Amplifying Creativity: Building an AI-Powered Content Creation Assistant Part 315 min readJust now--Photo by israel palacio / UnsplashWelcome to part 3 of this series. In the previous post, we adapted our Jupyter Notebook implementation from part 1 into a FastAPI server that can serve users. We learned how to set up FastAPI and configure settings, as well as how to trigger workflows from REST endpoints.Previously, we identified some limitations in our solution. Users will have to wait for the response after the workflow is completed. We have also been saving our content in a local folder. While this is okay for quick experimenting, we will expand this solution to send progress events and use an appropriate storage mechanism in this post.In addition to improving our solution, we will continue to abstract our code into succinct modules and pin our dependencies to ensure build reproducibility.SeriesWhat to expectStream progress events to users throughout a workflowHow to use SQLAlchemy ORM to interact with PostgresRunning migrations with AlembicSaving images to MinioRun multiple Docker applications together with Docker-ComposeConfigure the WebSocket endpoint in the FastAPI applicationCode Structure README.md alembic README env.py script.py.mako versions alembic.ini docker-compose.yml infrastructure init-db.sh pyproject.toml requirements requirements-dev.txt requirements.txt src content api.py models prompts repositories schemas services workflows core api.py database.py logs.py middleware.py main.py settings config.pyCompared to the previous post, the overall structure of our projects has expanded. We have a few top-level directories:Alembic We will discuss this more in the SQLAlchemy section below, but this directory contains our database migrations. A migration essentially changes the structure of the database. These files are auto-generated, and we only need to modify env.py and alembic.ini.Alembic.ini is an auto-generated related config file. We only need to remove one line from it, as most of the configuration is set up in env.pydocker-compose.yml contains configuration to run Postgres and Minio in containers on the same network with provisioned storage using volumesInfrastructure: Our database models use UUIDs for GUIDS. This directory contains a script to enable the uuid.ossp extension the first time Postgres runsPyproject.toml is a configuration file for packaging-related tools.Requirements: This holds our production and development dependencies pinned by version. The setting up dependencies section provides more on this.Source DirectoryThe source directory contains the bulk of the source code. The code is structured around domains consisting of core and content. The core domain includes files that impact the server holistically (middleware) or contain logic to be used in other domains, such as database sessions, logging function, and a health check for later k8s deployment. The content domain uses DDD tactical patterns: Repository and Services to cleanly abstract code. Each domain (next up will be users) will follow the same general structure:Models: SQLAlchemy models that define the database schema.Schema: Pydantic models which handle input and output data validation and serialization.Repositories: The repositories are responsible for data access. Separating data access logic, ensuring easier testing and maintenance.Services: coordinates business logic, interfacing between application logic and data access logic (repository)Content domain specifically has:Prompts: a central place to store prompts. For now, other tools later in the series will address prompt versioning and a more robust approach.Workflows: stores all workflows.Dependencies SetupIn part 2, we set up our virtual environment using Conda and installed all our dependencies through the command line. This works initially, but the underlying dependencies can change, breaking the source code. In this project, we introduce pyproject.toml, which has become the de facto standard for configuring Python applications.[build-system]requires = ["setuptools", "wheel"]build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"pyt[project]name = "content_assistant"authors = [{ name = "Markell Richards" }]version = "0.0.1"requires-python = ">=3.12"readme = "README.md"dependencies = [ "fastapi", "uvicorn[standard]", "tenacity", "asyncio", "llama-index-core", "llama-index-llms-openai", "tavily-python", "openai", "pydantic-settings", "minio", "JSON-log-formatter", "sqlalchemy", "alembic", "psycopg2-binary", "boto3", "asyncpg",][project.optional-dependencies]dev = ["ruff", "black"]With our application metadata and dependencies defined, we need to create a requirements.txt for pip to install. We will use pip-tools which consist of pip-compile and pip-sync. pip-compile pins the dependencies so pip knows how to resolve them and which versions to install. Great dependency management revolves around dependency resolving and dependency locking. These two concepts allow us to have deterministic builds. Ensuring the app is built the same regardless of where and when.To generate the hashes and lock versions, we use the following commands:pip-compile --generate-hashes -o requirements/requirements.txt pyproject.toml pip-compile --extra dev -o requirements/requirements-dev.txt pyproject.tomlWe use requirements-dev for local development as it will include additional dependencies defined in the dev section of our pyproject.toml. These aren't needed for the production build and are excluded from requirements.txt.To install the dependencies, we use:pip-sync requirements/requirements.txt requirements/requirements-dev.txtpip-sync installs dependencies based on the output of our pip-compile.APIsEach domain has its own api.py with a set of routes. These are defined as routers and are included in our main.py, as shown here:app = FastAPI(version=version)app.include_router(core_router)app.include_router(content_router)Core routerIn part 6 of this series, we will deploy our full-stack application to Kubernetes. Typically, the containers in Kubernetes pods should have a way to check the health of an application. More on this will be covered later, but for now, we defined a simple health check endpoint that returns the version of our API (version is specified in pyproject.toml):from fastapi import APIRouter, statusfrom fastapi.requests import Requestrouter = APIRouter(tags=["Core Endpoints"])@router.get("/health", status_code=status.HTTP_200_OK)async def healthcheck(request: Request) -> dict: return {"version": request.app.version}Content RouterWe establish a WebSocket connection to provide users with real-time updates as a workflow proceeds through its steps. This is a minimal and simple example of streaming updates using a WebSocket connection. It will need to be improved before being used in production.router = APIRouter(tags=["Content Endpoints"])@router.websocket("/content")async def advancedContentFlow(websocket: WebSocket, db: Session = Depends(get_db), settings: Settings = Depends(get_settings)): await websocket.accept() s3_client = boto3.client( 's3', endpoint_url=settings.MINIO_ENDPOINT, aws_access_key_id=settings.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, aws_secret_access_key=settings.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY, region_name='us-east-1', # Disable SSL verification if using HTTP config=boto3.session.Config(signature_version='s3v4') ) workflow_repository = WorkflowRepository(db) blog_repository = BlogRepository(db) social_media_repository = SocialMediaRepository(db) image_repository = ImageRepository(db) workfow_service = WorkflowService(workflow_repository) blog_service = BlogService(blog_repository) social_media_service = SocialMediaService(social_media_repository) image_service = ImageService(image_repository=image_repository, s3_client=s3_client) workflow = AdvancedWorkflow(settings, db, workfow_service=workfow_service, blog_service=blog_service, social_media_service=social_media_service, image_service=image_service) try: data = await websocket.receive_json() logger.info(data) handler: WorkflowHandler = workflow.run(topic=data["topic"], research=data["research"]) async for event in handler.stream_events(): if isinstance(event, ProgressEvent): await websocket.send_json({ "type": "progress_event", "payload": str(event.msg) }) result = await handler await websocket.send_json({ "type": "results", "payload": result }) except Exception as e: await db.rollback() await websocket.send_json({ "type": "error", "payload": "Something went wrong" }) logger.error(e) finally: await websocket.close()Stepping through the code:Using dependency injection, we inject a database session and settings object into each connection.Accept an incoming WebSocket connection.Minio is an S3 Compatible object storage. We use the AWS boto SDK to interact with Minio. We create an s3_client to pass into our image_service which contains the logic to upload images.We create instances of each repository and service type: workflow, blog, social media, and image.We create an instance of AdvanceWorkflow and pass in settings, db session, and every service.We accept a JSON payload containing a content topic and research boolean flag.We run our workflow and listen for ProgressEvent. As the workflow progresses, each step will publish a ProgressEvent with a msg that will be sent to the client.Once the workflow finishes, the user gets a result payload signifying the workflow as completed or failed.Error handling in the event something goes wrongFinally, we close the WebSocket connection.SqlAlchemy and AlembicAs mentioned, we added Postgres and Minio to the project to persist in storing entities created throughout the workflows for later retrieval. Above is a simple entity relationship diagram (ERD) of how the tables map together. This is subject to change, but at this point, this structure gives us some general access patterns:Each blog and social media post belongs to one workflow. If we fetch a workflow, we can grab all related entities.In a single workflow, blog and social media posts share the same image generated. However, later, the user can change the media used through the interface.A user can edit the content of blog and social media post in later enhancements. Theres a situation that arises where images will be orphaned. How would you do the cleanup process? (will be revealed later in the series)To facilitate the interaction with the database and management of its structure, we use SqlAlchemy and Alembic. SQLAlchemy is an object-relational mapper (ORM) that helps you interact with databases using Python. It offers various patterns that make managing data easier and more efficient. SQLAlchemy is designed for high performance, allowing quick access to database information using simple and clear Python.Alembic is a lightweight database migration tool built to be used with SqlAlchemy. It performs migrations to change the structure of the database. By change, this includes adding tables, updating models, etc.Each SqlAlchemy model follows the same pattern so I will show just one example. See the source code for the rest of the entities.import uuidfrom src.core.database import Basefrom sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import UUIDfrom sqlalchemy import types, ForeignKey, func, DateTime, Columnfrom sqlalchemy.orm import relationshipclass BlogPosts(Base): __tablename__ = 'blog_posts' id = Column(types.INTEGER, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) guid = Column(UUID(as_uuid=True), primary_key=False, unique=True, nullable=False, server_default=func.uuid_generate_v4(), default=uuid.uuid4) title = Column(types.String) content = Column(types.TEXT) created_at = Column(DateTime, default=func.now(), nullable=False) updated_at = Column(DateTime, default=func.now(), onupdate=func.now(), nullable=False) workflow_guid = Column(ForeignKey("workflows.guid")) image_guid = Column(ForeignKey("images.guid")) image = relationship("Images")Here, we define our blog_posts table, which is shown in the ERD. We define each column and its associated type. Postgres built-in function uuid_generate_v4() generates a unique identifier for the guid column. func.now generates the timestamp for created_at and updated_at columns. Then define our workflow and image relationships using ForeignKey. Lastly, we use the relationship module to allow easy access to images related to a blog post using the ORM.To use the uuid_generate_v4() function with Postgres, we must ensure the extension is enabled in our database.set -epsql -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 --username "$POSTGRES_USER" --dbname "$POSTGRES_DB" <<-EOSQL CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS "uuid-ossp";EOSQLThis script is passed into our docker instance running Postgres and will enable the extension.Now that our model is defined and extension is configured, lets create a migration.In the root directory, youll run the following command:alembic init alembicThis will generate the following files:/versions directory: contains each migration generatedenv.py: used to configure alembicREADME.md: generic information from alembicscript.py.makoalembic.iniAfter these files are generated, we need to modify alembic.ini and env.py. In alembic.ini, remove the following line:sqlalchemy.url =Next, we modify a few lines in env.py:## import necessary source codefrom src.core.database import Basefrom src.settings.config import Settingsfrom src.content.models.workflows import Workflowfrom src.content.models.blog_posts import BlogPostsfrom src.content.models.social_media_post import SocialMediaPostsfrom src.content.models.images import Images# alembic generated codetarget_metadata = Base.metadatasettings = Settings()config.set_main_option("sqlalchemy.url", settings.DATABASE_URL)# rest of alembic generated codeThe models must be imported into this file for the migrations to run. We also import Base from our database.pyfrom sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine, AsyncSessionfrom sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_basefrom sqlalchemy import create_enginefrom sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmakerfrom src.core.logs import loggerfrom src.settings import settingsBase = declarative_base()# for alembicsync_engine = create_engine(settings.DATABASE_URL, echo=True)async_engine = create_async_engine(settings.ASYNC_DATABASE_URL, echo=True, future=True)AsyncSessionFactory = sessionmaker( bind=async_engine, class_=AsyncSession, expire_on_commit=False, autocommit=False, autoflush=False,)async def get_db(): async with AsyncSessionFactory() as session: yield sessionBase contains the metadata of our models, which each of our SqlALchemy models inherits. Alembic is synchronous by nature compared to FastAPI, which is asynchronous. I defined two database engines to avoid overcomplicating the alembic configuration to be async. One synchronous that uses a different URL is used by Alembic, and FastAPI uses another async URL. Here is an example of their URLs:ASYNC_DATABASE_URL=postgresql+asyncpg://postgres-user:postgres-pw@localhost:5432/demo # EXAMPLEDATABASE_URL=postgresql://postgres-user:postgres-pw@localhost:5432/demo #EXAMPLEWith everything configured, we can run the following two commands to generate a migration and update our database:alembic revision --autogenerate -m "Initial migration" alembic upgrade head # updates database tables & schemasWorkflowfrom llama_index.core.workflow import Workflow, Event, StartEvent, StopEvent, Context, stepfrom sqlalchemy.orm import Sessionfrom src.content.services.workflow_service import WorkflowServicefrom src.content.services.blog_service import BlogServicefrom src.content.services.social_media_service import SocialMediaServicefrom src.content.services.image_service import ImageServicefrom src.content.schemas.workflow import WorkflowStatusType, WorkflowCreate, WorkflowUpdatefrom src.content.schemas.blog_posts import BlogCreate, BlogUpdatefrom src.content.schemas.social_media_post import SocialMediaCreate, PlatformType, SocialMediaUpdatefrom src.content.schemas.tavily_search import TavilySearchInputfrom src.content.schemas.images import ImageCreatefrom src.content.prompts.prompts import *from src.content.services.tavily_search_service import tavily_searchfrom llama_index.llms.openai import OpenAI as LlamaOpenAIfrom openai import OpenAIfrom src.core.logs import loggerclass ResearchEvent(Event): topic: str research: boolclass BlogEvent(Event): topic: str research: bool research_material: strclass SocialMediaEvent(Event): blog: strclass SocialMediaCompleteEvent(Event): passclass IllustratorEvent(Event): blog: strclass IllustratorCompleteEvent(Event): url: strclass ProgressEvent(Event): msg: strclass RetryEvent(Event): passclass WorkflowFailedEvent(Event): error: strclass AdvancedWorkflow(Workflow): def __init__(self, settings, db: Session, workfow_service: WorkflowService, blog_service: BlogService, social_media_service: SocialMediaService, image_service: ImageService, timeout=None, verbose=None): super().__init__(timeout, verbose) self.settings = settings self.db = db self.workflow_service = workfow_service self.blog_service = blog_service self.social_media_service = social_media_service self.image_service = image_service @step async def start_event(self, ev: StartEvent, ctx: Context) -> ResearchEvent | BlogEvent | WorkflowFailedEvent: ctx.write_event_to_stream(ProgressEvent(msg="Starting content creation workflow")) workflow_data = WorkflowCreate(status=WorkflowStatusType.INPROGRESS) try: workflow = await self.workflow_service.create_workflow(workflow_data=workflow_data) await ctx.set(key="workflow_id", value=workflow.id) await ctx.set(key="workflow_guid", value=workflow.guid) if ev.research: return ResearchEvent(topic=ev.topic, research=ev.research) return BlogEvent(topic=ev.topic, research=ev.research, research_material="None") except Exception as e: return WorkflowFailedEvent(error=f"{e}") @step async def research_event(self, ev: ResearchEvent, ctx: Context) -> BlogEvent | WorkflowFailedEvent: ctx.write_event_to_stream(ProgressEvent(msg=f"Searching internet for information about {ev.topic}")) try: search_input = TavilySearchInput( query=ev.topic, max_results=3, search_depth="basic" ) research_material = await tavily_search(search_input, api_key=self.settings.TAVILY_SEARCH_API_KEY) return BlogEvent(topic=ev.topic, research= ev.research, research_material=research_material) except Exception as e: return WorkflowFailedEvent(error=f"{e}") @step async def blog_event(self, ev: BlogEvent, ctx: Context) -> SocialMediaEvent | WorkflowFailedEvent: ctx.write_event_to_stream(ProgressEvent(msg="Writing blog post")) prompt_template = "" workflow_guid = await ctx.get("workflow_guid") try: if(ev.research): prompt_template = BLOG_AND_RESEARCH_TEMPLATE.format(query_str=ev.topic, research=ev.research_material) else: prompt_template = BLOG_TEMPLATE.format(query_str=ev.topic) llm = LlamaOpenAI(model=self.settings.OPENAI_MODEL, api_key=self.settings.OPENAI_API_KEY) response = await llm.acomplete(prompt_template) blog_data = BlogCreate(title=ev.topic, content=response.text, workflow_guid=workflow_guid) blog_post = await self.blog_service.create_blog(blog_data=blog_data) await ctx.set(key="blog_id", value=blog_post.id) ctx.send_event(SocialMediaEvent(blog=blog_data.content)) except Exception as e: return WorkflowFailedEvent(error=f"{e}") @step async def social_media_event(self, ev: SocialMediaEvent, ctx: Context) -> SocialMediaCompleteEvent | IllustratorEvent | WorkflowFailedEvent: ctx.write_event_to_stream(ProgressEvent(msg="Writing social media post")) worklflow_guid = await ctx.get("workflow_guid") try: prompt_template = LINKED_IN_TEMPLATE.format(blog_content=ev.blog) llm = LlamaOpenAI(model=self.settings.OPENAI_MODEL, api_key=self.settings.OPENAI_API_KEY) response = await llm.acomplete(prompt_template) sm_data = SocialMediaCreate(content=response.text, platform_type=PlatformType.LINKEDIN, workflow_guid=worklflow_guid) sm_post = await self.social_media_service.create_social_media_post(social_media_data=sm_data) await ctx.set(key="sm_id", value=sm_post.id) ctx.send_event(IllustratorEvent(blog=ev.blog)) return SocialMediaCompleteEvent() except Exception as e: return WorkflowFailedEvent(error=f"{e}") @step async def illustration_event(self, ev: IllustratorEvent, ctx: Context) -> IllustratorCompleteEvent | WorkflowFailedEvent: ctx.write_event_to_stream(ProgressEvent(msg="Drawing illustration for content")) try: llm = LlamaOpenAI(model=self.settings.OPENAI_MODEL, api_key=self.settings.OPENAI_API_KEY) image_prompt_instructions_generator = IMAGE_GENERATION_TEMPLATE.format(blog_post=ev.blog) image_prompt = await llm.acomplete(image_prompt_instructions_generator, formatted=True) openai_client = OpenAI(api_key=self.settings.OPENAI_API_KEY) file_name = await self.image_service.generate_and_upload_image(bucket=self.settings.MINIO_BUCKET_NAME, openai_client=openai_client, image_prompt=image_prompt.text) url = f"{self.settings.MINIO_ENDPOINT}/{self.settings.MINIO_BUCKET_NAME}/{file_name}" image_data = ImageCreate(url=url) image = await self.image_service.create_image(image_data=image_data) await ctx.set("image_guid", image.guid) return IllustratorCompleteEvent(url=url) except Exception as e: return WorkflowFailedEvent(error=f"{e}") @step async def step_workflow_success(self, ev:SocialMediaCompleteEvent | IllustratorCompleteEvent, ctx: Context) -> StopEvent | WorkflowFailedEvent: if ( ctx.collect_events( ev, [SocialMediaCompleteEvent, IllustratorCompleteEvent] ) is None ) : return None workflow_id = await ctx.get("workflow_id") image_guid = await ctx.get("image_guid") blog_id = await ctx.get("blog_id") sm_id = await ctx.get("sm_id") workflow_update_data = WorkflowUpdate(id=workflow_id, status=WorkflowStatusType.COMPLETE) blog_update_data = BlogUpdate(id=blog_id, image_guid=image_guid) sm_update_data = SocialMediaUpdate(id=sm_id, image_guid=image_guid) try: await self.workflow_service.update_workflow(workflow_id, workflow_update_data) await self.blog_service.update_blog(blog_id=blog_id, blog_data=blog_update_data) await self.social_media_service.update_social_media_post(sm_id=sm_id, sm_data=sm_update_data) return StopEvent(result="Done") except Exception as e: return WorkflowFailedEvent(error=f"{e}") @step async def step_workflow_failed(self, ev: WorkflowFailedEvent, ctx: Context) -> StopEvent: try: workflow_id = await ctx.get("workflow_id") workflow_update_data = WorkflowUpdate(id=workflow_id, status=WorkflowStatusType.FAILED) await self.workflow_service.update_workflow(workflow_id, workflow_update_data) return StopEvent(result="Failed") except: logger.error(ev.error) return StopEvent(result="Failed")Our workflow has mostly stayed the same, except for the addition of using services to handle logic related to managing entities in Postgres and Minio. We also added a failure step in case anything goes wrong. To note, social media workflow is now calling the illustration step. This avoids the same session performing two operations simultaneously, causing a collision. In the future, we can pass in a session factory to enable parallel processing, but I did not for the sake of time.Services and RepositoriesIn Domain-Driven Design (DDD), tactical patterns are essential design guidelines that effectively organize and structure code within a bounded context. We implement the repository and service pattern described above in our code base. The patterns are repeatable, so like before, I show one example, in this case for Images, as they include additional logic for generating and uploading images.First, we define an interface with images that the ImageRepository must implement.from abc import ABC, abstractmethodfrom src.content.schemas.images import ImageCreate, Imageclass IImagesRepository(ABC): @abstractmethod async def create_image(self, image_data: ImageCreate) -> Image: passThen we define the ImageRepositoy:from src.content.repositories.images.images_repository_interface import IImagesRepositoryfrom src.content.schemas.images import Image, ImageCreatefrom src.content.models.images import Imagesfrom sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSessionclass ImageRepository(IImagesRepository): def __init__(self, async_db_session: AsyncSession): self.db = async_db_session async def create_image(self, image_data) -> Image: if not isinstance(image_data, ImageCreate): raise ValueError("Expected instance of ImageCreate") try: new_image_data = Images(url=image_data.url) self.db.add(new_image_data) await self.db.commit() await self.db.refresh(new_image_data) return Image( id=new_image_data.id, guid=new_image_data.guid, url=new_image_data.url ) except: await self.db.rollback() raiseThe interface defined one create_image method. The ImageRepositoy implements this method by checking if the data passed in matches the Pydantic schema ImageCreate. If it is a valid payload, it creates a new Images instance passing in the URL generated from the Minio address upload (see service file). The id, guid, created_at, and updated_at are auto-generated. It then uses the session methods to add and commit the entity to the database. Then, the image is returned to the caller for further processing. In this case, the guid will be used to map the relationship between blog_posts and social_media_posts image_guid fields.Lastly, we define the ImageService file:import uuidimport requestsfrom io import BytesIOfrom src.content.repositories.images.images_repository import ImageRepositoryfrom src.content.schemas.images import ImageCreate, Image as ImageSchemafrom src.content.models.images import Imagesfrom PIL import Image as PilImagefrom botocore.exceptions import NoCredentialsError, ParamValidationErrorfrom tenacity import retry, wait_random_exponential, stop_after_attemptfrom openai import OpenAIfrom src.core.logs import loggerclass ImageService(ImageRepository): def __init__(self, image_repository: ImageRepository, s3_client): self.repository = image_repository self.s3_client = s3_client async def create_image(self, image_data: ImageCreate) -> ImageSchema: image = await self.repository.create_image(image_data) return ImageSchema.model_validate(image) @retry(wait=wait_random_exponential(min=1, max=15), stop=stop_after_attempt(3)) async def generate_image(self, client: OpenAI, prompt: str): try: response = client.images.generate( model="dall-e-3", # will make configurable in future prompt=prompt, size="1024x1024", # will make configurable in future quality="standard", # will make configurable in future n=1 ) return response except: raise Exception("Failed to generate image") async def generate_and_upload_image(self, bucket, openai_client: OpenAI, image_prompt): try: generated_image = await self.generate_image(client=openai_client, prompt=image_prompt) image_url = generated_image.data[0].url response = requests.get(image_url) image = PilImage.open(BytesIO(response.content)) image_bytes = BytesIO() image.save(image_bytes, format='PNG') image_bytes.seek(0) file_name = f"test_{uuid.uuid4()}.png" await self.upload_to_minio(bucket, image_bytes.getvalue(), file_name) return file_name except: raise Exception("Failed to upload to minio or create database entry") async def upload_to_minio(self, bucket, file_data, filename): try: self.s3_client.put_object(Bucket=bucket, Key=filename, Body=file_data) logger.error(msg=f"Uploaded {filename} to MinIO bucket successfully!") except NoCredentialsError: logger.error(msg="Credentials not available.") except ParamValidationError as e: logger.error(msg=f"Parameter validation failed: {e}")The ImageService class defines four methods:create_image: uses the ImageRepositoy to save images to the database.generate_image: uses the OpenAI API and dall-e-3 to generate an image. It's wrapped by the tenacity decorator to perform exponential backoff and retry. The image generation API tends to be finicky, which helps retry when errors are thrown for no apparent reason besides issues on the API end.generate_and_upload_image: This method calls the generate_image and upload_to_minio methods to create an image based on the blog post and upload the generated image to Minio.upload_to_minio: uploads files to Minio using the s3_client.These layers of abstraction allow us to separate application logic from business (services) and data access (repositories). Allowing for easier maintenance and testing.Some may argue that these pattern impacts performance. This is typically negligible and wont be a cause of concern for small to mid size applications. The improved maintainability is typically worth it in my opinion until a performance refactor is justifiable.Docker ComposeWe will run Postgres and Minio in Docker containers to experiment with them. Later in the series, Ill show my home lab setup, where I run Postgres in Kubernetes and Minio on my NAS (using TrueNAS applications).version: "3"services: postgres: image: postgres:16 hostname: postgres ports: - "5432:5432" environment: POSTGRES_USER: postgres-user # EXAMPLE ONLY CHANGE POSTGRES_PASSWORD: postgres-pw #EXAMPLE ONLY CHANGE POSTGRES_DB: demo volumes: - ./data:/var/lib/postgresql/data - ./infrastructure/init-db.sh:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/init-db.sh:ro minio: image: quay.io/minio/minio command: server /data --console-address :9001 restart: unless-stopped ports: - "9000:9000" - "9001:9001" environment: MINIO_ACCESS_KEY: minioadmin # EXAMPLE CHANGE MINIO_SECRET_KEY: minioadmin # EXAMPLE ONLY CHANGE MINIO_ROOT_USER: minioadmin # EXAMPLE ONLY CHANGE MINIO_ROOT_PASSWORD: minioadmin #EXAMPLE ONLY CHANGE volumes: - minio_data:/datavolumes: pgdata: minio_data:For each service, we define:image: postgres16 | quay.io/minio/minio(optional) commandportsenvironment: list of environment variables.volumes: used to persist data in the local directoryTo start these containers, ensure you have the docker run time installed and run the following command:docker-compose up -dThis will launch Postgres and Minio in the background.You can check to ensure the services are running correctly using:docker psLook for output similar to:SummaryIn this post, we enhanced our FastAPI application with real-time communication capabilities and improved data management. Key improvements include integrating WebSocket connections to stream progress events through a workflow. Introduced SQLAlchemy and Alembic for database interactions and migrations using Postgres. Expanded our code structure using Domain-Driven Design patterns, separating core and content functionality. Improved our dependency management with pyproject.toml and pip-tools.Whats NextThank you for tuning into part 3 of the GenAI Content Creator series. For part 4, we will add a user interface, allow users to interact with the workflow throughout its lifecycle, and update their content using a rich markdown editor.

SmitchThe Unshakable Resolve of "this guy are sick"MemberApr 21, 20224,718 MattBPokmon Master Uncle Works at NintendoAvengerOct 25, 20173,673Nicely done! Hope fans of it enjoyed it.Mattmo831Featuring Mattmo831 from the Apple v Epic caseMemberOct 26, 20206,296Yall really underestimated the box office impact "I am Steve" and "Chicken Jockey" really havelouisacommieMemberOct 25, 201717,781New JerseyWhat is next Among us? Fortnite?Desma"This guy are sick"MemberOct 27, 20176,646Chicken JockeyFabsMemberAug 22, 20192,593Surprised but not really this was bigger than MarioBecks'MemberDec 7, 20179,028CanadaDesma said:Chicken JockeyClick to expand...Click to shrink...Flint and SteelDalUncle Works at NintendoMemberAug 18, 20242,042Minecraft and Fortnite are the two biggest IPs in gaming, just wait until the latter gets a movie.CloseTalkerSister in the CraftMemberOct 25, 201737,603Worth noting that Mario had already been out for two days and made almost $60mil before its first opening weekend tally of $144mil. If it didn't open on a wednesday, It would have well cleared this number.Not to say this isn't also a gargantuan success, but it's a bit of a "biggest opening for a videogame movie*" with a big asterisk situationDustC H A O SMemberOct 25, 201740,049He truly was Steve. louiedogMemberOct 25, 20178,771This weekend it truly became Ourcraft.otyMemberFeb 28, 20235,467we're gonna get so many video game adaptations, surely. critical reception of this movies has mostly been, atleast what i've seen, "it's so bad it's good" and it's making bank like this lollouisacommieMemberOct 25, 201717,781New JerseyFabs said:Surprised but not really this was bigger than MarioClick to expand...Click to shrink...Mario had a five day opening weekend so the comparison is not exact but makes sense mario and Minecraft would be the two biggest video game movies.GTA could maybe compete but being R rated and that it be kinda a generic crime thriller makes it weird to think off.BesiktasMemberSep 2, 2024735I hate when shitty products gets undeservedly succesfull. We had amazing adaptations that didn't make this much of success but horray this abomination gets huge moneyOnionPowderMemberOct 25, 201710,712Orlando, FLwill probably be seeing this with my daughter this week. Honestly, the crowd stuff sounds like it'd be a hoot.MidnightCowboyMemberOct 27, 20173,974Fully in my old man yells at cloud moment. All the videos of teenagers filming the screen and losing their shit at Chicken Jockeythe only thing more depressing is the state of our nation's politics. But to be honest, I believe they are connected.AudibleeMemberMar 14, 2025417Remember when people said MS overpaid for Minecraft? Jesus that thing prints money.BlthannaMemberFeb 15, 20231,038IrelandThe children truly do yearn to mine and craft.yallasamaMemberDec 7, 2022473Even fans who played the game thought at least the trailers made it seem awful. Not sure what the actual movie is supposed to be, but not sure if you're not a fan of the game that you could be even remotely entertained.Vincent AlexanderMemberOct 26, 201721,207yallasama said:Even fans who played the game thought at least the trailers made it seem awful. Not sure what the actual movie is supposed to be, but not sure if you're not a fan of the game that you could be even remotely entertained.Click to expand...Click to shrink...My son and his friends play Minecraft, thought it looked awful, and all went to go see it yesterday. So being awful in this case doesn't seem to be stopping people from seeing. They claimed it was bad, but the movie was packed and they still had a good time. DustC H A O SMemberOct 25, 201740,049There is also circus at McDonald's over those Minecraft collectibles. It's a perfect Minecraft shitstorm alongside this movie.Vincent AlexanderMemberOct 26, 201721,207Dust said:There is also circus at McDonald's over those Minecraft collectibles. It's a perfect Minecraft shitstorm alongside this movie.Click to expand...Click to shrink...Haha. Yep. After the movie we took them to McDonalds too......It's wild.Canas RenvallMemberMar 4, 20183,186Besiktas said:I hate when shitty products gets undeservedly succesfull.We had amazing adaptations that didn't make this much of success but horray this abomination gets huge moneyClick to expand...Click to shrink...Cope harder. Movie was a fun time, lol.zedoxMemberOct 28, 20175,302We In Da Buildin! Love to see this success. I enjoyed it with my wife and kids. Laughed a bunch of times cuz of Jack Black and Jason. Good stuff. Also, there's a Live Event that features areas from the movie (and the DLC)! It's fun and there only a day and some change left. You can earn the YEARN cape!DarkLordOtakuMemberJun 6, 20241,099Upper Marlboro, MarylandThis is wild to me.Mahaveer RaGOATnatanMemberJan 18, 20211,472Damn thats crazy.Didnt seem to have much hype here and seemed like it would flopThe_R3medyMemberJan 22, 20183,654WisconsinDoesn't shock me at all. As long as it was crowd pleasing and didn't try to differentiate too much from the world, it would be successful. Good for them, though. Hope Hess, Black, Mamoa, and the whole cast get huge backend paydays from this.poklaneMemberOct 25, 201731,530the NetherlandsMahaveer RaGOATnatan said:Damn thats crazy.Didnt seem to have much hype here and seemed like it would flopClick to expand...Click to shrink...It's almost like this is a movie aimed at kids, and there's little to none of them here.Kratos2098MemberFeb 18, 20222,652People going to see it because of the name alone. Shame shit movies like this do this well while much better adaptations don't because they aren't as well known.AstronaughtEMemberNov 26, 201712,757poklane said:It's almost like this is a movie aimed at kids, and there's little to none of them here.Click to expand...Click to shrink...And like maybe a dozen minecraft fans. Lots of parents who seem somewhat happy though! carlsojoShinra EmployeeMemberOct 28, 201736,715San FranciscoCouldn't be happier for Emma Myers (and the rest of the cast too!)big_zMemberNov 2, 20178,221Jack black is going to be nothing but a beard in the sequel.chainlinkspiralMemberOct 25, 201712,394louisacommie said:What is next Among us? Fortnite?Click to expand...Click to shrink...Yes. Where we dropping. Among Us has an animated show.bionic77MemberOct 25, 201732,847Mahaveer RaGOATnatan said:Damn thats crazy.Didnt seem to have much hype here and seemed like it would flopClick to expand...Click to shrink...This place trends extremely male and middle aged. It's very out of touch for certain things. My teens and their friends were into this even though they thought it looked bad. That buzz usually translates to money. surprised how big PCs are getting with the kids too.XterrianMemberApr 20, 20183,467People really underestimate how much of a cultural touchstone Minecraft is for anyone who grew up from 2009 onward.KanjoBazooie Legend AvengerOct 26, 201732,226Chicagolouisacommie said:What is next Among us? Fortnite?Click to expand...Click to shrink...Fortnite is a no brainer at this pointI'm not too familiar with Roblox but that couldn't be turned into a movie could it? Seems more like a platform than a game.HMDMemberOct 26, 20173,311Hopefully it drops off, it was a terrible movie that I hope doesn't turn into a franchise.I can't believe it's reviewing as badly well as the Super Mario movie when that one actually had a lot of soul and was a visual treat.OhlandoMemberAug 24, 2024993Audiblee said:Remember when people said MS overpaid for Minecraft? Jesus that thing prints money.Click to expand...Click to shrink...I had no idea the value of that purchase and it didn't make any sense at all to me.Max|PayneMemberOct 27, 20179,501Portugallouisacommie said:What is next Among us? Fortnite?Click to expand...Click to shrink...RobloxGiantEnemyCrabMemberOct 28, 20174,127louisacommie said:What is next Among us? Fortnite?Click to expand...Click to shrink...Roblox giancarlo123xOne Winged SlayerMemberOct 25, 201727,598Besiktas said:I hate when shitty products gets undeservedly succesfull.We had amazing adaptations that didn't make this much of success but horray this abomination gets huge moneyClick to expand...Click to shrink...Whats the amazing ones that you speak of?ALowTierHeroMemberMay 1, 2024231I work in a cinema and yeah. It is crazy right now. A week ago we had 4 admits a day, and since Friday we are hitting 700 daily.Knightbat05MemberNov 7, 20224,023Mahaveer RaGOATnatan said:Damn thats crazy.Didnt seem to have much hype here and seemed like it would flopClick to expand...Click to shrink...I mean, Minecraft as a game is barely talked about on era in general. It actually barely gets spoken about on here at all.Knightbat05MemberNov 7, 20224,023louisacommie said:What is next Among us? Fortnite?Click to expand...Click to shrink...Roblox!UzzyGabes little helperMemberOct 25, 201733,703Hull, UKPattern Recognition makes big bucks. Yeah I'm grumpy old woman yelling at clouds here, but jeez. Even Minecraft fans deserve a better movie than a cynical cash grab, but clearly that's all that's needed now.poptireAvatar Wrecking CrewThe FallenOct 25, 201714,478Besiktas said:I hate when shitty products gets undeservedly succesfull.We had amazing adaptations that didn't make this much of success but horray this abomination gets huge moneyClick to expand...Click to shrink...The sanctity of Minecraft's epic gritty storytelling has been fouled by this product for childrenZerpetteMemberJun 23, 20231,992MidnightCowboy said:Fully in my old man yells at cloud moment. All the videos of teenagers filming the screen and losing their shit at Chicken Jockeythe only thing more depressing is the state of our nation's politics. But to be honest, I believe they are connected.Click to expand...Click to shrink...There were riots at the premiere of Stravinsky's Le Sacre du printemps over a century ago. Sometimes experiencing a great work of art provokes a visceral reaction in the audience.YappaMemberOct 25, 20177,359Hamburg/GermanyAnyone here who watched it without "Went with kid" excuse?King DodongoMemberOct 27, 20177,695Thanks JackBlack and Emma.DekumanMemberOct 27, 201720,459Jack Black with another WI'm girding myself for the age of Video game adaptations, but glad to see some varierty with B.O. again, instead of just nonstop Marvel and Disney stuff

This is not investment advice. The author has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. Wccftech.com has a disclosure and ethics policy.Tesla shares are now down around 40 percent so far this year, hammered by a fierce competition wave out of China and politically motivated boycotts in the US and the EU. Now, a Tesla uber-bull analyst seems to have read the proverbial writing on the wall by slashing his erstwhile sky-high stock price target by nearly half.To wit, Wedbush's Dan Ives has now slashed his price target for Tesla shares by 42.7 percent from $550 to $315, while retaining an overall 'Outperform' rating on the stock.Even though Ives asserts that his "long-standing bull view of Tesla remains," he adds a qualifier by conceding that "this is a pivotal moment of truth for Musk to turn things around...or darker days are ahead."Ives goes on to note:"We have been one of the biggest supporters of Musk and Tesla over the last decade....but this situation is not sustainable and the brand of Tesla is suffering by the day as a political symbol."In what constitutes a sooting salve for the frayed nerves of Tesla investors, the Wedbush analyst notes that "Musk has been with his back against the wall many times and every time Tesla came out of it and was stronger on the other side...this may be one of his biggest challenges yet to turn around."As mentioned earlier, Tesla sales have struggled lately in the face of stiff competition out of China and politically motivated boycotts in the EU and the US. Elon Musk recently alienated a large segment of the German population by vigorously supporting the far-right AfD party in recent elections. Meanwhile, in the US, Musk's DOGE-related activities continue to drive a political wedge into Tesla's brand image.And, now we have solid numbers to back assertions of ongoing brand damage. As we reported last week, Tesla's deliveries cratered to multi-year lows in the first quarter of 2025, with the EV giant managing to record sales of just 336,681 units in the recently-concluded quarter against expectations of 377,600 units (IR-compiled consensus estimate).What's more, Tesla's inventory level soared from 77,330 units at the end of Q4 2024 to 103,264 units at the end of Q1 2025, despite a retooling-driven extended halt across the EV giant's production lines ahead of the launch of the Model Y Juniper.While some analysts, including Future Fund's Gary Black, continue to expect a gradual reset in the prevailing narrative around Tesla as the upcoming launch of unsupervised FSD in Austin draws near, we have yet to see any material evidence of such a paradigm shift.Deal of the Day

Being Hokage has always been Naruto Uzumaki's dream, and something he finally achieves after the birth of his son, Boruto, in a peaceful age after a wartorn era. While the Borutoseries shows that new threats are on the horizon after the age of peace ushered by the end of Naruto, fans are also shown just how the Kagesof the Hidden Villages will work hard to preserve the new joyful era they all helped bring forth during Naruto's journey.

Back in 2023, we had this issue: https://www.gamedev.net/forums/topic/714882-crash-in-trycatch-blocks/5459220/?page=1I am now running into a very similar issue:class Bar {}class Foo { Bar@ Bar; }void Main() {Foo@ f;for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {try {auto foo = f.Bar;} catch { }}}When executing this, we get:<

As an Apple Watch user, there are still plenty of reasons to cast a jealous eye over Garmin.

For years, projectors have been the gearhead equivalent of sports cars admired from afar, intimidating up close, and rarely practical unless you had the perfect space, the perfect lighting, and deep enough pockets to call it a home theater without irony. Want triple laser 4K glory? Prepare to shell out $3000+ and dedicate half a room to housing your new technological behemoth. JMGOs N1S 4K is the long-awaited middle finger to that established order, delivering premium projection at a price point ($999 launch price) that wont require explaining to your significant other why the vacation fund just mysteriously vanished.This is JMGOs first real shot at mass-market disruption a $999 4K triple-laser projector that, frankly, reads like it was designed by someone who actually uses projectors, not just specs them out for glossy press releases. As someone whos spent years writing about and marveling at projectors that either dazzled my eyes or spared my walletbut rarely boththe N1S 4K represents something of a unicorn. Its like finding a Ferrari engine in a reasonably priced sedan.Designer: JMGOClick Here to Buy Now: $999 $1299 ($300 off). Hurry, deal ends in 48-hours! Available on website too!Obviously the name implies that your projector outputs 4K, and for that price, it sort of seems unreal. Ive written about standard 4K projectors (not even those ultra-short throw ones) that can sometimes hit the $1500 or $2000 mark, so at $999, a 4K smart projector seems like a good deal, especially considering JMGOs triple laser technology and a contrast ratio that would make most projectors walk away in shame.The N1S 4K employs JMGOs signature MALC 2.0 Triple Laser Optics system (which we got a front-row seat to experience at IFA 2024) to pump out 1,100 ISO lumens. For context, thats bright enough to deliver a vibrant image even with some ambient light presentunlike those budget projectors that require blackout conditions just to see whats happening during dark scenes in The Batman or that infamous Game Of Thrones episode. Worrying about contrast? The N1S 4K has a 1,600:1 FOFO (Full On/Full Off) ratio or a whopping 1,000,000:1 Dynamic Contrast ratio. Translation? Those shadowy scenes will actually show detail instead of becoming a murky black void.At just 4.4 pounds (2kg), the N1S 4K weighs less than my cat and is significantly more useful at movie nights. The integrated gimbal design is a JMGO signature at this point, allowing you to easily pivot and face the projector anywhere you want yes, even the ceiling. With 127 of vertical adjustment, you can place the N1S 4K anywhere in your room and have it project a perfectly aligned image that auto-keystones, auto-focuses, and zooms losslessly.The N1S 4K runs Google TV natively. This might sound trivial until you remember how many projectors still rely on half-baked custom Android skins or third-party dongles hanging awkwardly off HDMI ports. JMGO skipped that nonsense. Native access to over 10,000 apps, including Netflix (without workarounds), YouTube, Disney+, the whole crew smooth, responsive, familiar.Voice commands via Google Assistant work as youd expect, but the real win here is Google Cast. Ive seen more projectors trip over wireless casting than I can count. JMGO makes it seamless. Cast a YouTube video from your phone and its on the big screen before you finish muttering, how do I full-screen this? Want to go the traditional route? Low-latency HDMI2.1 lets you hook your laptop or even game console to the N1S 4K, or a USB-A port for pen drives or hard drives. Youre not really limited to the smart TV, and youre not relegated to using a Fire Stick. The smart connectivity and abundant I/O ports bring great flexibility.Where JMGOs models from last year leaned more into enthusiast territory, the N1S 4K feels like the projector for people who actually use projectors day-to-day, not just as weekend novelties. Even with competitors compare it to alternatives like XGIMIs Horizon Pro, which floats around the $1,600 mark with similar brightness and Google TV, but no gimbal magic, or the aging Epson Home Cinema series, which still clings to lamp-based designs and bulky footprints. At the limited-time launch price of $999, the JMGO N1S 4K represents one of those rare moments when the value proposition is so clear it should make your television worry about becoming unemployed.What I like most about the N1S 4K isnt just its specs or price its the fact that it doesnt seem to care about winning a numbers race. It wants to fit into peoples lives, not rearrange them. I can see it living in apartments where mounting a 65-inch TV would cause landlord drama, or in homes where a projector needs to pull double duty cinema at night, ambient art during the day, impromptu Mario Kart marathons when friends come over. Its the first projector Ive seen in a while that feels like a casual home theater, in the best way. You dont have to build your life around it, you just use it. And for $999? Thats hard to argue with.The JMGO N1S 4K is available on JMGOs website as well as on Amazon in the US and select European countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain). Prices on Amazon are $1,299 (US) and 1,399 (Europe), although for a limited time, you can grab the N1S 4K on JMGOs website for its introductory price of 999/999.Click Here to Buy Now: $999 $1299 ($300 off). Hurry, deal ends in 48-hours! Available on website too!The post This $999 4K Laser Projector from JMGO Might Finally Make Your TV Obsolete first appeared on Yanko Design.

Not all unlimited data plans for your phone are the same. We looked at the best options from AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile to help you know if its worth jumping carriers for a better deal.

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Microsoft's 50-day AI Skills Fest is open to beginners and pros. Register now for free access to AI lessons and help Microsoft win a Guinness World Record (seriously).