As our week in Las Vegas winds to a close, here's a final look at the most clever, smart, and forward-looking tech at CES 2025.

Research and development is underway to create robots that can hunt for signs of life in the vast oceans that exist under the thick ice shells of bodies like Europa.

MacworldEven with 14-inch and 16-inch screens, many MacBook users have already upgraded to two larger desktop screens at home or in the officeoften using a laptop docking station to benefit from the extra video ports required for such a setup, plus extras such as multiple USB ports and Ethernet. Some hook up three monitors and there are even docks that support up to four external screens.At CES, accessory maker Plugable unveiled the first docking station that can support five external monitors. Through the use of DisplayLink technology this expanse of screen real estate is available even to owners of the plain M1 and M2 MacBooks previously limited by Apple to just the solitary one external display.The UD-7400PD is a hybrid docking station that uses two technologies to drive the connected displays: USB-C Alt Mode Video and DisplayLink (third-party software that the user downloads before setting up the dock). For more details, see our explainer on how to connect multiple external displays to a Mac using DisplayLink.Up to five high-resolution displays can be added: three 6K screens, or one 6K plus four 4K displays. For Windows PCs, the 6K screen can be upgraded to a full 8K one. This mega multi-screen support is made possible by the docks use of the DisplayLink DL-7400 chipset.PlugableDo you need five screens?Probably not. Very few people actually need or desire five monitors, but the UD-7400PD dock offers flexibility. Users can choose from the five video optionsone HDMI 2.1 for the highest 6K resolution, one HDMI 2.0 for 4K at 60Hz, and three 10Gbps USB-C ports with DisplayLink enabled for 4K at 60Hzwith any unused USB-C ports free for other devices with full data, video and power potential (up to 15W).Having the same and full USB-C options available for each port makes usage simple for the user, rather than having to select a particular one for video and others for power or data. The UD-7400PD dock offers PD 3.1 140W Power Delivery, meaning it can be used to fast-charge even the top-end 16-inch MacBook Pro.PlugableThe top-end specs continue with a 2.5Gb Ethernet port, which will dramatically speed up a network supported at the same speed. At the front is another USB-C port capable of outputting 30W of power, enough to fast-charge any iPhone. Two legacy but speedy 10Gbps USB-A ports (7.5W) and a combo 3.5mm audio socket round out the front ports.The UD-7400PD dock is expected to be available in March for approximately $265. For more options, check out our roundups of the best docking stations for Mac and best DisplayLink docks.PlugablePlugable USB-C Quad HDMI Graphics AdapterPlugable also announced a smaller video-only solution using the same DisplayLink DL-7400 chipset that supports four independent high-resolution displays via one USB-C cable but without the extra ports boasted by the fuller five-display docking station. The compact USB-C Quad HDMI Graphics Adapter (USBC-7400H4) uses the same DisplayLink technology as the UD-7400PD dock to drive four 4K 60Hz HDMI outputs from a single USB-C port, and allowing for up to 100W USB-C PD pass-through charging.The USBC-7400H4 will cost $125.

MacworldThe Mac Pro has garnered staunch criticism from the crowd that would usually buy onein most cases, its warranted. The Mac Studio is alarmingly good for much cheaper. I, too, bought into the critique of the Mac Pro being a bad buy. But the Mac Pro does have valuea lot of it. As a fan of the 2019 Intel Mac Pro, I tried the M2 Max MacBook Pro and Mac Studio but found that the Mac Pro has advantages that cant be overlooked.Hidden costs of other MacsWhen I tried to switch over to a MacBook Pro as my primary Mac, the problems started almost immediately as I attempted to mimic the hefty storage and port options that I had on my 2019 Mac Pro. I need more than the three Thunderbolt/USB 4 ports on the MacBook Pro so I required a Thunderbolt dock. The Mac Studio has more ports, so I fared better with it, but I still needed a Sonnet Thunderbolt 4 Dock to support all the external devices I use. The cost savings of the Mac Studio quickly start to dwindle when accounting for the expense of the external devices needed. Theres the hub, all the cables needed to connect to the hub, and the enclosures I had to buy to house the items that were internally installed in my Mac Pro. If no enclosure was available, I had to buy external replacements.The Mac Studio may be as fast as the Mac Pro, but it comes with a few extra friends on your desk.Thiago Trevisan/FoundryThose external replacements are where it really hits your wallet and the cost benefit of the Mac Studio shrinks substantially. More affordable USB-C external drives do not play nicely with MacsUSB performance is capped at lower speeds due to Macs not supporting USB 3.2 Gen 22 speeds. Youll be limited to USB 3.1 Gen 2 speeds of about 10Gbps, roughly half the theoretical speed on a PC with the same drive.That means that if you want faster performance, you must opt for more expensive Thunderbolt 4 external drives that can offer up to 40Gbps. (I cover the performance issues later in this article.)Youll likely need a Thunderbolt Dock to support more devices without a Mac Pro.Thiago Trevisan/FoundryGranted, if youre not a previous Mac Pro user and youre upgrading from an older MacBook Pro or a desktop Mac and already have an external device setup, your expense for setting up may be limited.Clutter- and noise-free (mostly)The Mac Studio and MacBook Pro may not occupy a lot of space, but they need a symphony of devices to replicate the capabilities of the Mac Pro on a desk. The horizontal space needed is multiplied by the heavy usage of raid arrays, docks, and PCIe external enclosures.MacBook Pro M3 Max is great, but it needs a supporting cast of devicesThiago Trevisan/FoundryIn addition to all the space the external devices take up, theres also cable managementeven if youre a pro at it, its a mess to deal with. You can daisy chain Thunderbolt devices to each other, but you will always have a large cacophony of cablesmost external devices need at least a power cable and their own Thunderbolt connection. Think of the Mac Pro like a large skyscraper, fitting most of these devices internally and verticallyno cable mess. The Mac Studio and MacBook Pro are silent machines, but the accompanying external devices can remove that magic because of their noisy fans for cooling. Most external Thunderbolt enclosures come packed with fansI have chased down Noctua fans to replace the stock fans in some external enclosures, adding to both cost and wasted time in trying to make a less-noisy workstation setup.With the Mac Pro, the large fans keep PCIe cards cool, and you rarely hear even a whimper from this elegant cheese-grater masterpiece.Cables quickly add up across needed devices.Thiago Trevisan/FoundryAppreciating PCIeYou dont have to be an audio engineer or YouTuber to benefit from the Mac Pros PCIe slots. You can skip many external Thunderbolt devices and use an internal PCIe-compatible option, instead. The Mac Pro has six PCIe gen 4 slotsits enough to free up the Mac Pros external ports, and suddenly the need for a pricey Thunderbolt 4 dock goes away.Beefy heatsinks on PCIe cards equates to silence, with only the Mac Pro fans needed.Thiago Trevisan/FoundryA minor win for the Mac Pro is that its internal Apple SSDs are upgradable, whereas the Mac Studios are not. If you bought 1TB and later want 8TB, you can have it. You may want to add PCIe cards for a better price-to-performance ratio, but the option is there.If you do need to connect external devices, the Mac Pro has eight Thunderbolt 4 ports and two USB-A ports. It also has two HDMI ports, two gigabit-ethernet ports, and a 3.5mm audio jack. You wont need to buy a dock.The Mac Pro has six PCIe slots.Thiago Trevisan/FoundryIf you only need a few terabytes of storage that can be accomplished with a simple external SSD and no PCIe cards, then the Mac Pro has no real benefit to you. If you do need more storage, using the Mac Pros PCIe slots can make a lot of sense.Mac Pro PCIe performanceWhile cost, noise, and clutter are important for many, the real bread-and-butter is in the hardware performance. While the Mac Pro does have its bandwidth limitations with its PCIe lanes, it still beats out external devices. You can use external devices on the Mac Proit also makes for a great shelf.Thiago Trevisan/FoundryWith a fast Thunderbolt 4 external drive, such as the SanDisk Pro G40, you will hit rated speeds of about 3000MBps read and 2500MBps write. Even with an external RAID 0 NVMe setup such as the SanDisk Pro-Blade Station, the limitations of Thunderbolt limit the speed.You dont have to rely on Apples PCIe offerings, either. You can get an $800Sonnet M.2 84 Silent Gen4 PCIe Cardand then add 32TB of very fast NVMe storage, and it will be about the same price as the $2,800Apple 8TB SSD Upgrade Kitthat fits into a PCIe slot. Spend more on NVMe storage and you can fit 64TB onto the Sonnet card.The Sonnet card in one of the Mac Pros 16x PCIe slots can theoretically reach a whopping 30,000MBps read and 18,000MBps write. All of this comes in a silent package that relies on the fans of the Mac Pro to quietly keep it cool.Blackmagicdesigns Disk Speed Test benchmark of four Samsung 970 EVO Plus NVMe SSDs in a Raid 0 array on a Sonnet PCIe card. IDGEven a more mundane PCIe Gen 3 raid 0 of fourSamsung 970 EVONVMe SSDs results in an impressive 12,632MBps write and 9,634MBps read.An OWC Accelsior 4M2 NVMe RAID 0 array with four Samsung 980 Pros installed in an 8x lane on the Mac Pro still reached 6,622MBps write and 5,558MBps read.Do you want SSD and hard drive raid arrays for backup? You can have them, but youll pay more per terabyte for external Thunderbolt enclosures marketed toward MacBook Pro and Mac Studio users. They will typically be much slower than internal PCIe cards, too.PCIe Gen 3 performance can still be impressive with the OWC Accelsior 4M2 cardFoundryThere are limits to the PCIe bandwidth of the 2023 Mac Pro, of course. Even with this in mind, the overall utility and performance can make this cheese grater a potent sleeper workstation.Nuances of PCIe on the Mac ProWhile the numbers are impressive, there are some very important caveats to know about how the Mac Pro handles its PCIe lanes. An OWC Accelsior 4M2 NVME PCIe card in an 8x lane.Thiago Trevisan/FoundryHeres a list of PCIe hardware that I moved over from a 2019 Mac Pro to a 2023 model. Everything below works and is visible in macOS when installed. I simply moved it over from my new Mac Pro and it all workedthats a big bonus. This includes:Sonnet 44 NVME PCIe card in the bottom 16x laneSonnet 84 NVME PCIe card in the top 16x lane OWC Accelsior 4M2 NVME PCIe card in an 8x laneSonnet Fusion SSD PCIe card in 8x lane number 6 Apple supplied I/O Card in the top slot The PCIe lanes are shared and limited so you cannot use them all at once and expect uncompromised performance. I use multiple large arrays for sequential backups (such as with Time Machine), so drops in theoretical speed are acceptable. Theyre still faster than any external Thunderbolt drive.It looks scary, but it still works and automatically adjusts bandwidth.FoundryThe built-in Expansion Slot Utility in macOS shows my Pool A Allocation at a whopping 181 percent, and Pool B at 59 percent. It dynamically adjusts bandwidth between each pool for the best performance. You can also manually assign different PCIe cards to different Pools, but I found that keeping it the Automatic Bandwidth Configuration worked best.It may look scary, but it all functions fine, just with reduced speeds if you attempt to use more than one lane at a time. The 2019 Intel Mac Pro had a more generous allotment of bandwidth, but it also had to accommodate lane-hungry GPUs in its 16x slots, such as the Radeon W6800X Duo. The 2019 Mac Pro also only supported PCIe Gen 3; the 2023 Mac Pro supports Gen 4 speeds. This helps to balance some of the bandwidth differences, but the limits remain on Apple silicon. Thunderbolt connectivity is independent now with this Apple silicon Mac Pro, whereas in the 2019 Mac Pro Thunderbolt also shared available bandwidth. That is why I keep at least a single Thunderbolt SanDisk Pro-Blade Station with four NVMe drives, to balance the internal PCIe slots bandwidth out. Even 2.5-inch SSD drives can be added to a Mac Pro. With the Sonnet J3i or Promise Pegasus J2i, it is a simple drop-in upgrade. Hard drives with massive amounts of storage are likewise easy to add. Some PCIe cards, such as this Sonnet Fusion card with two WD Blue SSDs, must be used in specific PCIe slots.Thiago Trevisan/FoundryASonnet Fusion Dual 2.5-inch SSD RAID cardworks but only in the number 6 8x PCIe in the 2023 Mac Pro. (This is noted by Sonnet, who guides users to install it in this specific slot only for this Fusion card.)It played nicely with the other installed NVMe PCIe cards in both the 16x and 8x slots.Dont overlook the Mac ProOn paper, the Mac Pro seems like a bad deal. But for users who need tons of storage, its a sleeper pick. Adding PCIe cards is still cheaper per terabyte than adding external Thunderbolt solutions. Youll appreciate the noise reduction, the practicality, and the fast performance that fits neatly inside a Mac Pro. The Mac Pro is an excellent combination of power and beautiful design.

Want to free up space on your computer? With the right tools, you can quickly eliminate gigabytes of unnecessary files and get back to work or whatever else you use your computer for.Ive long argued you dont need a PC cleaner app. You mostly just need the tools built right into Windows. Theyll do the job, whether youre using a workplace PC or a home computer.But I do have some useful free downloads to recommend that might speed things up.Get more Windows knowledge with my free Windows Intelligence newsletter. Plus, get free Windows Field Guide downloads as a special welcome bonus!Windows space-freeing step #1: Use Disk CleanupFirst things first: The classic Disk Cleanup tool built into Windows is still the quickest way to free up space. If your PC recently installed a big Windows update, you might be surprised to see that this tool can free up more than 10GB of storage space in just a few clicks.To launch it, open the Start menu, search for Disk Cleanup, and click the Disk Cleanup shortcut.When it opens, select your C: drive, and click OK. After it finishes a quick scan, click the Clean up system files button and select your C: drive once again.Youll see how much space you can free up here. Look through the list and check whatever you want to remove.You generally shouldnt run into any issues with removing most of this stuff. However, watch out for the Recycle Bin option if you check this, Windows will empty your Recycle Bin, and you wont be able to recover files in it. Also, watch out for the Previous Windows installations option. If you see this option here and check it, youll free up space but you wont be able to roll back to the previous Windows update if you ever experience a problem.When youre done, click OK and youll see a good chunk of space used by temporary files and other clutter freed up for other use instantly.The Disk Cleanup tool can often free up gigabytes of space in a few clicks.Chris Hoffman, IDGWindows space-freeing step #2: Think bigSome programs use quite a bit of space, without any of your own data even playing into the picture. To see just how much each installed application is using, open the Windows Settings app and select Apps > Installed Apps (on Windows 11) or Apps (on Windows 10.)Tell Windows to sort the apps by Size, and it will show you the largest applications at the top of the list. You can uninstall applications from here to free up space.Bear in mind that this isnt perfect, though. Many applications dont show storage space here at all theyll have a blank entry in the storage column, even though they may be using lots of space. But its still a smart place to start getting a general idea of whats eating up space and where you can turn to free up precious room.The storage space numbers in the Apps window arent always accurate, but theyre a good place to start.Chris Hoffman, IDGWindows space-freeing step #3: Lean on WizTreeWith temporary files cleaned up and a few big applications uninstalled, the next best way to free up space is to see whats actually using it. I recommend using a free application called WizTree. Itll give you an overall birds eye view of exactly whats using space on your computer.Install WizTree, launch it, and click Scan. WizTree is very fast at scanning your drive faster than other tools Ive used and recommended in the past, including the classic WinDirStat.Just be ready: WizTree will give you a lot of information. Use the visual view at the bottom of the window, though, and you can mouse over areas and see which folders and files are taking up the most room. Perhaps youll find an old backup folder you dont need, or you could discover some apps are using more space than you expect.From there, you can make informed decisions about which files to move off your computer and which programs to uninstall.A disk space analyzer is a must-have Windows PC utility.Chris Hoffman, IDGWindows space-freeing step #4: Turn to the cloudTheres a good chance you have a lot of files in cloud file storage services like OneDrive, Google Drive, Dropbox, or iCloud Drive. Thats especially true with OneDrive, as OneDrive is built right into Windows, and you get 1TB of cloud storage if you pay for Microsoft 365.Once you have all that stuff stored safely in such a remote location, theres a reasonable argument that you no longer need it also taking up space on your own local PC (unless you simply want the redundancy as an extra fail-safe and backup, of course).You can address this in several ways: First, you can hide certain folders so they dont sync to your PC. For example, in OneDrive, right-click the OneDrive cloud icon in your system tray, select Settings, click the Account option, and then click Choose folders. You can then uncheck certain folders, and they will never sync to your PC.OneDrive also downloads files on demand as you use them. You can right-click big files in File Explorer and select Free up space to save space on your computer. The next time you open that file, OneDrive will automatically redownload it but it wont exist in both places and take up room in the meantime.Windows space-freeing step #5: Seek out Storage SenseOn Windows 10 and 11, the Storage Sense interface is the more modern replacement for the Disk Cleanup tool. It offers a variety of unique features that can help you free up space.You find it by opening the Settings app from your Start menu, clicking System, and then Storage.Once you do, on Windows 11, you can select the Cleanup recommendations option under Storage Management to see things Windows recommends you remove. Beware: Windows will recommend you delete the contents of your Downloads folder! Depending on how you use that folder, you might not want to check that box.To allow the service to automatically free up space in the background, meanwhile, click the Storage Sense option (on Windows 11) or Configure storage sense or run it now (on Windows 10). Use the options there to configure how you want Storage Sense to work. For example, you could have Storage Sense automatically empty your Recycle Bin and delete old files in your Downloads folder whenever your PCs available disk space gets low.The Storage Sense tool is powerful, but be careful if you use it to empty your Recycle Bin or Downloads folder.Chris Hoffman, IDGWindows space-freeing step #6: Delete duplicatesIf you suspect you have duplicate files just wasting space on your PC, its a good idea to try a duplicate file-finding tool. You can pin down whether you have duplicate files and exactly where they are.I recommend using the classic (and free) dupeGuru tool to scan for duplicates. However, there are a variety of good duplicate file finders out there. Once youve identified the unnecessarily cloned files, you can decide what to do with them.Other ways to get more spaceIf youre still seeking digital breathing room after all of that, dont give up! A little creative thinking about your specific setup can help you find more ways to save space.For example, if you have a modern Copilot+ PC and are using the AI-powered Recall feature, you can control how much space Recall uses for snapshots from Recalls settings.If youve looked through all of your apps for similar space-saving opportunities and are still coming up short, the final answer is easy: You should consider getting more storage space. Life is too short to spend endless time micromanaging exactly whats on your computers local storage!On a desktop PC, you could just buy an external storage drive and plug it in or upgrade the internal storage. Even on a laptop, you might even be able to insert a microSD card for some extra room for files without adding any extra bulk.Want to make the most of your Windows PC? Sign up for my free Windows Intelligence newsletter. Youll get three new things to try every Friday and free copies of Paul Thurrotts Windows Field Guides as a special welcome gift.

Industry forces led by Apple and Google are pushing for a sharp acceleration of how often website certificates must be updated, but the stated security reason is raising an awful lot of eyebrows.Website certificates, also known as SSL/TLS certificates, use public-key cryptography to authenticate websites to web browsers. Issued by trusted certification authorities (CAs) that verify the ownership of web addresses, site certificates were originally valid for eight to ten years. That window dropped to five years in 2012 and has gradually stepped down to 398 days today.The two leading browser makers, among others, have continued to advocate for a much faster update cadence. In 2023, Google called for site certificates that are valid for no more than 90 days, and in late 2024, Apple submitted a proposal to the Certification Authority Browser Forum (CA/Browser Forum) to have certificates expire in 47 days by March 15, 2028. (Different versions of the proposal have referenced 45 days, so its often referred to as the 45-day proposal.)If the CA/Browser Forum adopts Apples proposal, IT departments that currently update their companys site certificates once a year will have to do so approximately every six weeks, an eightfold increase. Even Googles more modest 90-day proposal would multiply ITs workload by four. Heres what companies need to know to prepare.Why the push for shorter SSL certificate lifespans?The official reason for speeding up the certificate renewal cycle is to make it far harder for cyberthieves to leverage what are known as orphaned domain names to fuel phishing and other cons to steal data and credentials.Orphaned domain names come about when an enterprise pays to reserve a variety of domain names and then forgets about them. For example, Nabisco might think up a bunch of names for cereals that it might launch next year or Pfizer might do the same with various possible drug names and then eight managerial meetings later, all but two of the names are discarded because those products will not be launching. How often does someone bother to relinquish those no-longer-needed domain names?Even worse, most domain name registrars have no mechanism to surrender an already-paid-for name. The registrar just tells the company, Make sure its not auto-renewed, and then dont renew it later.When bad guys find those abandoned sites, they can grab them and try and use them for illegal purposes. Therefore, the argument goes, the shorter the timeframe when those site certificates are valid, the less of a security threat it poses. That is one of those arguments that seems entirely reasonable on a whiteboard, but it doesnt reflect reality in the field.Shortening the timeframe might lessen those attacks, but only if the timeframe is so short it denies the attackers sufficient time to do their evil. And, some security specialists argue, 47 days is still plenty of time. Therefore, those attacks are unlikely to be materially reduced.I dont think it is going to solve the problem that they think is going to be solved or at least that they have advertised it is going to solve, said Jon Nelson, the principal advisory director for security and privacy at the Info-Tech Research Group. Forty-seven days is a world of time for me as a bad guy to do whatever I want to do with that compromised certificate.Himanshu Anand, a researcher at security vendor c/side, agreed: If a bad actor manages to get their hands on a script, they can still very likely find a buyer for it on the dark web over a period of 45 days.That is why Anand is advocating for even more frequent updates. In seven days, the amount of coordination required to transfer and establish a worthy man-in-the-middle attack would make it a lot tighter and tougher for bad actors.But Nelson questions whether expired domain stealing is even a material concern for enterprises today.Of all of the people I talk with, I dont think I have talked with a single one that has had an incident dealing with a compromised certificate, Nelson said. This isnt one of the top ten problems that needs to be solved.That opinion is shared by Alex Lanstein, the CTO of security vendor StrikeReady. I dont want to say that this is a solution in search of a problem, but abusing website certs this is a rare problem, Lanstein said. The number of times when an attacker has stolen a cert and used it to impersonate a stolen domain is small.Getting a handle on faster site certificate updatesNevertheless, it seems clear that sharply accelerated certificate expiration dates are coming. And that will place a dramatically larger burden on IT departments and almost certainly force them to adopt automation. Indeed, Nelson argues that its mostly an effort for vendors to make money by selling their automation tools.Its a cash grab by those tool makers to force people to buy their technology. [IT departments] can handle their PKI [Public Key Infrastructure] internally, and its not an especially heavy lift, Nelson said.But it becomes a much bigger burden when it has to be done every few months or weeks. In a nutshell, renewing a certificate manually requires the site owner to acquire the updated certificate data from the certification authority and transmit it to the hosting company, but the exact process varies depending on the CA, the specific level of certificate purchased, the rules of the hosting/cloud environment, the location of the host, and numerous other variables. The number of certificates an enterprise must renew ranges widely depending on the nature of the business and other circumstances.C/sides Anand predicted that a 45-day update cycle will prove to be enough of a pain for IT to move away from legacy read: manual methods of handling scripts, which would allow for faster handling in the future.Automation can either be handled by third parties such as certificate lifecycle management (CLM) vendors, many of which are also CAs and members of the CA/Browser Forum, or it can be created in-house. The third-party approach can be configured numerous ways, but many involve granting that vendor some level of privileged access to enterprise systems which is something that can be unnerving following the summer 2024 CrowdStrike situation, when a software update by the vendor brought down 8.5 million Windows PCs around the world. Still, that was an extreme example, given that CrowdStrike had access to the most sensitive area of any system: the kernel.The $12 billion publisher Hearst is likely going to deal with the certificate change by allowing some external automation, but the company will build virtual fences around the automation software to maintain strict control, said Hearst CIO Atti Riazi.Larger, more mature organizations have the luxury of resources to place controls around these external entities. And so there can be a more sensible approach to the issue of how much unchecked automation is to exist, along with how much access the third parties are given, Riazi said. There will most likely be a proxy model that can be built where a middle ground is accessed from the outside, but the true endpoints are untouched by third parties.The certificate problem is not all that different from other technology challenges, she added.The issue exemplifies the reality of dealing with risk versus benefit. Organizational maturity, size, and security posture will play great roles in this issue. But the reality of certificates is not going away anytime soon, Riazi said. That is similar to saying we should all be at a passwordless stage by this point, but how many entities are truly passwordless yet?What happens when a website certificate expires?There is a partially misleading term often used when discussing certificate expiration. When a site certificate expires, the public-facing part of the site doesnt literally crash. To the site owner, it can feel like a crash, but it isnt.What happens is that there is an immediate plunge in traffic. Some visitors depending on the security settings of their employer may be fully blocked from visiting a site that has an expired certificate. For most visitors, though, their browser will simply flag that the certificate has expired and warn them that its dangerous to proceed without actually blocking them.But Tim Callan, chief compliance officer at CLM vendor Sectigo and vice chair elect of the CA/Browser Forum, argues that site visitors almost never navigate past the roadblock. Its very foreboding.That said, an expired certificate can sometimes deliver true outages, because the certificate is also powering internal server-to-server interactions.The majority of certs are not powering human-facing websites; they are indeed powering those server-to-server interactions, Callan said. Most of the time, that is what the outage really is: systems stop. In the worst scenarios, server A stops talking to server B and you have a cascading failure.Either way, an expired certificate means that most site visitors wont get to the site, so keeping certificates up to date is crucial. With a faster update cadence on the horizon, the time to make new plans for maintaining certificates is now.All that said, IT departments may have some breathing room. StrikeReadys Lanstein thinks the certification changes may not come as quickly or be as extreme as those outlined in Apples recent proposal.There is zero chance the 45 days will happen by 2028, he said. Google has been threatening to do the six-month thing for like five years. They will preannounce that theyre going to do something, and then in 2026, I guarantee that they will delay it. Not indefinitely, though.C/sides Anand also noted that, for many enterprises, the certificate-maintenance process is multiple steps removed.Most modern public-facing platforms operate behind proxies such as Cloudflare, Fastly, or Akamai, or use front-end hosting providers like Netlify, Firebase, and Shopify, Anand said. Alternatively, many host on cloud platforms like AWS [Amazon Web Services], [Microsoft] Azure, or GCP [Google Cloud Platform], all of which offer automated certificate management. As a result, modern solutions significantly reduce or eliminate the manual effort required by IT teams.

Well, Ill be: Its a new year! Already. Somehow. I think. (For full disclosure, Im still at least 77% asleep from my traditional end-of-year hibernation/hiatus. Kindly forgive any mid-sentence snores or nonsensical outbursts.)While most of the world is obsessing over Shiny New Stuff for 2025, though with the avalanche of awkwardly overlapping announcements known as the annual Consumer Electronics Show, along with all the never-ending crowing over almost-functional AI flummery personally, I like to think of the new year as a perfect opportunity to take stock of stuff you already have, give it all a good old-fashioned tune-up, and get it ready to work even better for you in the months ahead.Especially with Android devices now being supported with current software for longer than ever, youve got every reason to think about your phone(s) and tablet(s) the same way you do your car(s). In both those arenas, a teensy touch of easy occasional maintenance goes an impressively long way in keeping your tech in tip-top shape.And with Android, you really dont need much. In fact, so long as your device hasnt been involved in a metaphorical fender-bender, you dont even need a mechanic just about 20 minutes of time and the willingness to get your fingers a little greasy (metaphorically speaking) with some simple cobweb-clearing spruce-ups.So pop open your hood, pull on the nearest pair of oil-stained coveralls, and get ready to get your hands (metaphorically) dirty: Its time to step into the garage and get your mobile device back in fighting form for the coming year.Make your way through the following six steps and if youre hungry for even more advanced Android awesomeness after that, check out my free Android Shortcut Supercourse to uncover tons of new time-saving tricks.Step #1: Uninstall unnecessary apps Time required: 3 minutesThis first step may sound silly, but believe you me, it can make a mountain of difference: Whether theyre apps that came preinstalled or programs you downloaded once upon a moon, theres a decent chance youve got at least some unused items lurking in the mustier corners of your favorite Android gizmo. And guess what? Those forgotten icons do more than just collect virtual dust. They actively work against your need for Android-oriented speed.First, superfluous apps take up space both in the physical sense of your phones internal storage and in the sense of clutter that makes it tougher to find what you actually want at any given moment. But beyond that, abandoned apps often take a toll on a phones performance and stamina by needlessly eating up resources. And beyond that, they also open the door to some easily avoidable privacy compromises.You can probably scan through your app drawer pretty quickly and figure out which programs you havent opened in the past month or two. If you see something you arent using or something you really dont need touch and hold its icon and then look for the Uninstall option that appears around or above it. Remember, you can always reinstall it later if the need ever comes up.And if an app cant be uninstalled, it probably came preinstalled on your device and is baked into the system courtesy of your phones manufacturer and/or carrier. You should still be able to disable it, though: Either long-press it and then touch the i icon that appears or find and tap its title within the Apps section of your system settings. Then, look for the Disable command, tap it with gusto, and send the thing off to app hell precisely where it belongs. Bonus tip: Want a helping hand in identifying your unused apps? Grab Googles standalone Files app (which notably may not be the same as the Files app that came preinstalled on your phone). Open it once, then set yourself a reminder to check back on it in a month. By then, Files will have built up enough data to be able to tell you which apps you arent actually ever using and to give you a super-simple way to get rid of all of em with a few quick taps.The Files app by Google makes it easy to identify and then uninstall apps you arent actively using.JR Raphael, IDGJust be sure to think through its recommendations carefully before uninstalling anything. Sometimes, the Files app will flag an app as unused if you havent explicitly opened it in a number of weeks even if its something you actually do rely on as a background utility. But its a helpful starting point for this part of the process and a great way to get your tech-tinged tune-up going.And speaking of stuff that runs in the backgroundStep #2: Lock down resource hogs Time required: 5 minutesMaybe theres an app you genuinely do use but that drags your phone down with over-the-top background activity in other words, doing stuff you dont need it to do while you arent actively looking at it. Facebook and Instagram are both notorious for this sort of obnoxious behavior, and theyre anything but the only offenders.Lucky for us, though, even when an app is poorly designed in this way with abusive background activity and no easy option to stop it you can still reclaim control. Start by opening up the Battery section of your system settings and finding the app-by-app battery usage breakdown. (On some devices, you may have to tap the three-dot menu icon in the upper-right corner of the Battery settings to uncover that option.) Thisll work best if you do it toward the end of a day, when your phone has plenty of activity to analyze.Tap any app with high battery usage and then see how much of its activity is happening in the background while you arent actively using it. For any programs with high amounts of background activity, ask yourself: Is this app doing something in the background that actually matters? For instance, do you really need Facebook or any other social media and news tools to be refreshing their feeds while you arent looking at em? Probably not. But lots of apps like those do that by default and end up draining your devices battery and monopolizing its horsepower as a result.For any such items you come across, youve got two options: Look in the apps own settings to see if theres a way to turn off its background activity or, provided your phone is running 2017s Android 8 release or higher (which, by golly, itd better be!), use Androids own background restriction option within your phones Battery settings or Apps settings to shut it down at the system level.Disabling an apps background usage can cut down on unnecessary resource use and make your entire phone feel faster.JR Raphael, IDGLets check one more place, just to round things out: Head over to the Network & Internet section of your system settings (or the Connections section, if youre on a Samsung phone) and tap the line labeled Data usage or, if dont see that line, tap either Internet or Mobile network and then tap the gear icon next to your carriers name followed by App data usage. (On some devices, you might see App data usage or possibly Mobile data usage right on that initial screen.)However you get there, you should find a list of how much data different apps have been using as of late. Select any apps with high amounts and see how much of their data transferring is going on in the background. If an app is using a significant amount of background data for no apparent reason, take away its ability to do so by deactivating the Background data toggle on that same screen which will in turn free up precious processing power and battery juice in addition to stopping the needless drain on your mobile data plan.With both parts of this step, just be sure to use common sense and avoid disabling background permissions for any system-level tools things like your Phone app or Android OS as well as for any apps that genuinely need such capabilities in order to operate (like a messaging app, for instance, which wouldnt be able to look for new incoming messages if it didnt have background data and battery access).Step #3: Nuke annoying notifications Time required: 4 minutesThis next step is less about system performance and more about your own sanity and ability to get stuff done. Notifications are distractions, after all and odds are, your phones giving you plenty of attention-demanding alerts that are ultimately slowing you down.Think about all the notifications that show up on your Android device and then think carefully about how many of em provide you with truly pertinent info that warrants the interruption. Do you need to know about every breaking news story the second it happens instead of finding that info when you actively seek it out on your own? What about social media mentions or incoming emails? Only you can decide what makes sense for you, but Id be willing to wager you have at least a couple (and more likely a coupon dozen) types of notifications youd be better off without.If you think of any such examples, march into the Notifications section of your system settings and tap App notifications. You can then select any app youve got and either turn off all of its alerts, at the system level, or disable only certain types of alerts its able to generate for instance, leaving on notifications for direct messages in LinkedIn but shutting off all the other types of interruptions that service loves to send your way.You can also get even more nuanced and change the way certain types of alerts appear maybe setting an apps less important notifications to show up silently so youll see em eventually but wont be bothered when they arrive. Bonus tip: Provided your phone is running Android 9 or higher, theres a quick n easy way to find your worst notification offenders: Head into that same Notifications section of your system settings, tap App notifications, and then look for the Most recent bar or the All dropdown at the top of the screen.Tap that, then tap the selector at the top of the screen and change it to Most frequent and then, youll see an ordered list of exactly which apps are interrupting you the most. You can tap on any apps name from that list to jump directly to its notification controls and tell it to kindly hush its virtual beak.Your Android notification panel doesnt have to be an inefficient, clutter-filled source of stress.JR Raphael, IDG And if you want even more notification-improving intelligence, check out my free Android Notification Power-Pack to explore six next-level notification enhancers thatll make any Android device instantly more effective.Step #4: Clear out your storage Time required: 3 minutesAndroid phones often have limited amounts of local storage especially when youre working with an old Android device or one thats more on the midrange to lower-end side of the spectrum. So the next step in our speed-up will clear out the clutter and free up some of your devices precious local space. Thatll give you more room for future downloads and app installs, of course, but it can also help your phone run a heck of a lot more smoothly.The biggest storage-sucking culprit, not surprisingly, tends to be content from your camera so if you arent already using Google Photos excellent cloud-syncing capability, head into the apps settings and set that up now. Then, you can safely erase all the local copies of your photos and videos and still access them as if they were on your device. Plus, you can get to em fromother phones or computers, too.The rest is refreshingly easy: Remember that Google Files app we were talking about a minute ago? Open it up and look through the cards on its Clean screen. Theyll show you a bunch of smart suggestions for stuff you can clean up and delete, ranging from junk files and duplicates to already backed-up photos, videos, and other files you arent using and likely dont need. You can review all of the suggestions and then click a button to sweep any of the associated files away without ever leaving the app.Youll have a smoother and quite possibly speedier Android experience with less stuff clogging up your storage.JR Raphael, IDG Bonus tip: If youre using a Google-made Pixel phone, look for the Smart Storage option within the settings area of the Files app (which you can get to by tapping the three-line menu icon in the apps upper-left corner and then selecting Settings). Activating that will allow your phone to automatically remove already-backed-up photos and videos whenever your storage is running low or after the files have been on your device for a certain amount of time taking all the heavy lifting out of your hands and making the ongoing maintenance almost entirely effortless.Step #5: Spruce up your home screen Time required: 4 minutesAlmost done! Up next is a simple step thats all about organization, speed, and the resulting efficiency thatll bring you all by getting your home screen tidied up and in optimal working order.An organized home screen makes it faster and easier to get to the stuff you use the most and realistically, for most of us, thats a relatively small number of items. Remember: This isnt iOS! You dont have to treat your home screen as a generically cluttered grid of every single thing youve got installed.So look at every item on your home screen and think carefully about how often you use it. If it isnt something you open at least once daily or close to it, take it off. That way, your home screen will act as an efficient launching pad for your most essential apps, shortcuts, and widgets the stuff you actually access on a regular basis and then everything else can be pulled up quickly as needed via your scrolling alphabetical app drawer. Bonus tip: If you really want to take your home screen efficiency to the next level, consider exploring some of the many excellent custom Android launchers that are out there and waiting. They replace your standard home screen environment with something much more customizable for your specific work flow and preferred methods of getting stuff accomplished, and they can make any phone feel meaningfully faster, more efficient, and also just more pleasant to use.Step #6: Flip Androids secret superspeed switch Time required: 1 minuteLast but not least is one of the most powerful speed-boosters for any Android device, no matter how new or high-end it may (or may not) be.Its a secret switch that puts your phone into a little-known and deeply buried turbo mode of sorts. Itll take you virtually no time to find and activate, and trust me: Youll notice a definite difference the second you do.Ive got all the info you need in this quick n simple guide.And with that, my dearest darling, your speed-seeking Android adjustments are complete. Give yourself a hearty pat on the back and grab a well-deserved donut and get ready for your phone to roll out of the shop and rev its engine all over the world.Ready for even more advanced Android knowledge? Come check out my free Android Shortcut Supercourse next. Youll learn tons of time-saving tricks for your freshly optimized phone!

MIT Technology Reviews Whats Next series looks across industries, trends, and technologies to give you a first look at the future. You can read the rest of themhere.For the last couple of years weve had a go at predicting whats coming next in AI. A fools game given how fast this industry moves. But were on a roll, and were doing it again.How did we score last time round? Our four hot trends to watch out for in 2024 included what we called customized chatbotsinteractive helper apps powered by multimodal large language models (check: we didnt know it yet, but we were talking about what everyone now calls agents, the hottest thing in AI right now); generative video (check: few technologies have improved so fast in the last 12 months, with OpenAI and Google DeepMind releasing their flagship video generation models, Sora and Veo, within a week of each other this December); and more general-purpose robots that can do a wider range of tasks (check: the payoffs from large language models continue to trickle down to other parts of the tech industry, and robotics is top of the list).We also said that AI-generated election disinformation would be everywhere, but herehappilywe got it wrong. There were many things to wring our hands over this year, but political deepfakes were thin on the ground.So whats coming in 2025? Were going to ignore the obvious here: You can bet that agents and smaller, more efficient, language models will continue to shape the industry. Instead, here are five alternative picks from our AI team.1. Generative virtual playgroundsIf 2023 was the year of generative images and 2024 was the year of generative videowhat comes next? If you guessed generative virtual worlds (a.k.a. video games), high fives all round.We got a tiny glimpse of this technology in February, when Google DeepMind revealed a generative model called Genie that could take a still image and turn it into a side-scrolling 2D platform game that players could interact with. In December, the firm revealed Genie 2, a model that can spin a starter image into an entire virtual world.Other companies are building similar tech. In October, the AI startups Decart and Etched revealed an unofficial Minecraft hack in which every frame of the game gets generated on the fly as you play. And World Labs, a startup cofounded by Fei-Fei Licreator of ImageNet, the vast data set of photos that kick-started the deep-learning boomis building what it calls large world models, or LWMs.One obvious application is video games. Theres a playful tone to these early experiments, and generative 3D simulations could be used to explore design concepts for new games, turning a sketch into a playable environment on the fly. This could lead to entirely new types of games.But they could also be used to train robots. World Labs wants to develop so-called spatial intelligencethe ability for machines to interpret and interact with the everyday world. But robotics researchers lack good data about real-world scenarios with which to train such technology. Spinning up countless virtual worlds and dropping virtual robots into them to learn by trial and error could help make up for that.Will Douglas Heaven2. Large language models that reasonThe buzz was justified. When OpenAI revealed o1 in September, it introduced a new paradigm in how large language models work. Two months later, the firm pushed that paradigm forward in almost every way with o3a model that just might reshape this technology for good. Most models, including OpenAIs flagship GPT-4, spit out the first response they come up with. Sometimes its correct; sometimes its not. But the firms new models are trained to work through their answers step by step, breaking down tricky problems into a series of simpler ones. When one approach isnt working, they try another. This technique, known as reasoning (yeswe know exactly how loaded that term is), can make this technology more accurate, especially for math, physics, and logic problems.Its also crucial for agents.In December, Google DeepMind revealed an experimental new web-browsing agent called Mariner. In the middle of a preview demo that the company gave to MIT Technology Review, Mariner seemed to get stuck. Megha Goel, a product manager at the company, had asked the agent to find her a recipe for Christmas cookies that looked like the ones in a photo shed given it. Mariner found a recipe on the web and started adding the ingredients to Goels online grocery basket.Then it stalled; it couldnt figure out what type of flour to pick. Goel watched as Mariner explained its steps in a chat window: It says, I will use the browsers Back button to return to the recipe.It was a remarkable moment. Instead of hitting a wall, the agent had broken the task down into separate actions and picked one that might resolve the problem. Figuring out you need to click the Back button may sound basic, but for a mindless bot its akin to rocket science. And it worked: Mariner went back to the recipe, confirmed the type of flour, and carried on filling Goels basket.Google DeepMind is also building an experimental version of Gemini 2.0, its latest large language model, that uses this step-by-step approach to problem solving, called Gemini 2.0 Flash Thinking. But OpenAI and Google are just the tip of the iceberg. Many companies are building large language models that use similar techniques, making them better at a whole range of tasks, from cooking to coding. Expect a lot more buzz about reasoning (we know, we know) this year.Will Douglas Heaven3. Its boom time for AI in scienceOne of the most exciting uses for AI is speeding up discovery in the natural sciences. Perhaps the greatest vindication of AIs potential on this front came last October, when the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry to Demis Hassabis and John M. Jumper from Google DeepMind for building the AlphaFold tool, which can solve protein folding, and to David Baker for building tools to help design new proteins.Expect this trend to continue next year, and to see more data sets and models that are aimed specifically at scientific discovery. Proteins were the perfect target for AI, because the field had excellent existing data sets that AI models could be trained on.The hunt is on to find the next big thing. One potential area is materials science. Meta has released massive data sets and models that could help scientists use AI to discover new materials much faster, and in December, Hugging Face, together with the startup Entalpic, launched LeMaterial, an open-source project that aims to simplify and accelerate materials research. Their first project is a data set that unifies, cleans, and standardizes the most prominent material data sets.AI model makers are also keen to pitch their generative products as research tools for scientists. OpenAI let scientists test its latest o1 model and see how it might support them in research. The results were encouraging.Having an AI tool that can operate in a similar way to a scientist is one of the fantasies of the tech sector. In a manifesto published in October last year, Anthropic founder Dario Amodei highlighted science, especially biology, as one of the key areas where powerful AI could help. Amodei speculates that in the future, AI could be not only a method of data analysis but a virtual biologist who performs all the tasks biologists do. Were still a long way away from this scenario. But next year, we might see important steps toward it.Melissa Heikkil4. AI companies get cozier with national securityThere is a lot of money to be made by AI companies willing to lend their tools to border surveillance, intelligence gathering, and other national security tasks.The US military has launched a number of initiatives that show its eager to adopt AI, from the Replicator programwhich, inspired by the war in Ukraine, promises to spend $1 billion on small dronesto the Artificial Intelligence Rapid Capabilities Cell, a unit bringing AI into everything from battlefield decision-making to logistics. European militaries are under pressure to up their tech investment, triggered by concerns that Donald Trumps administration will cut spending to Ukraine. Rising tensions between Taiwan and China weigh heavily on the minds of military planners, too.In 2025, these trends will continue to be a boon for defense-tech companies like Palantir, Anduril, and others, which are now capitalizing on classified military data to train AI models.The defense industrys deep pockets will tempt mainstream AI companies into the fold too. OpenAI in December announced it is partnering with Anduril on a program to take down drones, completing a year-long pivot away from its policy of not working with the military. It joins the ranks of Microsoft, Amazon, and Google, which have worked with the Pentagon for years.Other AI competitors, which are spending billions to train and develop new models, will face more pressure in 2025 to think seriously about revenue. Its possible that theyll find enough non-defense customers who will pay handsomely for AI agents that can handle complex tasks, or creative industries willing to spend on image and video generators.But theyll also be increasingly tempted to throw their hats in the ring for lucrative Pentagon contracts. Expect to see companies wrestle with whether working on defense projects will be seen as a contradiction to their values. OpenAIs rationale for changing its stance was that democracies should continue to take the lead in AI development, the company wrote, reasoning that lending its models to the military would advance that goal. In 2025, well be watching others follow its lead.James ODonnell5. Nvidia sees legitimate competitionFor much of the current AI boom, if you were a tech startup looking to try your hand at making an AI model, Jensen Huang was your man. As CEO of Nvidia, the worlds most valuable corporation, Huang helped the company become the undisputed leader of chips used both to train AI models and to ping a model when anyone uses it, called inferencing.A number of forces could change that in 2025. For one, behemoth competitors like Amazon, Broadcom, AMD, and others have been investing heavily in new chips, and there are early indications that these could compete closely with Nvidiasparticularly for inference, where Nvidias lead is less solid.A growing number of startups are also attacking Nvidia from a different angle. Rather than trying to marginally improve on Nvidias designs, startups like Groq are making riskier bets on entirely new chip architectures that, with enough time, promise to provide more efficient or effective training. In 2025 these experiments will still be in their early stages, but its possible that a standout competitor will change the assumption that top AI models rely exclusively on Nvidia chips.Underpinning this competition, the geopolitical chip war will continue. That war thus far has relied on two strategies. On one hand, the West seeks to limit exports to China of top chips and the technologies to make them. On the other, efforts like the US CHIPS Act aim to boost domestic production of semiconductors.Donald Trump may escalate those export controls and has promised massive tariffs on any goods imported from China. In 2025, such tariffs would put Taiwanon which the US relies heavily because of the chip manufacturer TSMCat the center of the trade wars. Thats because Taiwan has said it will help Chinese firms relocate to the island to help them avoid the proposed tariffs. That could draw further criticism from Trump, who has expressed frustration with US spending to defend Taiwan from China.Its unclear how these forces will play out, but it will only further incentivize chipmakers to reduce reliance on Taiwan, which is the entire purpose of the CHIPS Act. As spending from the bill begins to circulate, next year could bring the first evidence of whether its materially boosting domestic chip production.James ODonnell

Crew members of the original staff of Annapurna Interactive will be taking on new responsibilities in the form of a new company. As a result, the new company will essentially absorb Take-Two Interactives independent publishing label, Private Division.This takeover of Private Division comes a couple of months after Take-Two Interactive had announced selling the label to a buyer that was, at the time, undisclosed. According to a report by Bloomberg, the buyer of Private Division is an Austin, Texas-based equity firm named Haveli Investments.Since then, the report indicates that Haveli has tasked former staff members from Annapurna Interactive with running Private Division. This includes unreleased game from Private Division, like Tales of the Shire: A Lord of the Rings Game. Other games that will be taken on by this new company include Kerbal Space Program and its sequel, and an unannounced title from the studio behind the Pokmon games, Game Freak.Haveli Investments itself has not yet made any announcements or statements about the new company, which will essentially include a mix of employees from Private Division and former workers from Annapurna Interactive.Back when Take-Two had originally sold Private Division, CEO Strauss Zelnick referred to the move as a strategic decision that would allow the company to focus its resources on its main upcoming projects, and said that its strengths lied more in the AAA space than the indie market.We made this strategic decision so that we could focus all of our resources on growing our core and mobile businesses for the long term, said Zelnick in November. Were really best at these big AAA experiences. We have the biggest intellectual properties in the interactive entertainment business and some of the biggest intellectual properties in the overall entertainment business, and to make sequels to existing beloved franchises, as well as create new hit intellectual properties, is our mission.Quite a few games had been released under the Private Division label since it was originally created back in 2017. This includes games from a variety of markets, from indie titles like OlliOlli World and Rollerdrome, to more ambitious games like Kerbal Space Program 2 and The Outer Worlds.Annapurna Interactive, on the other hand, had quite a tumultuous year, with most of its staff having resigned from their jobs back in September in the wake of a power struggle between its leadership. The company still currently exists, but hasnt announced any new titles. The company is reportedly still developing Silent Hill: Townfall, which doesnt yet have a release date.

html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"SideFX has begun releasing custom Houdini tools developed for Project Grot, its in-house tech demo intended to showcase procedural world-building techniques for game development.So far, two tools have been released: one for generating procedural ruins, and one for procedural strands of flesh, both also available as .hda files that can be used in Unreal Engine.Project Grot: showcasing art-directable techniques for building game worlds procedurallyLike 2022s Project Titan, Project Grot is an in-house tech demo designed to test procedural workflows for creating 3D environment content for use in games.The art-directed scene depicts an ancient, cave-like environment, partially filled with lava, and with walls and rocks connected with unnervingly organic-looking strands of flesh.It was created by a team of five artists working under a two-month deadline, with the custom procedural tools created in Houdini then used to lay out the level inside Unreal Engine 5.Procedural ruins and procedural flesh tools now available to downloadSo far, two of those custom procedural tools have been released publicly, the first being one for generating procedural ruins.Shown in the video above, it enables artists to turn rough blockout geometry into detailed high-poly meshes by painting areas of procedural damage on their surfaces using vertex colors.The other, shown in the video at the top of the story, generates procedural webs of flesh.It makes use of raycasting to shoot curves between surfaces in the scene that will later become flesh, then clusters curves based on proximity to give an organic structure to the results.The Project Grot homepage also hosts videos without downloadable supporting files on creating the volcanic landscape and lava, and creating a rock-generation tool.Price and system requirementsThe Project Grot tools are available free as Houdini .hip files and .hda files that can be imported and edited in DCC applications compatible with Houdini Engine, including Unreal Engine.To use the .hda files inside Unreal Engine 5, you will need the Houdini Engine for Unreal plugin. It is now included in the Houdini installer, and is free for use on commercial projects, but only works with commercial licenses of the software, not free Houdini Apprentice licenses.You can find pricing and system requirements for Houdini in this story on Houdini 20.5.Read more about Project Grot on the SideFX websiteDownload the free Project Grot procedural ruins tool for Houdini and Unreal EngineDownload the free Project Grot procedural flesh tool for Houdini and Unreal EngineHave your say on this story by following CG Channel on Facebook, Instagram and X (formerly Twitter). As well as being able to comment on stories, followers of our social media accounts can see videos we dont post on the site itself, including making-ofs for the latest VFX movies, animations, games cinematics and motion graphics projects.