Owlcat Games’ countdown led to an announcement at the Future Games Show Summer Showcase for a brand new title, one completely unlike its previous games. The Expanse: Osiris Reborn is in development on Unreal Engine 5 for Xbox Series X/S, PS5, and PC. Check out the first trailer below. It starts with a space crew attacking a fortified asteroid, using zero gravity to take out threats. During one firefight, they deploy a drone (which targets an explosive barrel to eliminate enemies) and a riot shield, which can soak up damage and base threats. Eventually, they happen upon some people contaminated by crystals. The trailer then cuts to some pre-alpha gameplay, showcasing third-person, cover-based shooting. Some set pieces involve traversing zero gravity outside of space stations and futuristic settlements. Stay tuned for more details on The Expanse: Osiris Reborn in the coming months. Owlcat is also working on a new Warhammer 40,000 CRPG called Dark Heresy. Head here for more details.

In 2025, it’s very difficult not to see gambling advertised everywhere. It’s on billboards and sports broadcasts. It’s on podcasts and printed on the turnbuckle of AEW’s pay-per-view shows. And it’s on app stores, where you can find the FanDuel and DraftKings sportsbooks, alongside glitzy digital slot machines. These apps all have the highest age ratings possible on Apple’s App Store and Google Play. But earlier this year, a different kind of app nearly disappeared from the Play Store entirely.Luck Be A Landlord is a roguelite deckbuilder from solo developer Dan DiIorio. DiIorio got word from Google in January 2025 that Luck Be A Landlord was about to be pulled, globally, because DiIorio had not disclosed the game’s “gambling themes” in its rating.In Luck Be a Landlord, the player takes spins on a pixel art slot machine to earn coins to pay their ever-increasing rent — a nightmare gamification of our day-to-day grind to remain housed. On app stores, it’s a one-time purchase of $4.99, and it’s $9.99 on Steam. On the Play Store page, developer Dan DiIorio notes, “This game does not contain any real-world currency gambling or microtransactions.”And it doesn’t. But for Google, that didn’t matter. First, the game was removed from the storefront in a slew of countries that have strict gambling laws. Then, at the beginning of 2025, Google told Dilorio that Luck Be A Landlord would be pulled globally because of its rating discrepancy, as it “does not take into account references to gambling (including real or simulated gambling)”.DiIorio had gone through this song and dance before — previously, when the game was blocked, he would send back a message saying “hey, the game doesn’t have gambling,” and then Google would send back a screenshot of the game and assert that, in fact, it had.DiIorio didn’t agree, but this time they decided that the risk of Landlord getting taken down permanently was too great. They’re a solo developer, and Luck Be a Landlord had just had its highest 30-day revenue since release. So, they filled out the form confirming that Luck Be A Landlord has “gambling themes,” and are currently hoping that this will be the end of it.This is a situation that sucks for an indie dev to be in, and over email DiIorio told Polygon it was “very frustrating.”“I think it can negatively affect indie developers if they fall outside the norm, which indies often do,” they wrote. “It also makes me afraid to explore mechanics like this further. It stifles creativity, and that’s really upsetting.”In late 2024, the hit game Balatro was in a similar position. It had won numerous awards, and made $1,000,000 in its first week on mobile platforms. And then overnight, the PEGI ratings board declared that the game deserved an adult rating.The ESRB had already rated it E10+ in the US, noting it has gambling themes. And the game was already out in Europe, making its overnight ratings change a surprise. Publisher PlayStack said the rating was given because Balatro has “prominent gambling imagery and material that instructs about gambling.”Balatro is basically Luck Be A Landlord’s little cousin. Developer LocalThunk was inspired by watching streams of Luck Be A Landlord, and seeing the way DiIorio had implemented deck-building into his slot machine. And like Luck Be A Landlord, Balatro is a one-time purchase, with no microtransactions.But the PEGI board noted that because the game uses poker hands, the skills the player learns in Balatro could translate to real-world poker.In its write-up, GameSpot noted that the same thing happened to a game called Sunshine Shuffle. It was temporarily banned from the Nintendo eShop, and also from the entire country of South Korea. Unlike Balatro, Sunshine Shuffle actually is a poker game, except you’re playing Texas Hold ‘Em — again for no real money — with cute animals (who are bank robbers).It’s common sense that children shouldn’t be able to access apps that allow them to gamble. But none of these games contain actual gambling — or do they?Where do we draw the line? Is it gambling to play any game that is also played in casinos, like poker or blackjack? Is it gambling to play a game that evokes the aesthetics of a casino, like cards, chips, dice, or slot machines? Is it gambling to wager or earn fictional money?Gaming has always been a lightning rod for controversy. Sex, violence, misogyny, addiction — you name it, video games have been accused of perpetrating or encouraging it. But gambling is gaming’s original sin. And it’s the one we still can’t get a grip on.The original link between gambling and gamingGetty ImagesThe association between video games and gambling all goes back to pinball. Back in the ’30s and ’40s, politicians targeted pinball machines for promoting gambling. Early pinball machines were less skill-based (they didn’t have flippers), and some gave cash payouts, so the comparison wasn’t unfair. Famously, mob-hating New York City mayor Fiorello LaGuardia banned pinball in the city, and appeared in a newsreel dumping pinball and slot machines into the Long Island Sound. Pinball machines spent some time relegated to the back rooms of sex shops and dive bars. But after some lobbying, the laws relaxed.By the 1970s, pinball manufacturers were also making video games, and the machines were side-by-side in arcades. Arcade machines, like pinball, took small coin payments, repeatedly, for short rounds of play. The disreputable funk of pinball basically rubbed off onto video games.Ever since video games rocked onto the scene, concerned and sometimes uneducated parties have been asking if they’re dangerous. And in general, studies have shown that they’re not. The same can’t be said about gambling — the practice of putting real money down to bet on an outcome.It’s a golden age for gambling2025 in the USA is a great time for gambling, which has been really profitable for gambling companies — to the tune of $66.5 billion dollars of revenue in 2023.To put this number in perspective, the American Gaming Association, which is the casino industry’s trade group and has nothing to do with video games, reports that 2022’s gambling revenue was $60.5 billion. It went up $6 billion in a year.And this increase isn’t just because of sportsbooks, although sports betting is a huge part of it. Online casinos and brick-and-mortar casinos are both earning more, and as a lot of people have pointed out, gambling is being normalized to a pretty disturbing degree.Much like with alcohol, for a small percentage of people, gambling can tip from occasional leisure activity into addiction. The people who are most at risk are, by and large, already vulnerable: researchers at the Yale School of Medicine found that 96% of problem gamblers are also wrestling with other disorders, such as “substance use, impulse-control disorders, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders.”Even if you’re not in that group, there are still good reasons to be wary of gambling. People tend to underestimate their own vulnerability to things they know are dangerous for others. Someone else might bet beyond their means. But I would simply know when to stop.Maybe you do! But being blithely confident about it can make it hard to notice if you do develop a problem. Or if you already have one.Addiction changes the way your brain works. When you’re addicted to something, your participation in it becomes compulsive, at the expense of other interests and responsibilities. Someone might turn to their addiction to self-soothe when depressed or anxious. And speaking of those feelings, people who are depressed and anxious are already more vulnerable to addiction. Given the entire state of the world right now, this predisposition shines an ugly light on the numbers touted by the AGA. Is it good that the industry is reporting $6 billion in additional earnings, when the economy feels so frail, when the stock market is ping ponging through highs and lows daily, when daily expenses are rising? It doesn’t feel good. In 2024, the YouTuber Drew Gooden turned his critical eye to online gambling. One of the main points he makes in his excellent video is that gambling is more accessible than ever. It’s on all our phones, and betting companies are using decades of well-honed app design and behavioral studies to manipulate users to spend and spend.Meanwhile, advertising on podcasts, billboards, TV, radio, and websites – it’s literally everywhere — tells you that this is fun, and you don’t even need to know what you’re doing, and you’re probably one bet away from winning back those losses.Where does Luck Be a Landlord come into this?So, are there gambling themes in Luck Be A Landlord? The game’s slot machine is represented in simple pixel art. You pay one coin to use it, and among the more traditional slot machine symbols are silly ones like a snail that only pays out after 4 spins.When I started playing it, my primary emotion wasn’t necessarily elation at winning coins — it was stress and disbelief when, in the third round of the game, the landlord increased my rent by 100%. What the hell.I don’t doubt that getting better at it would produce dopamine thrills akin to gambling — or playing any video game. But it’s supposed to be difficult, because that’s the joke. If you beat the game you unlock more difficulty modes where, as you keep paying rent, your landlord gets furious, and starts throwing made-up rules at you: previously rare symbols will give you less of a payout, and the very mechanics of the slot machine change.It’s a manifestation of the golden rule of casinos, and all of capitalism writ large: the odds are stacked against you. The house always wins. There is luck involved, to be sure, but because Luck Be A Landlord is a deck-builder, knowing the different ways you can design your slot machine to maximize payouts is a skill! You have some influence over it, unlike a real slot machine. The synergies that I’ve seen high-level players create are completely nuts, and obviously based on a deep understanding of the strategies the game allows.IMAGE: TrampolineTales via PolygonBalatro and Luck Be a Landlord both distance themselves from casino gambling again in the way they treat money. In Landlord, the money you earn is gold coins, not any currency we recognize. And the payouts aren’t actually that big. By the end of the core game, the rent money you’re struggling and scraping to earn… is 777 coins. In the post-game endless mode, payouts can get massive. But the thing is, to get this far, you can’t rely on chance. You have to be very good at Luck Be a Landlord.And in Balatro, the numbers that get big are your points. The actual dollar payments in a round of Balatro are small. These aren’t games about earning wads and wads of cash. So, do these count as “gambling themes”?We’ll come back to that question later. First, I want to talk about a closer analog to what we colloquially consider gambling: loot boxes and gacha games.Random rewards: from Overwatch to the rise of gachaRecently, I did something that I haven’t done in a really long time: I thought about Overwatch. I used to play Overwatch with my friends, and I absolutely made a habit of dropping 20 bucks here or there for a bunch of seasonal loot boxes. This was never a problem behavior for me, but in hindsight, it does sting that over a couple of years, I dropped maybe $150 on cosmetics for a game that now I primarily associate with squandered potential.Loot boxes grew out of free-to-play mobile games, where they’re the primary method of monetization. In something like Overwatch, they functioned as a way to earn additional revenue in an ongoing game, once the player had already dropped 40 bucks to buy it.More often than not, loot boxes are a random selection of skins and other cosmetics, but games like Star Wars: Battlefront 2 were famously criticized for launching with loot crates that essentially made it pay-to-win – if you bought enough of them and got lucky.It’s not unprecedented to associate loot boxes with gambling. A 2021 study published in Addictive Behaviors showed that players who self-reported as problem gamblers also tended to spend more on loot boxes, and another study done in the UK found a similar correlation with young adults.While Overwatch certainly wasn’t the first game to feature cosmetic loot boxes or microtransactions, it’s a reference point for me, and it also got attention worldwide. In 2018, Overwatch was investigated by the Belgian Gaming Commission, which found it “in violation of gambling legislation” alongside FIFA 18 and Counter-Strike: Global Offensive. Belgium’s response was to ban the sale of loot boxes without a gambling license. Having a paid random rewards mechanic in a game is a criminal offense there. But not really. A 2023 study showed that 82% of iPhone games sold on the App Store in Belgium still use random paid monetization, as do around 80% of games that are rated 12+. The ban wasn’t effectively enforced, if at all, and the study recommends that a blanket ban wouldn’t actually be a practical solution anyway.Overwatch was rated T for Teen by the ESRB, and 12 by PEGI. When it first came out, its loot boxes were divisive. Since the mechanic came from F2P mobile games, which are often seen as predatory, people balked at seeing it in a big action game from a multi-million dollar publisher.At the time, the rebuttal was, “Well, at least it’s just cosmetics.” Nobody needs to buy loot boxes to be good at Overwatch.A lot has changed since 2016. Now we have a deeper understanding of how these mechanics are designed to manipulate players, even if they don’t affect gameplay. But also, they’ve been normalized. While there will always be people expressing disappointment when a AAA game has a paid random loot mechanic, it is no longer shocking.And if anything, these mechanics have only become more prevalent, thanks to the growth of gacha games. Gacha is short for “gachapon,” the Japanese capsule machines where you pay to receive one of a selection of random toys. Getty ImagesIn gacha games, players pay — not necessarily real money, but we’ll get to that — for a chance to get something. Maybe it’s a character, or a special weapon, or some gear — it depends on the game. Whatever it is, within that context, it’s desirable — and unlike the cosmetics of Overwatch, gacha pulls often do impact the gameplay.For example, in Infinity Nikki, you can pull for clothing items in these limited-time events. You have a chance to get pieces of a five-star outfit. But you also might pull one of a set of four-star items, or a permanent three-star piece. Of course, if you want all ten pieces of the five-star outfit, you have to do multiple pulls, each costing a handful of limited resources that you can earn in-game or purchase with money.Gacha was a fixture of mobile gaming for a long time, but in recent years, we’ve seen it go AAA, and global. MiHoYo’s Genshin Impact did a lot of that work when it came out worldwide on consoles and PC alongside its mobile release. Genshin and its successors are massive AAA games of a scale that, for your Nintendos and Ubisofts, would necessitate selling a bajillion copies to be a success. And they’re free.Genshin is an action game, whose playstyle changes depending on what character you’re playing — characters you get from gacha pulls, of course. In Zenless Zone Zero, the characters you can pull have different combo patterns, do different kinds of damage, and just feel different to play. And whereas in an early mobile gacha game like Love Nikki Dress UP! Queen the world was rudimentary, its modern descendant Infinity Nikki is, like Genshin, Breath of the Wild-esque. It is a massive open world, with collectibles and physics puzzles, platforming challenges, and a surprisingly involved storyline. Genshin Impact was the subject of an interesting study where researchers asked young adults in Hong Kong to self-report on their gacha spending habits. They found that, like with gambling, players who are not feeling good tend to spend more. “Young adult gacha gamers experiencing greater stress and anxiety tend to spend more on gacha purchases, have more motives for gacha purchases, and participate in more gambling activities,” they wrote. “This group is at a particularly higher risk of becoming problem gamblers.”One thing that is important to note is that Genshin Impact came out in 2020. The study was self-reported, and it was done during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was a time when people were experiencing a lot of stress, and also fewer options to relieve that stress. We were all stuck inside gaming.But the fact that stress can make people more likely to spend money on gacha shows that while the gacha model isn’t necessarily harmful to everyone, it is exploitative to everyone. Since I started writing this story, another self-reported study came out in Japan, where 18.8% of people in their 20s say they’ve spent money on gacha rather than on things like food or rent.Following Genshin Impact’s release, MiHoYo put out Honkai: Star Rail and Zenless Zone Zero. All are shiny, big-budget games that are free to play, but dangle the lure of making just one purchase in front of the player. Maybe you could drop five bucks on a handful of in-game currency to get one more pull. Or maybe just this month you’ll get the second tier of rewards on the game’s equivalent of a Battle Pass. The game is free, after all — but haven’t you enjoyed at least ten dollars’ worth of gameplay? Image: HoyoverseI spent most of my December throwing myself into Infinity Nikki. I had been so stressed, and the game was so soothing. I logged in daily to fulfill my daily wishes and earn my XP, diamonds, Threads of Purity, and bling. I accumulated massive amounts of resources. I haven’t spent money on the game. I’m trying not to, and so far, it’s been pretty easy. I’ve been super happy with how much stuff I can get for free, and how much I can do! I actually feel really good about that — which is what I said to my boyfriend, and he replied, “Yeah, that’s the point. That’s how they get you.”And he’s right. Currently, Infinity Nikki players are embroiled in a war with developer Infold, after Infold introduced yet another currency type with deep ties to Nikki’s gacha system. Every one of these gacha games has its own tangled system of overlapping currencies. Some can only be used on gacha pulls. Some can only be used to upgrade items. Many of them can be purchased with human money.Image: InFold Games/Papergames via PolygonAll of this adds up. According to Sensor Towers’ data, Genshin Impact earned over 36 million dollars on mobile alone in a single month of 2024. I don’t know what Dan DiIorio’s peak monthly revenue for Luck Be A Landlord was, but I’m pretty sure it wasn’t that.A lot of the spending guardrails we see in games like these are actually the result of regulations in other territories, especially China, where gacha has been a big deal for a lot longer. For example, gacha games have a daily limit on loot boxes, with the number clearly displayed, and a system collectively called “pity,” where getting the banner item is guaranteed after a certain number of pulls. Lastly, developers have to be clear about what the odds are. When I log in to spend the Revelation Crystals I’ve spent weeks hoarding in my F2P Infinity Nikki experience, I know that I have a 1.5% chance of pulling a 5-star piece, and that the odds can go up to 6.06%, and that I am guaranteed to get one within 20 pulls, because of the pity system.So, these odds are awful. But it is not as merciless as sitting down at a Vegas slot machine, an experience best described as “oh… that’s it?”There’s not a huge philosophical difference between buying a pack of loot boxes in Overwatch, a pull in Genshin Impact, or even a booster of Pokémon cards. You put in money, you get back randomized stuff that may or may not be what you want. In the dictionary definition, it’s a gamble. But unlike the slot machine, it’s not like you’re trying to win money by doing it, unless you’re selling those Pokémon cards, which is a topic for another time.But since even a game where you don’t get anything, like Balatro or Luck Be A Landlord, can come under fire for promoting gambling to kids, it would seem appropriate for app stores and ratings boards to take a similarly hardline stance with gacha.Instead, all these games are rated T for Teen by the ESRB, and PEGI 12 in the EU.The ESRB ratings for these games note that they contain in-game purchases, including random items. Honkai: Star Rail’s rating specifically calls out a slot machine mechanic, where players spend tokens to win a prize. But other than calling out Honkai’s slot machine, app stores are not slapping Genshin or Nikki with an 18+ rating. Meanwhile, Balatro had a PEGI rating of 18 until a successful appeal in February 2025, and Luck Be a Landlord is still 17+ on Apple’s App Store.Nobody knows what they’re doingWhen I started researching this piece, I felt very strongly that it was absurd that Luck Be A Landlord and Balatro had age ratings this high.I still believe that the way both devs have been treated by ratings boards is bad. Threatening an indie dev with a significant loss of income by pulling their game is bad, not giving them a way to defend themself or help them understand why it’s happening is even worse. It’s an extension of the general way that too-big-to-fail companies like Google treat all their customers.DiIorio told me that while it felt like a human being had at least looked at Luck Be A Landlord to make the determination that it contained gambling themes, the emails he was getting were automatic, and he doesn’t have a contact at Google to ask why this happened or how he can avoid it in the future — an experience that will be familiar to anyone who has ever needed Google support. But what’s changed for me is that I’m not actually sure anymore that games that don’t have gambling should be completely let off the hook for evoking gambling.Exposing teens to simulated gambling without financial stakes could spark an interest in the real thing later on, according to a study in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. It’s the same reason you can’t mosey down to the drug store to buy candy cigarettes. Multiple studies were done that showed kids who ate candy cigarettes were more likely to take up smoking (of course, the candy is still available — just without the “cigarette” branding.)So while I still think rating something like Balatro 18+ is nuts, I also think that describing it appropriately might be reasonable. As a game, it’s completely divorced from literally any kind of play you would find in a casino — but I can see the concern that the thrill of flashy numbers and the shiny cards might encourage young players to try their hand at poker in a real casino, where a real house can take their money.Maybe what’s more important than doling out high age ratings is helping people think about how media can affect us. In the same way that, when I was 12 and obsessed with The Matrix, my parents gently made sure that I knew that none of the violence was real and you can’t actually cartwheel through a hail of bullets in real life. Thanks, mom and dad!But that’s an answer that’s a lot more abstract and difficult to implement than a big red 18+ banner. When it comes to gacha, I think we’re even less equipped to talk about these game mechanics, and I’m certain they’re not being age-rated appropriately. On the one hand, like I said earlier, gacha exploits the player’s desire for stuff that they are heavily manipulated to buy with real money. On the other hand, I think it’s worth acknowledging that there is a difference between gacha and casino gambling.Problem gamblers aren’t satisfied by winning — the thing they’re addicted to is playing, and the risk that comes with it. In gacha games, players do report satisfaction when they achieve the prize they set out to get. And yes, in the game’s next season, the developer will be dangling a shiny new prize in front of them with the goal of starting the cycle over. But I think it’s fair to make the distinction, while still being highly critical of the model.And right now, there is close to no incentive for app stores to crack down on gacha in any way. They get a cut of in-app purchases. Back in 2023, miHoYo tried a couple of times to set up payment systems that circumvented Apple’s 30% cut of in-app spending. Both times, it was thwarted by Apple, whose App Store generated $1.1 trillion in developer billings and sales in 2022.According to Apple itself, 90% of that money did not include any commission to Apple. Fortunately for Apple, ten percent of a trillion dollars is still one hundred billion dollars, which I would also like to have in my bank account. Apple has zero reason to curb spending on games that have been earning millions of dollars every month for years.And despite the popularity of Luck Be A Landlord and Balatro’s massive App Store success, these games will never be as lucrative. They’re one-time purchases, and they don’t have microtransactions. To add insult to injury, like most popular games, Luck Be A Landlord has a lot of clones. And from what I can tell, it doesn’t look like any of them have been made to indicate that their games contain the dreaded “gambling themes” that Google was so worried about in Landlord.In particular, a game called SpinCraft: Roguelike from Sneaky Panda Games raised $6 million in seed funding for “inventing the Luck-Puzzler genre,” which it introduced in 2022, while Luck Be A Landlord went into early access in 2021.It’s free-to-play, has ads and in-app purchases, looks like Fisher Price made a slot machine, and it’s rated E for everyone, with no mention of gambling imagery in its rating. I reached out to the developers to ask if they had also been contacted by the Play Store to disclose that their game has gambling themes, but I haven’t heard back.Borrowing mechanics in games is as old as time, and it’s something I in no way want to imply shouldn’t happen because copyright is the killer of invention — but I think we can all agree that the system is broken.There is no consistency in how games with random chance are treated. We still do not know how to talk about gambling, or gambling themes, and at the end of the day, the results of this are the same: the house always wins.See More:

Playdate Season Two is here, bringing with it two new games for the quirky yellow handheld every week until July 3. And if the first two titles are any indication of what this season will be like, it's sure to be a great one. Season Two kicked off on May 29 with the arcade action game Fulcrum Defender — from the studio behind FTL: Faster Than Light and Into the Breach — and the delightfully chill Dig! Dig! Dino!. The two games couldn't be more different from each other, but they're both bangers in their own right. Panic also released Blippo+, which can only be described as a fever dream of cable TV, with the first drop of Season Two, and it is amazingly bizarre. Fulcrum Defender Subset Games "Survive for 10min!" sounded almost like a threat when I first started reading through Fulcrum Defender's How To Play guide. Between all the on-screen information you need to pay attention to, the many different types of enemies that'll be attacking and the various weapon upgrades you can earn over the course of a run, there's a lot to take in, and I braced myself for a tense and complicated playing experience. But, while that may be closer to the case on Hard Mode, I found that Fulcrum Defender wasn't all that punishing of a shooter on Normal Mode. It's a challenge, for sure, but one with a surprisingly achievable goal that I was able to enjoy without losing my mind. At least, not until crossing the 10-minute mark. After that, all hell breaks loose. In Fulcrum Defender, you're positioned at the center of a circular arena and have to fend off a continuous swarm of enemies. Your shield will take damage any time an enemy collides with it, and once enough have breached that zone, it's game over. To avoid that, you need to shoot them down one by one, using the crank to aim your weapon and the D-pad to shoot. Some enemies can be taken out in one shot, but others — distinguished by their filled-in appearance — require multiple shots. Over time, you'll earn weapon upgrades to build out a more powerful defense system, with options like large, guided projectiles and a flail that can knock out several enemies in one sweep. It's unexpectedly addicting. The music is beautiful and calming, giving the whole thing a pleasant atmosphere despite the fact that you're surrounded by enemies at any given moment and trying not to die. Once I realized it was absolutely possible to survive 10 minutes and even go beyond that, I got sucked into the loop of trying over and over to beat my high scores. I'd love to see a global leaderboard for this game at some point, because I just know I'd be floored by how long some players will be able to last. If you liked this one and want to know a little more about the making of it, be sure to check out our interview with Jay Ma, the co-founder of Fulcrum Defender developer Subset Games. Dig! Dig! Dino! Dom2D & Fáyer I can't think of anything I'd rather be doing right now than pretending to be a paleontologist and casually digging for bones. No thoughts, just dig. That's exactly what Dig! Dig! Dino! has going on, and it's awesome. You're working as part of a crew (made up entirely of anthropomorphic animals) at the site of some really unusual dinosaur fossils, and it's your job to dig up new bones and artifacts. Once you've got the entire skeleton of a particular dinosaur, you can scan it in the lab to reveal what it was like when it was alive. That information, coupled with the peculiar artifacts scattered around the site, paints a picture of some pretty strange activities that went on there long ago. For example, some of these dinosaurs seem to have had crystals growing out of their bodies, and it looks like they were warned about the asteroid extinction event. Fishy! The gameplay is extremely low stakes — this is one for when you just want to zone out playing something that'll keep your hands busy. You're equipped with a shovel, a drill and a radar gadget for detecting items beneath the surface, and have no time-sensitive goals to hit. You only have so much energy, though, which will be consumed with each use of your tools. When you run out, the round is over. But you can visit each site as many times as you need to in order to find all of the dinosaur pieces hidden there, so it can be a really casual undertaking if you want it to be. It's a really nice time, with a fun story to tie it all together. You'll get a solid few hours of playtime out of this, too, and the simplicity of it all means you can put it down and come back to it later without having to rack your memory to figure out where you left off. I loved this one. Blippo+ Panic What can one even say about Blippo+? This bizarre "1-bit television" experience came as a bonus with the first Season Two games, and it is something. Panic first teased it back in December 2024 as a Steam title, but here it is for the Playdate now, complete with a roster of channels playing hallucinatory programs and Femtofax, an interactive message board of sorts where you can find affirmations, neighborhood drama, chatter among amateur astronomers and more. Panic describes it as being "comparable to an old episode of The Twilight Zone," but it's more like an old episode of The Twilight Zone if it were made by Tim & Eric and aired after midnight on Adult Swim. I think I am obsessed with it? I'm really interested to see where this goes. I would totally park my Playdate in a dock (but not the Stereo Dock </3) on my desk and leave Blippo+ running in the background all day if it has enough fresh material to sustain it. The song playing alongside the endlessly scrolling Blippo+ TV guide screen is already stuck in my head, and I don't hate it. The program guide with this week's schedule is online, if you're curious about what's going on right now.This article originally appeared on Engadget at https://www.engadget.com/gaming/playdate-season-2-review-fulcrum-defender-dig-dig-dino-and-blippo-140036697.html?src=rss

Last updated May 30, 2025: Added a new Infinity Nikki code!If you're looking for Infinity Nikki codes, IGN has you covered! In this article, you'll find a list of active and working Infinity Nikki codes that you can redeem for free rewards and bonuses in May 2025, including Diamonds and Energy Crystals.All of the Infinity Nikki codes below have been tested as working at the time of submission. Spotted a new code or one has expired? Let us know in the comments!Active Infinity Nikki Codes (May 2025)Below, you'll find all the active and working Infinity Nikki codes in May 2025, the free rewards you get for redeeming them, and their expiry date (if known):NIKKISFAVORITERICEDUMPLING - 200x Diamonds, 18.8k Bling, expires June 4, 2025 (NEW!)AAp9Q8KWF8b - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 20k Bling AApyBTE8RY9 - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 20k Bling AAp4BHuBhmC - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 20k Bling AAp7DKNerwR - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 20k Bling AApt6d2sv89 - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 20k Bling AApnynNUpc7 - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 20k Bling AApE9cuaMxM - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 20k Bling AApP4EqVj2a - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 20k Bling AApHBskxdEh - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 20k Bling AApscJCWy6w - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 20k Bling AApAAnFjMpK - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 20k Bling AApCapPmYvp - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 20k Bling AApNj9MT2Uy - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 20k Bling AApUBFedaQy - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 20k Bling InfinityNikki429 - 75x Shiny Bubbles, 75x Threads of Purity, and 30k Bling AApUB2cpQ6h - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 20k Bling BUBBLESEASON0429 - 50x Thread of Purity, 15k Bling POCKETMONEYFORNIKKI - 200x Diamonds, 18.8k Bling Handinhand - 10x Revelation CrystalDREAM&REBIRTH - 100x Diamonds, 100x Shiny Bubbles, 50x Thread of PuritySEAOFSTARS - 100x Diamonds, 50x Shiny Bubbles, 30k BlingBUBBLESEASON - 100x Diamonds, 50x Thread of Purity, 20k BlingSidebyside - 10x Revelation CrystalsINFINITYNIKKISteam - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 15k BlingRevelrySeasonRe - 50x Thread of Purity, 30k Bling RevelrySeasonGroup - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 30k Bling1.2VERDISCORD - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 15k Bling1.2VERREDDIT - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 15k Bling 1.2VERGLOBALGROUP - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 15k BlingハイキングDISCORD - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 15k BlingPEARFECTGUIDES - 10x Shining Particles, 15k Bling NIKKIXWEBTOON - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 15k Bling ニキプレゼント1205 - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 15k Bling おめでとう - 50x Threads of Purity, 15k Bling リリース - 10x Shining Particles, 15k Blingインフィニティニキ - 15x Shiny Bubbles, 15k Bling無限暖暖公測開啟 - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 15k Bling 無限暖暖公測FB社團限定 - 10x Shining Particles, 15k Bling インフィニキDISCORD - 50x Threads of Purity, 15k BlingINGIFT1205 - 50x Threads of Purity, 15k Bling GROUPSTYLIST - 50x Threads of Purity, 15k Bling (expires December 5, 2025)REDDITSTYLIST - 50x Shiny Bubbles, 15k Bling (expires December 5, 2025)DISCORDSTYLIST - 10x Shining Particles, 15k Bling (expires December 5, 2025)Expired Infinity Nikki CodesThe Infinity Nikki codes listed below have expired and are no longer working as of May 2025:NOSTRANGELINKSWARMSPRINGBONUSRevelrySeasonDCGIRLPOWER25 100THDAYCELEBRATIONMAYEVERYGIRLHAPPINESSNewstoryawaitsNewyearblissNIKKIFIREWORKSNIKKIEXCURSIONTIMENIKKINEWBLOOM2025HEARTFELTGIFTSNIKKIBEWITHYOUNIKKIRELEASEdreamweavernikkiNIKKI20241022infinitynikki1205BDAYSURPRISEGIFTFROMMOMOGIFTTONIKKInikkihappybirthday2024NIKKITHEBESTQUACKQUACKAAbNxRNMmSmAAbQjjYKwbHAAb7xf6hWuSAAbtWkna3V7AAbaEyDU4EXAAbMNJX8hxFAAb5S3RSK8MAAbUfWnYUtd AAbUa8e2U3a AAbtk9jmpnVHow to Redeem Infinity Nikki CodesTo redeem Infinity Nikki codes, follow the steps below:Unlock your Pear-Pal during the Chapter 1: Wishes Without Wings - Land of Wishes main quest. It's about 20 minutes into your Infinity Nikki adventure.Open the Pear-Pal menu by pressing ESC on PC (or the Menu button when using an Xbox controller on PC), the Menu button on PlayStation, or by tapping the Pear-Pal icon in the top-left corner on mobile.Click on the gear icon to open the Settings menu.Scroll over to the Other tab.You’ll see a “Redeem Code” option here. Click on “Apply” and a Redeem Rewards pop-up menu will appear.Input your code into the “Enter the redeem code” field and tap “Apply.”If successful, a pop-up will appear showing your free rewards.Why Isn't My Infinity Nikki Code Working?If the Infinity Nikki code that you're trying to redeem isn't working, it's likely due to one of the following reasons:There's a typo in the code.The Infinity Nikki code is expired.When inputting a code into Infinity Nikki, make sure there are no typos (Os instead of zeroes, capital Is instead of lowercase Ls, etc.) and that there are no accidental spaces before or after the code. If your Infinity Nikki code still doesn't work, it's probably expired and can no longer be redeemed. You'll get a message informing you that the code is wrong if it's expired.How to Get More Infinity Nikki CodesThe best way to get more Infinity Nikki codes is to join the official Infinity Nikki Discord server. Once you're in, head to the #self-assign-roles channel and opt-in for the Redeem Code role. You'll receive a notification when a new code is released so you can receive your free rewards ASAP!Alternatively, bookmark this Infinity Nikki Codes article, as we update it each time a new code comes out. The Discord server has missed a couple of codes posted to other channels, so we'd recommend checking our article every so often.What is Infinity Nikki?Developed by Infold Games, Infinity Nikki is a cozy, open-world RPG. You play as Nikki, as she's whisked away to the world of Miraland, a place where people make Wishes with the help of Stylists. You'll find and create a plethora of outfits and accessories, take on quests, and gather many types of collectibles with the help of Momo, Nikki's adorable feline companion. As you play, you earn Diamonds, which can be spent on Revelation and Resonite Crystals, which are used to pull on the limited time and permanent outfit banners for 5-star and 4-star clothing.For Infinity Nikki game help, check out our guides below:Meg Koepp is a Guides Editor on the IGN Guides team, with a focus on trends. When she's not working, you can find her playing an RPG or spending time with her corgi.

Ancient Roman structures have always been a major attraction for both common people and researchers. The durability of those magnificent architectural feats like the Pantheon of Rome has made researchers curious about how they are standing tall nearly after two thousand years of the height of the Roman empire. While The longevity of these structures can be attributed largely to Roman concrete, question still prevails about the speciality and the materials used in the concrete itself. Ingredients of Roman concreteAccording to the study published in the journal Science Advances, an international team of researchers led by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) found that not only are the materials slightly different from what we may have thought, but the techniques used to mix them were also different.One key ingrediant was pozzolan, or ash. The Romans used ash from the volcanic beds of the Italian city Pozzuoli and shipped it all over the empire. The silica and alumina in the ash react with lime and water in a pozzolanic reaction at ambient temperatures, resulting in a stronger, longer lasting concrete.Another key ingredient is lime clasts, or small chunks of quicklime.These clasts give Roman concrete its self-healing capability. Concrete weathers and weakens over time, but water can infiltrate its cracks and reach the clasts. When they react with the water, the clasts create crystals called calcites that fill in the cracks.Difference with modern day cementThe high-temperature kiln process used today to make modern day Portland cement, grinds all materials into fine powder. It eliminates the lime clasts which results into the lack of the self-healing properties of Roman cement.The Romans utilized a method known as hot mixing, which involves combining quicklime with pozzolan, water and other ingredients and then heating them up. The MIT team found that this method helps unlock the lime clasts' self-healing abilities, and can result in faster setting than cement made with a quicklime-water solution called slaked lime.

In this post, we describe FrodoKEM, a key encapsulation protocol that offers a simple design and provides strong security guarantees even in a future with powerful quantum computers. The quantum threat to cryptography For decades, modern cryptography has relied on mathematical problems that are practically impossible for classical computers to solve without a secret key. Cryptosystems like RSA, Diffie-Hellman key-exchange, and elliptic curve-based schemes—which rely on the hardness of the integer factorization and (elliptic curve) discrete logarithm problems—secure communications on the internet, banking transactions, and even national security systems. However, the emergence of Quantum computers leverage the principles of quantum mechanics to perform certain calculations exponentially faster than classical computers. Their ability to solve complex problems, such as simulating molecular interactions, optimizing large-scale systems, and accelerating machine learning, is expected to have profound and beneficial implications for fields ranging from chemistry and material science to artificial intelligence. Spotlight: AI-POWERED EXPERIENCE Microsoft research copilot experience Discover more about research at Microsoft through our AI-powered experience Start now Opens in a new tab At the same time, quantum computing is poised to disrupt cryptography. In particular, Shor’s algorithm, a quantum algorithm developed in 1994, can efficiently factor large numbers and compute discrete logarithms—the very problems that underpin the security of RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and elliptic curve cryptography. This means that once large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computers become available, public-key protocols based on RSA, ECC, and Diffie-Hellman will become insecure, breaking a sizable portion of the cryptographic backbone of today’s digital world. Recent advances in quantum computing, such as Microsoft’s Majorana 1 (opens in new tab), the first quantum processor powered by topological qubits, represent major steps toward practical quantum computing and underscore the urgency of transitioning to quantum-resistant cryptographic systems. To address this looming security crisis, cryptographers and government agencies have been working on post-quantum cryptography (PQC)—new cryptographic algorithms that can resist attacks from both classical and quantum computers. The NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization effort In 2017, the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) launched the Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization project (opens in new tab) to evaluate and select cryptographic algorithms capable of withstanding quantum attacks. As part of this initiative, NIST sought proposals for two types of cryptographic primitives: key encapsulation mechanisms (KEMs)—which enable two parties to securely derive a shared key to establish an encrypted connection, similar to traditional key exchange schemes—and digital signature schemes. This initiative attracted submissions from cryptographers worldwide, and after multiple evaluation rounds, NIST selected CRYSTALS-Kyber, a KEM based on structured lattices, and standardized it as ML-KEM (opens in new tab). Additionally, NIST selected three digital signature schemes: CRYSTALS-Dilithium, now called ML-DSA; SPHINCS+, now called SLH-DSA; and Falcon, now called FN-DSA. While ML-KEM provides great overall security and efficiency, some governments and cryptographic researchers advocate for the inclusion and standardization of alternative algorithms that minimize reliance on algebraic structure. Reducing algebraic structure might prevent potential vulnerabilities and, hence, can be considered a more conservative design choice. One such algorithm is FrodoKEM. International standardization of post-quantum cryptography Beyond NIST, other international standardization bodies have been actively working on quantum-resistant cryptographic solutions. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is leading a global effort to standardize additional PQC algorithms. Notably, European government agencies—including Germany’s BSI (opens in new tab), the Netherlands’ NLNCSA and AIVD (opens in new tab), and France’s ANSSI (opens in new tab)—have shown strong support for FrodoKEM, recognizing it as a conservative alternative to structured lattice-based schemes. As a result, FrodoKEM is undergoing standardization at ISO. Additionally, ISO is standardizing ML-KEM and a conservative code-based KEM called Classic McEliece. These three algorithms are planned for inclusion in ISO/IEC 18033-2:2006 as Amendment 2 (opens in new tab). What is FrodoKEM? FrodoKEM is a key encapsulation mechanism (KEM) based on the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem, a cornerstone of lattice-based cryptography. Unlike structured lattice-based schemes such as ML-KEM, FrodoKEM is built on generic, unstructured lattices, i.e., it is based on the plain LWE problem. Why unstructured lattices? Structured lattice-based schemes introduce additional algebraic properties that could potentially be exploited in future cryptanalytic attacks. By using unstructured lattices, FrodoKEM eliminates these concerns, making it a safer choice in the long run, albeit at the cost of larger key sizes and lower efficiency. It is important to emphasize that no particular cryptanalytic weaknesses are currently known for recommended parameterizations of structured lattice schemes in comparison to plain LWE. However, our current understanding of the security of these schemes could potentially change in the future with cryptanalytic advances. Lattices and the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem Lattice-based cryptography relies on the mathematical structure of lattices, which are regular arrangements of points in multidimensional space. A lattice is defined as the set of all integer linear combinations of a set of basis vectors. The difficulty of certain computational problems on lattices, such as the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP) and the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem, forms the basis of lattice-based schemes. The Learning with Errors (LWE) problem The LWE problem is a fundamental hard problem in lattice-based cryptography. It involves solving a system of linear equations where some small random error has been added to each equation, making it extremely difficult to recover the original secret values. This added error ensures that the problem remains computationally infeasible, even for quantum computers. Figure 1 below illustrates the LWE problem, specifically, the search version of the problem. As can be seen in Figure 1, for the setup of the problem we need a dimension \(n\) that defines the size of matrices, a modulus \(q\) that defines the value range of the matrix coefficients, and a certain error distribution \(\chi\) from which we sample \(\textit{“small”}\) matrices. We sample two matrices from \(\chi\), a small matrix \(\text{s}\) and an error matrix \(\text{e}\) (for simplicity in the explanation, we assume that both have only one column); sample an \(n \times n\) matrix \(\text{A}\) uniformly at random; and compute \(\text{b} = \text{A} \times \text{s} + \text{e}\). In the illustration, each matrix coefficient is represented by a colored square, and the “legend of coefficients” gives an idea of the size of the respective coefficients, e.g., orange squares represent the small coefficients of matrix \(\text{s}\) (small relative to the modulus \(q\)). Finally, given \(\text{A}\) and \(\text{b}\), the search LWE problem consists in finding \(\text{s}\). This problem is believed to be hard for suitably chosen parameters (e.g., for dimension \(n\) sufficiently large) and is used at the core of FrodoKEM. In comparison, the LWE variant used in ML-KEM—called Module-LWE (M-LWE)—has additional symmetries, adding mathematical structure that helps improve efficiency. In a setting similar to that of the search LWE problem above, the matrix \(\text{A}\) can be represented by just a single row of coefficients. FIGURE 1: Visualization of the (search) LWE problem. LWE is conjectured to be quantum-resistant, and FrodoKEM’s security is directly tied to its hardness. In other words, cryptanalysts and quantum researchers have not been able to devise an efficient quantum algorithm capable of solving the LWE problem and, hence, FrodoKEM. In cryptography, absolute security can never be guaranteed; instead, confidence in a problem’s hardness comes from extensive scrutiny and its resilience against attacks over time. How FrodoKEM Works FrodoKEM follows the standard paradigm of a KEM, which consists of three main operations—key generation, encapsulation, and decapsulation—performed interactively between a sender and a recipient with the goal of establishing a shared secret key: Key generation (KeyGen), computed by the recipient Generates a public key and a secret key. The public key is sent to the sender, while the private key remains secret. Encapsulation (Encapsulate), computed by the sender Generates a random session key. Encrypts the session key using the recipient’s public key to produce a ciphertext. Produces a shared key using the session key and the ciphertext. The ciphertext is sent to the recipient. Decapsulation (Decapsulate), computed by the recipient Decrypts the ciphertext using their secret key to recover the original session key. Reproduces the shared key using the decrypted session key and the ciphertext. The shared key generated by the sender and reconstructed by the recipient can then be used to establish secure symmetric-key encryption for further communication between the two parties. Figure 2 below shows a simplified view of the FrodoKEM protocol. As highlighted in red, FrodoKEM uses at its core LWE operations of the form “\(\text{b} = \text{A} \times \text{s} + \text{e}\)”, which are directly applied within the KEM paradigm. FIGURE 2: Simplified overview of FrodoKEM. Performance: Strong security has a cost Not relying on additional algebraic structure certainly comes at a cost for FrodoKEM in the form of increased protocol runtime and bandwidth. The table below compares the performance and key sizes corresponding to the FrodoKEM level 1 parameter set (variant called “FrodoKEM-640-AES”) and the respective parameter set of ML-KEM (variant called “ML-KEM-512”). These parameter sets are intended to match or exceed the brute force security of AES-128. As can be seen, the difference in speed and key sizes between FrodoKEM and ML-KEM is more than an order of magnitude. Nevertheless, the runtime of the FrodoKEM protocol remains reasonable for most applications. For example, on our benchmarking platform clocked at 3.2GHz, the measured runtimes are 0.97 ms, 1.9 ms, and 3.2 ms for security levels 1, 2, and 3, respectively. For security-sensitive applications, a more relevant comparison is with Classic McEliece, a post-quantum code-based scheme also considered for standardization. In this case, FrodoKEM offers several efficiency advantages. Classic McEliece’s public keys are significantly larger—well over an order of magnitude greater than FrodoKEM’s—and its key generation is substantially more computationally expensive. Nonetheless, Classic McEliece provides an advantage in certain static key-exchange scenarios, where its high key generation cost can be amortized across multiple key encapsulation executions. TABLE 1: Comparison of key sizes and performance on an x86-64 processor for NIST level 1 parameter sets. A holistic design made with security in mind FrodoKEM’s design principles support security beyond its reliance on generic, unstructured lattices to minimize the attack surface of potential future cryptanalytic threats. Its parameters have been carefully chosen with additional security margins to withstand advancements in known attacks. Furthermore, FrodoKEM is designed with simplicity in mind—its internal operations are based on straightforward matrix-vector arithmetic using integer coefficients reduced modulo a power of two. These design decisions facilitate simple, compact and secure implementations that are also easier to maintain and to protect against side-channel attacks. Conclusion After years of research and analysis, the next generation of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms has arrived. NIST has chosen strong PQC protocols that we believe will serve Microsoft and its customers well in many applications. For security-sensitive applications, FrodoKEM offers a secure yet practical approach for post-quantum cryptography. While its reliance on unstructured lattices results in larger key sizes and higher computational overhead compared to structured lattice-based alternatives, it provides strong security assurances against potential future attacks. Given the ongoing standardization efforts and its endorsement by multiple governmental agencies, FrodoKEM is well-positioned as a viable alternative for organizations seeking long-term cryptographic resilience in a post-quantum world. Further Reading For those interested in learning more about FrodoKEM, post-quantum cryptography, and lattice-based cryptography, the following resources provide valuable insights: The official FrodoKEM website: https://frodokem.org/ (opens in new tab), which contains, among several other resources, FrodoKEM’s specification document. The official FrodoKEM software library: https://github.com/Microsoft/PQCrypto-LWEKE (opens in new tab), which contains reference and optimized implementations of FrodoKEM written in C and Python. NIST’s Post-Quantum Cryptography Project: https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/post-quantum-cryptography (opens in new tab). Microsoft’s blogpost on its transition plan for PQC: https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/blog/microsoft-security-blog/microsofts-quantum-resistant-cryptography-is-here/4238780 (opens in new tab). A comprehensive survey on lattice-based cryptography: Peikert, C. “A Decade of Lattice Cryptography.” Foundations and Trends in Theoretical Computer Science. (2016) A comprehensive tutorial on modern lattice-based schemes, including ML-KEM and ML-DSA: Lyubashevsky, V. “Basic Lattice Cryptography: The concepts behind Kyber (ML-KEM) and Dilithium (ML-DSA).” https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/1287 (opens in new tab). (2024) Opens in a new tab

drop it like it's hot The key to a successful egg drop experiment? Drop it on its side Eggs are less likely to crack when dropped horizontally vs. vertically, contradicting conventional wisdom. Jennifer Ouellette – May 26, 2025 11:05 am | 7 A physics teacher drops a package designed to protect three eggs from a fall of ten meters Credit: Ben Wildeboer/CC BY-SA 3.0 A physics teacher drops a package designed to protect three eggs from a fall of ten meters Credit: Ben Wildeboer/CC BY-SA 3.0 Story text Size Small Standard Large Width * Standard Wide Links Standard Orange * Subscribers only   Learn more Egg drop competitions are a staple of high school and college physics classes. The goal is for students to build a device using bubble wrap, straws, or various other materials designed to hold an egg and keep it intact after being dropped from a substantial height—say, ten meters (nearly 33 feet). There's even a "naked egg" version in which a raw egg is dropped into a container below.  The competition is intended to teach students about structural mechanics and impact physics, and it is not an easy feat; most of the dropped eggs break. MIT engineering professor Tal Cohen decided to investigate why the failure rate was so high and reported her team's findings in a paper published in the journal Communications Physics. "The universal convention is that the egg should be in a vertical orientation when it hits the ground," Cohen told Physics Magazine. But their results from controlled trials simulating the egg drop challenge in the lab calls this conventional wisdom into question. It is not an unreasonable assumption to make. Another popular physics party trick is to walk on several cartons of eggs without breaking them. Typically it only takes about five and a half pounds of force to crack a single eggshell, much less than the average adult human. As I wrote for Slate back in 2012, "The key is to align the eggs so that the narrow pole is pointing upward, and step in such a way to distribute your weight over the entire surface area, to avoid overloading any one eggshell." (Being barefoot also helps.) In fact, I noted at the time a surprisingly long history of scientific studies of eggshells and how cracks propagate, particularly in the 1950s and 1960s, when they served as useful models for failure analysis when building airplanes. The toughness comes from the egg shell's structure; it is made up mostly of calcium carbonate (calcite) crystals, similar to tooth enamel or sea shells,  embedded within a protein matrix. The egg shell is strengthened further by a thin inner collagen layer. This tends to keep damage localized as cracks spread little by little rather than one clean break. Chef instructor demonstrates the one-handed technique for cracking an egg in 1954's Sabrina. Paramount Pictures Chef instructor demonstrates the one-handed technique for cracking an egg in 1954's Sabrina. Paramount Pictures Sabrina needs a new egg. Paramount Pictures Sabrina needs a new egg. Paramount Pictures Chef instructor demonstrates the one-handed technique for cracking an egg in 1954's Sabrina. Paramount Pictures Sabrina needs a new egg. Paramount Pictures Cohen et al. give a shoutout in their introduction to Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, specifically the longstanding quarrel between the people of Lilliput and Blefuscu on the best orientation for cracking an egg. Of course, there is the classic chef's one-handed egg-cracking technique—immortalized in the 1954 romantic comedy, Sabrina—which involves holding the egg between the fingers and thumb and rapping the edge sharply against the rim of the bowl to achieve a clean break. Alas, this usually ends in a crushed eggy mess when attempted by amateurs. (Practicing with a golf ball can improve one's skill.) MIT scientists have previously studied precisely how much force to apply to the center of an egg. Specifically, the scientists devised a mathematical formula linking the ovoid geometry of the eggshell and its rigidity—a property that, along with strength (a related but distinct concept), accounts for how much force a given object can withstand before breaking. It's the narrow tip that is the most crack-resistant part of the egg, since the shell becomes more rigid the more the egg curves. That's why pressing down on both the bottom and top of an egg with your fingers won't work. But turn the egg horizontally and press right at the center, and the shell cracks easily. Stiffness vs. toughness So what's going on with these latest MIT findings? To find out, Cohen et al. bought 180 chicken eggs—Costco's Kirkland Signature brand— and conducted their own egg drop experiments in the lab. They dropped 60 eggs each from three different heights (8, 9, and 10 millimeters) onto a hard surface in three different orientations: horizontal, vertical on the sharp end, and vertical on the blunt end. They also subjected an additional 60 eggs to compression tests to determine the force required to break the eggs in both the vertical and horizontal orientations. Experimental snapshots for vertical (top) and horizontal (bottom) egg drops. Credit: A. Sutanto et al., 2025 The results: over half of the eggs broke when dropped vertically from an 8-millimeter (31-inch) height, regardless of which end of the egg was pointing downwards. Yet less than ten percent of the horiztonally-dropped eggs broke. The eggs broke when the force exceeded 45 Newtons, an impressive per-egg load bearing capacity that is independent of its orientation. There was a key difference, however, between how vertically and horizontally  squeezed eggs deformed in the compression experiments—namely, the former deformed less than the latter. The shell's greater rigidity along its long axis was an advantage because the heavy load was distributed over the surface. (It's why the one-handed egg-cracking technique targets the center of a horizontally held egg.) But the authors found that this advantage when under static compression proved to be a disadvantage when dropping eggs from a height, with the horizontal position emerging as the optimal orientation.  It comes down to the difference between stiffness—how much force is needed to deform the egg—and toughness, i.e., how much energy the egg can absorb before it cracks. Cohen et al.'s experiments showed that eggs are tougher when loaded horizontally along their equator, and stiffer when compressed vertically, suggesting that "an egg dropped on its equator can likely sustain greater drop heights without cracking," they wrote. "Even if eggs could sustain a higher force when loaded in the vertical direction, it does not necessarily imply that they are less likely to break when dropped in that orientation. In contrast to static loading, to remain intact following a dynamic impact, a body must be able to absorb all of its kinetic energy by transferring it into reversible deformation." "Eggs need to be tough, not stiff, in order to survive a fall," Cohen et al. concluded, pointing to our intuitive understanding that we should bend our knees rather than lock them into a straightened position when landing after a jump, for example. "Our results and analysis serve as a cautionary tale about how language can affect our understanding of a system, and improper framing of a problem can lead to misunderstanding and miseducation." DOI: Communications Physics, 2025. 10.1038/s42005-025-02087-0  (About DOIs). Jennifer Ouellette Senior Writer Jennifer Ouellette Senior Writer Jennifer is a senior writer at Ars Technica with a particular focus on where science meets culture, covering everything from physics and related interdisciplinary topics to her favorite films and TV series. Jennifer lives in Baltimore with her spouse, physicist Sean M. Carroll, and their two cats, Ariel and Caliban. 7 Comments

Apex predators are on the move in Call of Duty®: Mobile Season 5 — Primal Reckoning. Deploy to the Zoo Multiplayer map, apply new skins to your Combat Axe and Smoke Grenade, and wield the new VMP SMG. In Battle Royale, visit Buy Stations around the map; eliminate enemies to take their cash for your next purchase. The new Battle Pass brings a collection of Operator Skins, Weapon Blueprints, and more with a futuristic dystopian theme inspired by the season’s collaboration with NieR: Automata, including a themed event featuring the Kui Ji - YoRHa No. 9 Type S operator and two Draws featuring the operators Kestrel - YoRHa No. 2 Type B and Fiona St. George - Commander White. Season 5 — Primal Reckoning launches on May 28 at 5PM PT. Multiplayer: New Map First making its appearance in the original Call of Duty®: Black Ops, Zoo returns for its debut on mobile. The mid-sized map challenges Operators to survive in an abandoned zoo featuring a massive monorail track cutting through the aging facility. Well suited to the season’s dystopian theme, Zoo offers a creative layout incorporating animal pens, gift shops, and other attractions in an overgrown, dilapidated setting. Gear Up With Buy Machines Buy Machines are deploying in Battle Royale on the Isolated Map in Season 5, offering another means of getting ahead of the competition! Purchase weapons, Perks, and Scorestreaks from the multiple Buy Stations that spawn across the map. Loot the environment for cash to purchase useful items like armor and ammo refills, unique weapons like the Purifier flamethrower, and different types of Perks. Eliminated Operators will drop their currency, so scoop it up and buy something nice for yourself. Don’t forget to watch your back while shopping! NieR: Automata Take command of the elite YorHa Unit as they launch a counteroffensive against the Machine Lifeforms in an exciting collaborative event with NieR: Automata. Complete objectives to earn action points which can be spent to move through a branching path.     Reach checkpoints, navigate counterattack routes, and collect Skill Chips to unlock exclusive routes. Conduct the counterattack successfully to earn rewards like the Kui Ji - YoRHa No. 9 Type S operator and four different melee weapons themed around NieR. New Weapon, Combat Axe Reskin The Primal Reckoning Pass features free and premium items including new Operator Skins, Weapon Blueprints, Calling Cards, and additional Call of Duty® Points to spend on your next Premium Pass or Store purchase. Battle Pass Free Tiers Keep the enemy at bay with the new VMP SMG, a versatile weapon with a high fire rate, high magazine capacity, and moderate recoil. Apply a new look to the Combat Axe with a reskin for the deadly throwable and earn other free tier rewards including a variety of Skins, Weapons Blueprints, Vault Coins, and more. Purchase the Premium Pass for the chance to earn all the content in the Primal Reckoning stream, including relentless hunters like Gustavo — Viciousness, Lazarus — Scrim Net, American Bulldog — Tentacles, and Kitsune – Blue Line Optic. Track your prey and eliminate the target with Weapon Blueprints like the Koshka — Snow Leopard, Hades — Scales, ASM10 — Birds of Prey, LW3-Tundra — Hunter Tracker, and the VMP — Stun Slash, based on the new Season 5 weapon. Battle Pass Subscription: Enlist with the Ground Forces by purchasing a Battle Pass Subscription, granting additional monthly rewards along with a 10% boost to Player and Weapon XP, discount coupons, and limited discounts on 10x crate pulls. The Season 5 Ground Forces will unlock the Baker — Cobra Hunter Operator Skin, MSMC — Snake Weapon Blueprint, and Backpack 4 — Snake. Complete Standard, Special, and Elite Missions to progress through the Season 5 Challenge Pass. Use your earned Challenge Tokens to purchase items in the Exchange including a reskin for the Smoke Grenade, an epic Bathysphere – Killer Whale operator skin, camo crates, and over a dozen Secret Cache of varying rarities. Secret Caches have been updated in Season 5 with a new legendary AK-47 – ICB Rifle replacing the previously available legendary Stun Baton. This new weapon comes alongside new updates to the system with Universal Shards being introduced. These shards can be used for future cache rewards based on the type, so if you’ve already completed the Mythic AK117 you’ll now earn Universal Mythic Shards to use for the next Mythic we release. Check the in-game Events tab throughout the season for new Missions and rewards. For more intel on seasonal activities, check the Mission Board or general Events space located in the main menu. New Mythic Weapon Draw: Leader and weaponsmith Rin Yoshida is prepared to do whatever it takes to come out on top. This Draw features the Operator as well as the new Mythic VMP — Toxic Blooms Weapon Blueprint, forged with hardened plasma crystals and designed to eradicate enemies with otherworldly precision.  NieR: Automata: Get the chance to acquire NieR: Automata themed content across two Draws, each led by a featured character. Kestrel - YoRHa No. 2 Type B leads one Draw which also includes the themed legendary PP19 Bizon – Morph Symphony and two melee weapons.  For the other draw, it is led by Fiona St. George - Commander White and with several themed weapons including the legendary AK-47 – Final Apocalypact and two unique melee weapons.New Legendary Draws: Look out for other incoming Draws including the Rainbow Death Legendary Weapon Draw featuring Bulldozer as a tactical unicorn. Battle Pass Vault: Revisit Season 8 — Train to Nowhere as it arrives in the Vault. Claim Epic Operator Skins like Vanguard — Nocturnal Elite, Misty — Undercover Agent, and Adler — Dapper. Get Epic Weapon Blueprints you might have missed out on like the M4 — Prince of Time and the AK-47 — Monster Crash. Season 5 — Primal Reckoning launches on Call of Duty: Mobile on May 28 at 5PM PT. See you online. For the latest Call of Duty Mobile news, visit the Call of Duty: Mobile website, as well as Call of Duty: Mobile on YouTube. Also follow Call of Duty: Mobile on X, Instagram, and Facebook. For the latest Call of Duty intel, visit Call of Duty, as well as Call of Duty on YouTube. Also follow Call of Duty on X, Instagram and Facebook. © 2019-2025 Activision Publishing, Inc. ACTIVISION , CALL OF DUTY and CALL OF DUTY BLACK OPS are trademarks of Activision Publishing, Inc. All other trademarks and trade names are the properties of their respective owners. (C) Square Enix For more information on Activision games, visit the Activision Games Blog. Also follow @Activision on X, Instagram, and Facebook.