inside brackets.Use a single space before flow control conditions: Add a space between the flow comparison operator and the parentheses.Use a single space before and after comparison operators.Variables typically represent a state, so try to attribute clear and descriptive nouns to their names. You can then prefix booleans with a verbfor variables that must indicate a true or false value. Often they are the answer to a question such as, is the player running? Is the game over? Prefix them with a verb to clarify their meaning. This is often paired with a description or condition, e.g., isPlayerDead, isWalking, hasDamageMultiplier, etc.Since methods perform actions, a good rule of thumb is to start their names with a verb and add context as needed, e.g., GetDirection, FindTarget, and so on, based on the return type. If the method has a bool return type, it can also be framed as a question.Much like boolean variables themselves, prefix methods with a verb if they return a true-false condition. This phrases them in the form of a question, e.g., IsGameOver, HasStartedTurn.Several conventions exist for naming events and event handles. In our style guide, we name the event with a verb phrase,similar to a method. Choose a name that communicates the state change accurately.Use the present or past participle to indicate events “before” or “after.” For instance, specify OpeningDoor for an event before opening a door and DoorOpened for an event afterward.We also recommend that you don’t abbreviate names. While saving a few characters can feel like a productivity gain in the short term, what is obvious to you now might not be in a year’s time to another teammate. Your variable names should reveal their intent and be easy to pronounce. Single letter variables are fine for loops and math expressions, but otherwise, you should avoid abbreviations. Clarity is more important than any time saved from omitting a few vowels.At the same time, use one variable declaration per line; it’s less compact, but also less error prone and enhances readability. Avoid redundant names. If your class is called Player, you don’t need to create member variables called PlayerScore or PlayerTarget. Trim them down to Score or Target.In addition, avoid too many prefixes or special encoding.A practice highlighted in our guide is to prefix private member variables with an underscore (_) to differentiate them from local variables. Some style guides use prefixes for private member variables (m_), constants (k_), or static variables (s_), so the name reveals more about the variable.However, it’s good practice to prefix interface names with a capital “I” and follow this with an adjective that describes the functionality. You can even prefix the event raising method (in the subject) with “On”: The subject that invokes the event usually does so from a method prefixed with “On,” e.g., OnOpeningDoor or OnDoorOpened.Camel case and Pascal case are common standards in use, compared to Snake or Kebab case, or Hungarian notations. Our guide recommends Pascal case for public fields, enums, classes, and methods, and Camel case for private variables, as this is common practice in Unity.There are many additional rules to consider outside of what’s covered here. The example guide and our new e-book, Create a C# style guide: Write cleaner code that scales, provide many more tips for better organization.The concept of clean code aims to make development more scalable by conforming to a set of production standards. A style guide should remove most of the guesswork developers would otherwise have regarding the conventions they should follow. Ultimately, this guide should help your team establish a consensus around your codebase to grow your project into a commercial-scale production.Just how comprehensive your style guide should be depends on your situation. It’s up to your team to decide if they want their guide to set rules for more abstract, intangible concepts. This could include rules for using namespaces, breaking down classes, or implementing directives like the #region directive (or not). While #region can help you collapse and hide sections of code in C# files, making large files more manageable, it’s also an example of something that many developers consider to be code smells or anti-patterns. Therefore, you might want to avoid setting strict standards for these aspects of code styling. Not everything needs to be outlined in the guide – sometimes it’s enough to simply discuss and make decisions as a team.When we talked to the experts who helped create our guide, their main piece of advice was code readability above all else. Here are some pointers on how to achieve that:Use fewer arguments: Arguments can increase the complexity of your method. By reducing their number, you make methods easier to read and test.Avoid excessive overloading: You can generate an endless permutation of method overloads. Select the few that reflect how you’ll call the method, and then implement those. If you do overload a method, prevent confusion by making sure that each method signature has a distinct number of arguments.Avoid side effects: A method only needs to do what its name advertises. Avoid modifying anything outside of its scope. Pass in arguments by value instead of reference when possible. So when sending back results via the out or ref keyword, verify that’s the one thing you intend the method to accomplish. Though side effects are useful for certain tasks, they can lead to unintended consequences. Write a method without side effects to cut down on unexpected behavior.We hope that this blog helps you kick off the development of your own style guide. Learn more from our example C# file and brand new e-book where you can review our suggested rules and customize them to your team’s preferences.The specifics of individual rules are less important than having everyone agree to follow them consistently. When in doubt, rely on your team’s own evolving guide to settle any style disagreements. After all, this is a group effort.

Feno, the “smart electric toothbrush,” promised to take a two-minute toothbrushing routine and bring it down to 30 or even 20 seconds by swabbing each of my teeth at once. The Feno Smartbrush makes brushing faster, but in exchange it requires you to shove an entire mouthpiece in your piehole twice a day just to cut down on a total of three minutes of brushing time. If there is one thing to take away from this review, it’s that even if tech works, it doesn’t necessarily mean it’s better than what we already have. The “toothbrush” has been at the side of my bathroom sink for more than three weeks. It has technically saved me time. I would even go as far as to say it may do the job of a regular toothbrush with less time to get there. Still, given the choice, I would rather reach for my non-motorized, dentist-recommended toothbrush—if only because I know it works. After consulting with the companies and non-affiliated dentists, I’m more bemused that the Feno exists at all. This is a device that costs $300 for the “Founder’s Edition” bundle. The company recently said it would increase the price to $400, blaming tariffs for the rising cost. As the time of this publishing, that new price hasn’t yet materialized. The box comes with three canisters of brand-specific Feno Foam toothpaste. After you run out, you’ll need to spend $30 to get an extra three canisters. Feno also recommends replacing the mouthpiece every three months, costing another $30. Feno Smartbrush It may brush all your teeth for quicker cleans, but its too much of an unknown to recommend. Pros Cons My dentist gave me my last manual toothbrush for free. A tube of toothpaste was $5. Despite the price, the company behind the smart toothbrush has one compelling pitch. If people were honest with themselves, most folks do not do the recommended amount of brushing. I fit into that camp for most of my life, until the point I went to my dentist and found I needed to have multiple caps on my molars, requiring I spend a hefty chunk of change for the privilege of having my teeth ground down to nubs. Since then, I’ve become very sensitive to the state of my pearly whites. I try to do the full two minutes of brushing and floss every day, but the Feno is supposed to help by shortening the brushing time and helpfully counting you down with an on-screen timer. My dentist was skeptical about the device’s claims, especially whether it was offering proper back-and-forth brushing technique. The American Dental Association has a Seal of Acceptance tested by the organization for products that are recommended by dentists. Neither Feno’s brush nor special toothpaste are on that list of products with the ADA seal. All I have to go on is Feno’s own claim that it’s doing what it needs to do to clean my teeth and remove plaque. For cleaning, the device makes use of pressure sensors alongside the mouthpiece’s 18,000 bristles, which Feno claims can hit 250 strokes per tooth in 20 seconds. It’s using a sweeping motion along the teeth, which dentists recommend when brushing, but there’s no published science to say the Feno is particularly better than other, similar devices. Feno told me the company has scientific research pertaining to how effective the device is, but it’s pending scientific review and won’t be available until some unknown date. © Adriano Contreras / Gizmodo © Adriano Contreras / Gizmodo © Adriano Contreras / Gizmodo © Adriano Contreras / Gizmodo Feno revels in Silicon Valley startups’ worst habits. Every time you turn it on, the smart toothbrush bombards you with a QR code to download an app for all its controls, rather than including those on-device. The Feno toothbrush can incite the same gag reflex you know if you’ve ever played a contact sport requiring a mouth guard. The device is big enough that you have to open wide to fit the whole thing in at once. Brushing with the Feno is not an entirely passive experience, either. Feno’s founder, Dr. Kenny Brown, told me his company recommends moving the brush side to side while the mouthpiece actuates. On its highest settings, the Feno rattled my jaw and made my entire head shake like a marionette piloted by a mad puppeteer. With those speeds, I could feel the mouthpiece rubbing the inner cheek raw. At normal speeds, the Feno was uncomfortable but still usable without any pain. Feno also advises some gums may bleed if you haven’t been doing proper brushing technique for too long, but I didn’t find the bristles were any more abrasive to my gums than a regular toothbrush. The device running on default settings for 30 seconds seems engineered for most mouths. The company claims its device works with regular toothpaste, but when I plastered some gel to the bristles and stuck it in my mouth, it resulted in a sludgy mess at the bottom of the mouthpiece that took far longer to clean than the typical quick rinse. The foam toothpaste doesn’t leave your mouth full of the typical minty taste of fluoride and baking soda you normally associate with the feel of a clean mouth. As a point in favor of the Feno, that minty-fresh taste in your mouth isn’t actually indicative of clean teeth, according to Dr. Edmond Hewlett, a professor at UCLA’s School of Dentistry and a consumer advisor for the American Dental Association. Brown told me the company plans for updated toothpaste that adds a lingering minty taste in the mouth, as apparently I wasn’t the only one who spoke up on that lack of “clean” feeling. © Adriano Contreras / Gizmodo © Adriano Contreras / Gizmodo Knowing my dentist appointments are near for even more fillings, the Feno would not only need to be good, but even better at cleaning my teeth than the typical electric brush. Even if I felt it may be hitting all my teeth, the device didn’t leave me feeling clean, not least because I had no control over it. Even if the Feno full-mouth toothbrush wasn’t uncomfortable, wasn’t expensive, didn’t require an app, and worked well with regular toothpaste, it would still be hard to make any claim it results in better cleaning than your regular $7 toothbrush you buy from any local pharmacist. Using the smart toothbrush, you can’t tell what’s happening to your teeth. You can’t tell if it’s hitting all the nooks and crannies. That’s going to be a concern when everybody’s set of teeth is different. The Feno is supposedly designed so that all its bristles hit all different kinds of teeth at the correct 45-degree angle to the gums, but what really matters is if it adds anything to your brushing routine. “The critical question of any device like this is if it’s better than a toothbrush,” Hewlett told me. “It’s clear that using a toothbrush properly is one of the most effective things a person can do themselves to preserve their teeth.”

Republican lawmakers have been battling over a bill that includes massive tax and spending cuts. Much of their disagreement has been over provisions intended to reduce the cost of Medicaid. The popular health insurance program, which is funded by both the federal and state governments, covers about 78.5 million low-income and disabled people—more than 1 in 5 Americans. On May 22, 2025, the House of Representatives narrowly approved the tax, spending, and immigration bill. The legislation, which passed without any support from Democrats, is designed to reduce federal Medicaid spending by requiring anyone enrolled in the program who appears to be able to get a job to either satisfy work requirements or lose their coverage. It’s still unclear, however, whether Senate Republicans would support that provision. Although there are few precedents for such a mandate for Medicaid, other safety net programs have been enforcing similar rules for nearly three decades. I’m a political scientist who has extensively studied the work requirements of another safety net program: Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). As I explain in my book, Living Off the Government? Race, Gender, and the Politics of Welfare, work requirements place extra burdens on low-income families but do little to lift them out of poverty. Work requirements for TANF TANF gives families with very low incomes some cash they can spend on housing, food, clothing, or whatever they need most. The Clinton administration launched it as a replacement for a similar program, Aid to Families With Dependent Children, in 1996. At the time, both political parties were eager to end a welfare system they believed was riddled with abuse. A big goal with TANF was ending the dependence of people getting cash benefits on the government by moving them from welfare to work. Many people were removed from the welfare rolls, but not because work requirements led to economic prosperity. Instead, they had trouble navigating the bureaucratic demands. TANF is administered by the states. They can set many rules of their own, but they must comply with an important federal requirement: Adult recipients have to work or engage in an authorized alternative activity for at least 30 hours per week. The number of weekly hours is only 20 if the recipient is caring for a child under the age of 6. The dozen activities or so that can count toward this quota range from participating in job training programs to engaging in community service. Some adults enrolled in TANF are exempt from work requirements, depending on their state’s own policies. The most common exemptions are for people who are ill, have a disability, or are over age 60. To qualify for TANF, families must have dependent children; in some states pregnant women also qualify. Income limits are set by the state and range from $307 a month for a family of three in Alabama to $2,935 a month for a family of three in Minnesota. Adult TANF recipients face a federal five-year lifetime limit on benefits. States can adopt shorter time limits; Arizona’s is 12 months. An administrative burden Complying with these work requirements generally means proving that you’re working or making the case that you should be exempt from this mandate. This places what’s known as an “administrative burden” on the people who get cash assistance. It often requires lots of documentation and time. If you have an unpredictable work schedule, inconsistent access to child care, or obligations to care for an older relative, this paperwork is hard to deal with. What counts as work, how many hours must be completed, and who is exempt from these requirements often comes down to a caseworker’s discretion. Social science research shows that this discretion is not equally applied and is often informed by stereotypes. The number of people getting cash assistance has fallen sharply since TANF replaced Aid to Families With Dependent Children. In some states caseloads have dropped by more than 50% despite significant population growth. Some of this decline happened because recipients got jobs that paid them too much to qualify. The Congressional Budget Office, a nonpartisan office that provides economic research to Congress, attributes, at least in part, an increase in employment among less-educated single mothers in the 1990s to work requirements. Not everyone who stopped getting cash benefits through TANF wound up employed, however. Other recipients who did not meet requirements fell into deep poverty. Regardless of why people leave the program, when fewer low-income Americans get TANF benefits, the government spends less money on cash assistance. Federal funding has remained flat at $16.5 billion since 1996. Taking inflation into account, the program receives half as much funding as when it was created. In addition, states have used the flexibility granted them to direct most of their TANF funds to priorities other than cash benefits, such as pre-K education. Many Americans who get help paying for groceries through the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program are also subject to work requirements. People the government calls “able-bodied adults without dependents” can only receive SNAP benefits for three months within a three-year period if they are not employed. A failed experiment in Arkansas Lawmakers in Congress and in statehouses have debated whether to add work requirements for Medicaid before. More than a dozen states have applied for waivers that would let them give it a try. When Arkansas instituted Medicaid work requirements in 2018, during the first Trump administration, it was largely seen as a failure. Some 18,000 people lost their health care coverage, but employment rates did not increase. After a court order stopped the policy in 2019, most people regained their coverage. Georgia is currently the only state with Medicaid work requirements in effect, after implementing a waiver in July 2023. The program has experienced technical difficulties and has had trouble verifying work activities. Other states, including Idaho, Indiana, and Kentucky, are already asking the federal government to let them enforce Medicaid work requirements. What this may mean for Medicaid The multitrillion-dollar bill the House passed by a vote of 215-214 would introduce Medicaid work requirements nationwide by late 2026 for childless adults ages 19 to 64, with some exemptions. But most people covered by Medicaid in that age range are already working, and those who are not would likely be eligible for work requirement waivers. An analysis by KFF—a nonprofit that informs the public about health issues—shows that in 2023, 44% of Medicaid recipients were working full time and another 20% were working part time. In 2023, that was more than 16 million Americans. About 20% of the American adults under 65 who are covered by Medicaid are not working due to illness or disability, or because of caregiving responsibilities, according to KFF. This includes both people caring for young children and those taking care of relatives with an illness or disability. In my own research, I read testimony from families seeking work exemptions because caregiving, including for children with disabilities, was a full-time job. The rest of the adults under 65 with Medicaid coverage are not working because they are in school, are retired, cannot find work, or have some other reason. It’s approximately 3.9 million Americans. Depending on what counts as “work,” they may be meeting any requirements that could be added to the program. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that introducing Medicaid work requirements would save around $300 billion over a decade. Given past experience with work requirements, it is unlikely those savings would come from Americans finding jobs. My research suggests it’s more likely that the government would trim spending by taking away the health insurance of people eligible for Medicaid coverage who get tangled up in red tape. This article was updated on May 22, 2025, with details about the House of Representatives’ passage of the budget bill. Anne Whitesell is an assistant professor of political science at Miami University. This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

10 Luxurious Jewel Tone Color Palettes In this article:See more ▼Post may contain affiliate links which give us commissions at no cost to you.As a designer who’s always searching for color combinations that exude sophistication and richness, I find myself constantly returning to jewel tones. These deep, saturated hues possess an inherent elegance that can instantly elevate any design project. Named after precious gemstones, jewel tones bring a sense of luxury and depth that’s simply unmatched by other color families. Whether you’re working on a high-end brand identity, designing an opulent interior space, or creating packaging that needs to convey premium quality, jewel tone palettes offer the perfect solution. I’ve curated ten stunning jewel tone color combinations that will add instant glamour and sophistication to your work. 👋 Psst... Did you know you can get unlimited downloads of 59,000+ fonts and millions of other creative assets for just $16.95/mo? Learn more »10 Rich Jewel Tone Color Palettes 1. Scarlet Sapphire #1e3a5f #0f4c3a #2d8659 #dc143c #2d1b47 This extraordinary palette brilliantly captures the unexpected marriage of warm passion and cool sophistication. The deep navy and forest tones create a sophisticated foundation that speaks of tradition and reliability, while the vibrant scarlet red adds an electrifying pop that commands attention. I love how the deep purple grounds the entire combination, preventing it from feeling too stark. This palette is perfect for brands that want to convey both trustworthiness and innovation – think luxury tech companies or premium financial services that need to stand out in conservative industries. The warm pop against the elegant backdrop creates visual tension that’s absolutely magnetic. 2. Emerald Shadow #0d3b2e #1a5f4a #2d8659 #4a7c59 #6b5b73 Pure luxury distilled into color form – this palette embodies everything I love about sophisticated emerald combinations. The progression from deep forest shadow through multiple shades of emerald creates incredible depth and richness, while the purple undertones add an unexpected twist that elevates the entire palette beyond typical green combinations. I find this particularly effective for high-end wellness brands, luxury hotels, or premium skincare lines where you want to convey both natural authenticity and refined elegance. The subtle variations in green create a sense of movement and life that feels both organic and carefully curated.Get 300+ Fonts for FREEEnter your email to download our 100% free "Font Lover's Bundle". For commercial & personal use. No royalties. No fees. No attribution. 100% free to use anywhere. 3. Sapphire Sunset #1a1b5e #003366 #008080 #ff6b47 #2f3e46 The magic of this palette lies in how it balances cool sophistication with warm energy. The deep sapphire blues create a foundation of trust and stability, while the vibrant coral accent brings warmth and approachability. The teal bridge between cool and warm creates a smooth transition that makes the entire combination feel harmonious rather than jarring. I often recommend this palette for luxury travel brands, premium outdoor gear, or innovative tech companies that want to feel both reliable and exciting. It’s sophisticated enough for corporate applications yet warm enough for consumer-facing brands. 4. Azure Majesty #003366 #004d7a #008080 #2e8b57 #1e4d72 Classic luxury redefined – this palette speaks the language of traditional elegance with a contemporary voice. The progression through various blues and blue-greens creates a sense of depth and movement that reminds me of looking into clear ocean waters. Each shade builds upon the last, creating a sophisticated gradient that feels both timeless and fresh. I love using this combination for established luxury brands that want to maintain their heritage while appealing to modern consumers. It works beautifully for high-end jewelry, premium spirits, or luxury automotive brands where tradition and innovation need to coexist seamlessly. 5. Copper Flame #722f37 #003366 #008b8b #cd853f #483d8b This palette brings together richness and warmth in the most compelling way. The deep burgundy and navy create a sophisticated backdrop, while the copper accent adds warmth and luxury that prevents the palette from feeling too cold or corporate. The purple undertones add depth and mystery that makes the entire combination feel more complex and interesting. I find this particularly effective for premium spirits, luxury dining establishments, or high-end home goods where you want to create an atmosphere of warmth and sophistication. The copper element adds an artisanal quality that speaks to craftsmanship and attention to detail. 6. Vintage Velvet #4b0f3b #6b1f5e #8b4d7a #5d4e75 #2f3e46 Pure luxury in its most refined form – this palette captures the opulent feel of vintage velvet fabrics and antique jewelry. The progression through various purples and plums creates incredible richness and depth, while the darker tones add mystery and sophistication. There’s something almost tactile about this color combination that makes you want to reach out and touch it. I love using this palette for high-end fashion brands, luxury beauty products, or premium interior design where you want to convey both heritage and contemporary luxury. The monochromatic approach creates unity while the varied tones prevent monotony. 7. Ruby Fire #2d1b47 #0f3b2e #1e6b52 #e74c3c #4a2c5e Bold and dramatic, this palette commands attention while maintaining sophistication. The deep purple and forest tones create a rich foundation, while the ruby red accent brings passion and energy that’s impossible to ignore. I love how the darker tones ground the vibrant red, preventing it from feeling too aggressive or overwhelming. This combination works beautifully for luxury fashion brands, premium automotive, or high-end cosmetics where you want to convey both sophistication and passion. The dramatic contrast creates visual impact that’s perfect for brands that need to stand out in crowded markets. 8. Royal Midnight #1a1b5e #2e2d7d #4a4d8a #6b4e79 #8b3a62 This palette captures the sophisticated fun of evening elegance with a contemporary twist. The progression through various purples and blues creates a sense of movement and depth that feels both playful and refined. There’s something about this combination that reminds me of twilight in a royal garden – mysterious, beautiful, and slightly magical. I find this palette particularly effective for luxury entertainment brands, premium lifestyle products, or innovative beauty companies that want to feel both sophisticated and approachable. The subtle variations create visual interest without overwhelming the senses. 9. Sunset Jewels #4b0f3b #074e67 #2e8b57 #d4542a #1e4d72 This palette achieves the perfect balance between warm energy and cool sophistication. The deep purple and navy create a rich foundation, while the emerald green adds freshness and the coral accent brings warmth and vibrancy. I love how each color complements the others while maintaining its own distinct personality. This combination works beautifully for brands that want to feel both innovative and trustworthy – think premium outdoor gear, luxury travel companies, or high-end wellness brands. The warm pop prevents the palette from feeling too serious while the sophisticated base keeps it professional. 10. Emerald Garden #0f4c3a #1e6b52 #2d8b67 #4d7c5e #6b5d73 Fresh luxury with a natural sophistication – this palette captures the beauty of an emerald garden in the golden hour. The progression through various greens creates incredible depth and richness, while the purple undertones add complexity and prevent the palette from feeling too simple. There’s something both grounding and uplifting about this combination that makes it perfect for brands focused on wellness, sustainability, or natural luxury. I often recommend this palette for premium organic brands, luxury spa treatments, or high-end gardening products where you want to convey both natural authenticity and refined quality. Why Jewel Tones Are Perfect for Modern Design The enduring appeal of jewel tones lies in their ability to convey luxury without appearing ostentatious. Unlike bright neons or muted pastels, jewel tones possess a natural richness that feels both timeless and contemporary. These colors have depth and complexity that photographs beautifully and translates well across different media. As someone who’s worked with countless color palettes over the years, I’ve noticed that jewel tones have a unique ability to make any design feel more premium. They suggest quality, craftsmanship, and attention to detail – qualities that resonate strongly with today’s consumers who value authenticity and excellence. The psychological impact of these colors is also significant. Deep blues convey trust and stability, rich purples suggest creativity and luxury, emerald greens evoke growth and prosperity, while ruby reds communicate passion and energy. When used thoughtfully, jewel tones can help communicate your brand values without saying a word. Mastering Jewel Tones in Contemporary Design Working with jewel tones requires a different approach than using brighter or more muted colors. Here’s what I’ve learned from years of incorporating these rich hues into modern design projects: Create Stunning Contrast Jewel tones look absolutely spectacular when paired with crisp whites or deep blacks. This contrast prevents the richness from becoming overwhelming while allowing the colors to truly shine. I often use white space generously when working with these palettes to give each color room to breathe. Mix Textures and Finishes These colors lend themselves beautifully to different textures and finishes. Consider how emerald green might look with a matte finish versus a glossy one, or how sapphire blue appears on silk versus canvas. The interplay between color and texture can dramatically enhance the luxurious feel of your design. Layer Different Jewel Tones Don’t be afraid to combine different jewel tones within a single design. Emerald and sapphire work beautifully together, as do amethyst and garnet. The key is to vary the saturation levels and use one color as the dominant hue while others serve as accents. Consider the Context While jewel tones are inherently luxurious, they can be adapted to different contexts. A tech startup might use jewel tones in a more minimalist way, while a luxury hotel could embrace their full opulence. Understanding your audience and context will guide how boldly you use these colors. The Psychology Behind Our Love for Jewel Tones Understanding why we’re drawn to jewel tones can help us use them more effectively in our designs. These colors tap into several psychological triggers that make them particularly appealing: The connection to precious stones immediately suggests value and rarity. Throughout history, these gemstone colors have been associated with wealth, power, and status. When we see these hues, we unconsciously associate them with quality and luxury. There’s also something deeply satisfying about the richness and depth of jewel tones. Unlike flat, single-note colors, jewel tones have complexity – they seem to contain multiple hues within themselves, creating visual interest that holds our attention. From a cultural perspective, many jewel tones have positive associations across different societies. Deep blues are almost universally associated with trust and stability, while rich greens connect us to nature and growth. These universal positive associations make jewel tones safe choices for international brands. Jewel Tones Across Different Design Disciplines The versatility of jewel tone palettes makes them suitable for virtually any design application, though each field has its own considerations: Luxury Branding For high-end brands, jewel tones are almost a requirement. They instantly communicate quality and exclusivity. I’ve found that using jewel tones in logo design, particularly when combined with elegant typography and plenty of white space, creates an immediate impression of sophistication. The key is restraint – let the richness of the colors speak for themselves rather than overwhelming the design with too many elements. Interior Design Magic In interior spaces, jewel tones can create incredibly dramatic and luxurious environments. An accent wall in deep emerald or sapphire can transform an entire room, while jewel-toned accessories add richness without commitment. I love seeing how these colors interact with different lighting throughout the day, revealing new depths and nuances. Digital Design Excellence For web and app design, jewel tones can create memorable user experiences. Using these colors for call-to-action buttons or important interface elements draws attention while maintaining sophistication. However, accessibility is crucial – ensure sufficient contrast ratios when using darker jewel tones for text or interface elements. Fashion and Product Design The fashion industry has long embraced jewel tones for their ability to flatter virtually every skin tone while conveying luxury. In product design, these colors can transform everyday objects into premium items. Think about how a deep sapphire blue phone case feels more expensive than a bright plastic one. Seasonal Considerations for Jewel Tones While jewel tones are timeless, they do have seasonal nuances that smart designers can leverage. The deeper, richer tones like garnet and emerald feel naturally autumnal and can create cozy, intimate atmospheres perfect for fall and winter projects. Lighter jewel tones, particularly those with blue and green undertones, can work beautifully for spring and summer projects when paired with crisp whites and metallics. The key is adjusting the saturation and supporting colors to match the seasonal mood you’re trying to create. The Future of Jewel Tone Design As we move forward in 2025, I see jewel tones becoming even more important in design. In an increasingly digital world, these rich, tactile colors help create emotional connections that transcend screens. They remind us of the physical world of precious stones and natural beauty. The sustainability movement has also increased appreciation for colors that feel timeless rather than trendy. Jewel tones don’t go out of style the way seasonal color trends do, making them smart long-term choices for brands and spaces. Bringing Jewel Tone Magic to Your Projects Working with jewel tone palettes has taught me that luxury isn’t about using the most expensive materials or the most complex designs. Sometimes, it’s simply about choosing colors that inherently communicate quality and sophistication. Whether you’re designing a tech startup’s brand identity or planning a luxury hotel’s interior, jewel tones offer a shortcut to elegance that few other color families can match. The key is understanding the unique properties of each hue and using them with intention and restraint. Remember that these colors have centuries of cultural associations behind them. When you choose emerald green, you’re not just picking a color – you’re tapping into associations with growth, prosperity, and natural beauty. When you select sapphire blue, you’re communicating trust, stability, and depth. The most successful jewel tone designs are those that respect the inherent power of these colors while adapting them to contemporary contexts. Don’t be afraid to experiment, but always keep in mind the sophisticated legacy these hues carry. So embrace the richness, dive into the depth, and let jewel tones transform your next design project. In a world full of fleeting trends, these timeless colors offer something rare: instant, enduring elegance that never goes out of style. Zoe Santoro Zoe is an art student and graphic designer with a passion for creativity and adventure. Whether she’s sketching in a cozy café or capturing inspiration from vibrant cityscapes, she finds beauty in every corner of the world. With a love for bold colors, clean design, and storytelling through visuals, Zoe blends her artistic skills with her wanderlust to create stunning, travel-inspired designs. Follow her journey as she explores new places, discovers fresh inspiration, and shares her creative process along the way. These 1920s Color Palettes are ‘Greater than Gatsby’There’s something undeniably captivating about the color schemes of the Roaring Twenties. As a designer with a passion for historical...7 Best 50s Color Palettes that are “The Cat’s Pajamas”When I look for inspiration that balances nostalgia with timeless appeal, I always find myself drawn to the refined elegance...What Colors Make Blue? (Well…it’s complicated.)Blue is more than just a color—it’s an experience. When we encounter blue, we’re drawn to its tranquil beauty, finding...

The Influence of Font Size and Weight on Cognitive Load In this article:See more ▼Post may contain affiliate links which give us commissions at no cost to you.As designers, we obsess over kerning, color palettes and grids, but how often do we stop to consider how our typography choices may tax the readers’ brains? Lately, I have been thinking about cognitive load and how it comes into play with design. It turns out that font size and weight play a much bigger role in user comprehension than we assume. Whether building out a UI dashboard or setting editorial spreads, how you handle type can support the reader’s flow or trip them up. Therefore, it is vitally important to explore how font size and weight influence the way people engage with your work. 👋 Psst... Did you know you can get unlimited downloads of 59,000+ fonts and millions of other creative assets for just $16.95/mo? Learn more »What Is Cognitive Load? Cognitive load is the mental effort someone has to use to understand and retain information. When working on a design project, you are essentially deciding how easy or difficult it will be for someone to process what is in front of them. There are a few different types of cognitive load, but the one that you should ultimately focus on is the extraneous kind. This unnecessary strain comes from confusing layouts or clunky typography. The more noise you create visually, the harder it will be for a user’s brain to work to stay engaged. It is important to keep in mind how someone processes information, especially when designing for adults. Research shows that memory, attention and processing speed start declining around age 30 or earlier. Adding to the fact that the global population aged 60 and older will increase by 40% by 2050, it is clear that designing with cognitive ease is a must. The good news is that typography can lighten the cognitive load. When used intentionally, it can reduce mental friction and make it easier for users of all ages to take in and enjoy the content you create.Get 300+ Fonts for FREEEnter your email to download our 100% free "Font Lover's Bundle". For commercial & personal use. No royalties. No fees. No attribution. 100% free to use anywhere. Font Size and Its Cognitive Impact Readability is a critical factor in design, and font size is often the first thing that comes to mind because it directly affects how easily someone can make sense of the content. Type size has a significant impact on how the brain interprets information. Studies have found that individuals process font dimensions between 17 and 161 points more fluently than sizes outside that range. Text that is too small can slow down reading and increase visual strain. On the other hand, text that is too large can break up the natural flow and increase the load on an individual’s working memory. Fluency matters because it impacts the rate at which someone can read and comprehend the text. When readers can recognize words quickly and automatically, it frees up cognitive resources for understanding. This is where font size intersects with reading rhythm. A comfortable size allows for a natural pace, which gives the brain space to focus on meaning rather than mechanics. When inconsistent or poorly sized text interferes with rhythm, it creates mental friction that chips away at memory and understanding. Even if you reduce body text to fit more on a page, it can still have a measurable effect on how well readers soak in the information. The Role of Font Weight in Processing Font weight is a stylistic choice on the surface, but is also functional in how users take in information. The thickness of letterforms shapes how efficiently people process what they are reading. Heavier weights can draw attention and establish emphasis, especially in headlines, labels and calls to action. Yet, when used excessively, the boldness can overwhelm the eye, slow reading, and create visual fatigue. Conversely, lighter ones can feel refined and modern but may compromise legibility at smaller sizes or lower-contrast backgrounds. Font weight also impacts how the brain prioritizes information. When the hierarchy is clear, readers spend less time figuring out what to read first and more time absorbing the content. That reduction in decision-making lightens the cognitive load and improves flow. Attention span is another factor at play. More weight can signal importance or urgency, guiding focus when used appropriately. Boldness is often associated with strength and power, but you can lose that effect when everything is heavy. Considering these factors, it is essential to use it as a tool for guiding readers and supporting comprehension. The key is balance — using weight to create structure and flow on the page. The Interplay Between Font Size and Weight I often treat font size and weight as separate design variables, but balancing these elements becomes crucial when cognitive processing is at play. Consider a scenario where large, bold headlines dominate a page. While they may grab attention, they can overshadow the content and make it harder for readers to focus on the main message. The same goes for lightweight fonts of small sizes on mobile screens. Smartphones already have limited space to display text, so you must choose the right size carefully. Yet, if the font is too small, the reader ends up straining their eyes or trying to zoom in to see. In the meantime, their brain is trying to process what they should do while retaining the information at the same time, leading to quicker fatigue and reduced comprehension. In practice, achieving the right balance involves: Keep bold at a minimum: Use heavier weights sparingly and in contrast to regular body text to avoid visual competition. Avoid extremes in small text: Pair lighter ones only with larger font sizes, and keep small fonts bold enough to remain legible. Create consistent scale relationships: Establish a modular type scale where size and weight changes feel proportional and deliberate. Adjust for density and whitespace: Consider how the thickness and size affect line spacing and overall rhythm — too tight or loose can interrupt flow. Test with real content: Evaluate how each combination of fonts looks to you to ensure clarity and cohesion before hitting publish. Accessibility and Inclusivity Design is effective when it works for as many people as possible, and typography is still a large part of that. Roughly 16% of the world’s population lives with some form of disability, including visual impairments, cognitive processing challenges and reading disorders. That means people may engage with your content differently from what you expect. That is where clarity, contrast and adaptability become fundamental. For instance, the Bureau of Internet Accessibility recommends using at least 12-point type for body text and no smaller than 9-point type. However, larger sizes may be more suitable, depending on the format and context. Otherwise, text that dips below the thresholds makes the content harder to read, especially for low-vision users. That is why it is important to follow accessibility procedures like the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). While WCAG does not define a specific minimum font size, it offers criteria for success in accessible design for people with vision disabilities. Other platforms — like the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) — also create standards for website accessibility, helping you develop digital content that caters to those with disabilities. Font heaviness is just as important as size. I try to avoid using weight alone to communicate meaning since many users with cognitive or visual impairments may not perceive these changes reliably. Instead, merging it with other visual cues like spacing or color contrast is excellent for reinforcing the message. Practical Applications and Industry Relevance for Designers The influence of font size and weight applies across nearly every industry where communication is central. When used strategically, typography can improve engagement, understanding and decision-making. Retail and Packaging Design Font choices directly impact how shoppers perceive products at first glance. On packaging, size and weight influence everything from readability to emotional tone. While part of it concerns standing out on a shelf, understanding immediately is also key. According to recent surveys, 72% of U.S. consumers agree that packaging design influences their purchase decisions. If the product information is hard to read, buyers may move on. Education and Learning Environments In educational settings, typography can support or hinder the learning process. Clear, accessible fonts at the right size and weight can reduce distractions and support comprehension, especially for students with dyslexia or attention disorders. Type that guides the eye and builds structure enhances retention and keeps learners engaged longer. Health Care and Patient Communication Medical documents, prescription instructions and digital health portals require absolute clarity. Otherwise, it can lead to miscommunication or even health risks. If you work in health care as a designer, weight and size decisions matter as much. It ensures patients can find, read and understand essential information without added strain. User Testing and Data-Driven Design In design, you must make hundreds of visual decisions in a single project, but not all of them should rely on instinct alone. When it comes to font size and weight, testing how real users respond can offer insights that improve the usability and effectiveness of a product. While many design systems prescribe standard font sizes and weights, context matters. What reads well on a desktop screen may offer different results on mobile. A weight that looks elegant in a mock-up may strain readers’ eyes in long-form content. User testing allows you to identify these breakdowns early and make adjustments before launch. Typography testing can range from informal preference feedback to more structured approaches like A/B testing or eye-tracking studies. Key factors to observe include: Readability: Can users quickly and accurately scan and interpret the content? Engagement: Does one font pairing lead to longer time-on-page or lower bounce rates? Retention: Are users able to recall the information they have read after interacting with the design? Tracking metrics like scroll depth, click-through rates and user drop-off points can reveal where typography may be helping or hurting comprehension. Designing for Clarity Making minor font size and weight adjustments may not seem like a big deal, but they carry real cognitive weight. The right choices can improve comprehension, reduce mental fatigue and create more user-friendly experiences. While designing, it is easy to become swept up in the aesthetics. However, taking the time to understand the decisions you make can shape attention and how well it works across audiences and industries. Eleanor Hecks Eleanor Hecks is a web designer and design writer of 8+ years, whose work has been featured in publications such as Smashing Magazine, Envato and HubSpot. She currently works as Editor-in-Chief of Designerly Magazine.

Obsidian 1.9.0 (Desktop) is now available in early access and comes with some hefty updates. If you have not heard of it, Obsidian is a powerful tool for building a "second brain" right on your machine. Its whole deal is "file over app" – your notes are just plain Markdown files, stored locally. That means you own your data forever. No cloud lock-in; grab any text editor, and your note is still there, even if Obsidian disappears tomorrow. The headline feature in the 1.9.0 update is a new core plugin called Bases. This tool lets you turn collections of notes into structured databases, which can be especially useful for organizing projects, managing research, planning travel, or tracking your reading list. With Bases, you can create custom table views, filter notes by specific properties, and define formulas to generate dynamic values. To support this functionality, Obsidian introduces a new .base file format and syntax. However, all your data remains stored in local Markdown files and YAML frontmatter, so nothing about your current setup changes in that regard. The Obsidian team notes that Bases is still in early beta, so you can expect more improvements and features over time. Also included in this release is a new Footnotes view core plugin. This feature adds a dedicated sidebar tab for managing all footnotes within a document, which helps you stay focused without constantly scrolling through long texts. It is particularly useful for academic writing or any work that involves detailed citations. One important note: this update includes some breaking changes. Obsidian has removed support for the singular forms of certain properties: tag, alias, and cssclass. You now need to use the plural forms tags, aliases, and cssclasses, and the values must be formatted as lists. If you have been using single text values, you will need to update your files to maintain compatibility. A bunch of smaller tweaks landed, too. For example, fuzzy search for file suggestions is now a thing, making it easier to find what you are looking for, and dark mode text selection contrast got a boost. Other notable improvements include better whitespace handling in Sync history, and the "Export PDF" button now receives initial keyboard focus. Additionally, the "Move file to..." option now remains available even if the Files plugin is turned off. The "Save file" command will only appear in the Command Palette when a file is actually active, reducing clutter. And for those using the Unique Note Prefix plugin, there's a new "Add unique internal link" command that lets you quickly link selected text with a unique reference. Lots of old annoyances got squashed. The command palette search results make more sense now, which was needed, and Canvas cards finally play nice with callouts, which is a relief for those who use that feature heavily. Other important fixes include consistent list numbering in callouts and the PDF view no longer stealing focus when opened in the background. Markdown tables that include partially complete HTML now render correctly, and autocompleting code blocks properly handle indentation as well as cursor placement inside list items. Developers get some goodies too. For instance, ButtonComponent now automatically shows a loading spinner if the onClick event is asynchronous, and you can now bypass the Web viewer to specify that a URL is opened in the user's default browser. Since version 1.9.0 is still in Early Access, you'll need a Catalyst license to use it. If you're not looking to test the latest release and just want to explore Obsidian, you can download the most recent stable version instead: Windows | macOS | Linux (AppImage | Snap | DEB). Obsidian is also available on mobile: Android | iOS. You can check out the full version 1.9.0 changelog here.

Weekly curated resources for designers — thinkers and makers.“The most important outcome was that I communicated the design intent more clearly and quickly by leaning into a tool that was better suited for the job than static mockups. I don’t know how much of the code I generated was actually used by the engineers on my team. But that’s not what mattered.”Why I skipped Figma and prototyped in code instead →By Patrick MorganYour AI partner for UI/UX Design — Motiff 2.0 Beta is here →[Sponsored] Chat with Motiff AI 2.0 to bring ideas to life — generate UIs with preset styling, drag to create components, turn URLs into editable designs, edit images, and rewrite content. No switching tools. Just faster, smarter — all in Motiff.Editor picksThe tech bro era is fading →Who’s next to shape our culture?By Michael F. BuckleyHuman after all →“SaaS is dead” — you’ve heard it all before.By Luděk ČernockýWords shape worlds →The role of language in better design.By Eleanor HoweThe UX Collective is an independent design publication that elevates unheard design voices and helps designers think more critically about their work.CTA gallery →Make me thinkVenture capital can’t pretend everything is fine any more →“Here is the state of venture capital in early 2025: Venture capital is moribund except AI. AI is moribund except OpenAI. OpenAI is a weird scam that wants to burn money so fast it summons AI God. Nobody can cash out.”How to title your blog post or whatever →“You should try to make a good thing, that many people would like. That presents certain challenges. But our subject today is only how to give your thing a title. My advice is: Think of the title as classifier.”Vibe Coding is not an excuse for low-quality work →“However, as any seasoned engineer will tell you, speed means nothing if the wheels fall off down the road. And this is where the cracks begin to show — in the gap between the vibe and the reality of building maintainable, robust software.”Little gems this weekWhitewashing on Mexican banknotes? →By William CosmeDesigning in and for a world we don’t yet know →By Katherine (Kt) SullivanFigma Sites: when accessibility is an afterthought →By Kristina Gushcheva-KeippiläTools and resourcesThe AI intention matrix →Designing AI with purpose.By Richard Yang (@richard.ux)Figma’s new grid →Why you must understand CSS Grid.By Christine VallaureSupporting users with depression and anxiety →Digital empathy.By Effy WhiteSupport the newsletterIf you find our content helpful, here’s how you can support us:Check out this week’s sponsor to support their work tooForward this email to a friend and invite them to subscribeSponsor an editionSkipping Figma, human after all, Figma grid, accessibility as an afterthought was originally published in UX Collective on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.