OpinionJanuary 28, 20255 min readHow Drones Can Train Bears to Stay Away from HumansDrones could be a wildlife manager's magic tools to reduce bear-human conflictBy Wesley Sarmento Hazing grizzlies away from humans by using drones was highly effective. Wesley Sarmento/Montana Fish, Wildlife, and ParksBrown bears roam across much of the northern hemisphere from the mountains of Spain to the prairies of the US. These bears are formidable carnivores that can weigh up to 751 kg (1,656 lb) and have claws 15 cm (6 in) long. With long canine teeth and a bite force of 6,800,000 pascals (1,000 psi), these bruins can easily crush bones. All these powerful features make brown bears an imposing predator that can take down prey as large and dangerous as an adult bison.Yet, while these bears eat meat, much of their diet is plant-based because they are omnivores. Brown bears have very few dietary restrictions. They are certainly not gluten intolerant because they have been observed laying in big piles of grain, eating wheat by mouthfuls. Nor do they have nut or shellfish allergies. This large dietary breadth, however, causes them to seek out many of the same foods that humans consume. So, just about anywhere you have brown bears and people, you have human-bear conflicts.In the contiguous US, brown bears, also called grizzly bears, have been a protected species since the 1970s, which has led some populations to increase considerably and expand their range, reclaiming historic habitat.On supporting science journalismIf you're enjoying this article, consider supporting our award-winning journalism by subscribing. By purchasing a subscription you are helping to ensure the future of impactful stories about the discoveries and ideas shaping our world today.The number of hazing events declined over each calendar year evidence that long term aversive conditioning was occurring.Wesley Sarmento/Montana Fish, Wildlife, and ParksThe ecosystems that contain Yellowstone and Glacier National Park have populations of grizzlies that are rebounding so much that bears are moving out from the mountains back onto the prairie, where people and agriculture now dominate the landscape. The return of the grizzly to the Great Plains has been hailed a conservation success story but has come with the unintended consequence of increased human-bear conflicts.Training bears to stay awaySome people are upset with having to live with such a fearsome animal. Grizzlies can kill livestock, people, and cause property damage. Fortunately, people are not on the typical bear menu and attacks are extraordinarily rare.Nevertheless, their presence makes all these risks possible, and therefore, it is essential for wildlife managers to prevent these conflicts and resolve issues quickly when they do occur. Addressing peoples concerns over grizzly bears is necessary for the successful long-term conservation of the species.In the contiguous US, grizzly bears have been a protected species since the 1970s, which has led some populations to increase considerably and expand their range, reclaiming historic habitat.Wesley Sarmento/Montana Fish, Wildlife, and ParksWith the expansion of grizzlies onto the prairie, locals demanded more responsiveness to address peoples worries. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks and the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the state and federal agencies tasked with managing the protected species, responded by hiring me in 2017.I was the first bear manager based entirely on the Great Plains. Initially, I held a dozen public meetings to hear what people wanted. Resoundingly, people said they didnt want bears near homes, in town, or damaging property, namely livestock. This seemed like a reasonable request, so I offered to haze bears away. Hazing is the act of the chasing an animal away from an undesirable place or stop it from doing a specific behavior, like attacking livestock.Some people jumped at the idea and offered to help, while others were skeptical. The disbelievers said hazing wouldnt work or it would merely move a bear to someone elses land.With limited information available on hazing, I decided to start collecting data to test if it worked. I wanted to know if hazing was effective at moving bears away from undesirable places. In addition, I wanted to know if it taught grizzlies to stay away from people long-term, which is called aversive conditioning.From dogs to dronesI started the program with the basic tools of any bear manager - a truck and shotgun with non-lethal deterrents, like cracker shells and rubber rounds. One day, I got a call about a bear in some trees near a familys house. I drove out to the farm on that rainy day to chase the bear off so the kids and livestock would be safe. My truck, however, was limited by the wet ground - I couldnt drive up to where the bear was because I would get stuck.So, I went out on foot, shooting the firecracker-like cracker shells from my shotgun. The big, agitated male grizzly didnt take kindly to my hazing work and charged out at me! Luckily, I was able to stop the large bear with a well-placed cracker in front of him, which spun him around and caused him to flee. After that risky encounter, I decided to get a widely touted, but scientifically untested tool bear dogs.One method of bear hazing included working with Airedales, named Gum and Hucksley.Sarah Zielke/Montana Fish, Wildlife, and ParksA month later I had two adult Airedales known as the king of terriers, to help me haze grizzlies. I picked this type of dog because the local people favored the breed and conservation outcomes are supposed to be more successful when those local perceptions are considered. It didnt take long for me to realize that the bear dogs werent all they were hyped up to be.Much of the time the two dogs couldnt detect a bear that I could see across a field, or they chased whatever animal they discovered first. Oftentimes they went after feral cats and porcupines. I tried relentlessly to better train the dogs, but the effort had little effect. Realizing the dogs werent a miracle solution, I decided to try a more technological approach that had also never been tested before drones.Airedale 'Gum' after an unfortunate run-in with a porcupine.Wesley Sarmento/Montana Fish, Wildlife, and ParksEquipped with a highly maneuverable, buzzing drone I was scattering bears with accuracy. I could precisely chase bears exactly where I wanted them all from the safety and comfort of my truck. The unmanned aerial vehicle was exactly the magic tool that I had been needing. Even at night, I could find bears from afar with the thermal camera, and then fly in closer to move them away from towns, homes, and livestock. The drone was such an asset that I couldnt imagine doing the job without it.Even though all the tools had some success at moving bears away from people, the drone performed notably better than dogs. With the drone I was no longer limited by fences, canals, and other obstacles that wouldve stopped me or limited my range with the other tools.All the hazing work seemed to pay off. Older bears required less hazing, and the number of hazing events declined over each calendar year evidence that long term aversive conditioning was occurring. Bears appeared to learn to stay away from people. The aversive conditioning likely prevented some conflicts from occurring, which meant bears would be less likely to get into trouble. It was a win-win.A bear dog is searching a bear den on the prairie.Wesley Sarmento/Montana Fish, Wildlife, and ParksThis article was reproduced with permission and originally published on Frontiers. Read the original article.

Gwyneth Paltrow officially has one less home in her portfolio of West Coast properties. The actor and Goop founder sold her longtime Los Angeles manse for $22 million, per the Wall Street Journal.Paltrows Brentwood, California, abode, which was left unscathed by surrounding (and still ongoing) wildfires, first hit the market in May 2024 for $29.9 million. She lowered the price to $24.9 million in October before landing on its final list price. The buyers identity has not yet been revealed.Paltrow first purchased the home with her ex-husband, Coldplay frontman Chris Martin, in 2012 for $9.95 million. After finalizing their divorce in 2015, she retained the propertya 1950s single-story equestrian estate in the Mandeville Canyon community. Following a series of renovations in 2009, the 8,000-square-foot property now features six bedrooms and eight bathrooms. The main house has sky-high ceilings, a professional-grade kitchen, wood-paneled walls, and a built-in outdoor barbecue area. Theres also a one-bedroom guesthouse complete with an office, wine cellar, gym, movie theater, and entertainment room. An extra apartment above a detached two-car garage and a horse stable are situated out back. If the amenities arent appealing enough on their own, the property comes with a major A-lister neighbor; Paltrows now-former pad sits right next door to rapper Kendrick Lamar, who bought a mansion in the area last year for $40 million.Join NowBecome an AD PRO member for only $25 $20 per month + receive an exclusive toteArrowAs for why shes leaving the well-appointed dwelling, Paltrow told WSJ last year that her children were getting older and have since moved out. She also noted that she plans to split her time between LA, her Hamptons home in Amagansett, and her newly-renovated compound in Montecito, California.

Ted Cruz vs. Wi-Fi hotspots Senator Ted Cruz is trying to block Wi-Fi hotspots for schoolchildren Cruz: Hotspot lending could "censor kids' exposure to conservative viewpoints." Jon Brodkin Jan 28, 2025 3:23 pm | 80 Senate Commerce Committee Chairman Ted Cruz (R-Texas) at a hearing on Tuesday, January 28, 2025. Credit: Getty Images | Tom Williams Senate Commerce Committee Chairman Ted Cruz (R-Texas) at a hearing on Tuesday, January 28, 2025. Credit: Getty Images | Tom Williams Story textSizeSmallStandardLargeWidth *StandardWideLinksStandardOrange* Subscribers only Learn moreUS Senator Ted Cruz (R-Texas) is trying to block a plan to distribute Wi-Fi hotspots to schoolchildren, claiming it will lead to unsupervised Internet usage, endanger kids, and possibly restrict kids' exposure to conservative viewpoints. "The government shouldn't be complicit in harming students or impeding parents' ability to decide what their kids see by subsidizing unsupervised access to inappropriate content," Cruz said.Cruz, chairman of the Commerce Committee, yesterday announced a Congressional Review Act (CRA) resolution that would nullify the hotspot rule issued by the Federal Communications Commission. The FCC voted to adopt the rule in July 2024 under then-Chairwoman Jessica Rosenworcel, saying it was needed to help kids without reliable Internet access complete their homework.Cruz's press release said the FCC action "violates federal law, creates major risks for kids' online safety, [and] harms parental rights." While Rosenworcel said last year that the hotspot lending could be implemented under the Universal Service Fund's existing budget, Cruz alleged that it "will increase taxes on working families.""As adopted, the Biden administration's Wi-Fi Hotspot Order unlawfully expanded the Universal Service Fund (USF) to subsidize Wi-Fi hotspots for off-campus use by schoolchildren, despite the Communications Act clearly limiting the Commission's USF authority to 'classrooms,'" Cruz's announcement said. "This partisan order, strongly opposed by then-Commissioner Brendan Carr and Commissioner Nathan Simington, represents an overreach of the FCC's mandate and poses serious risk to children's online safety and parental rights."Cruz's press release said that "unlike in a classroom or study hall, off-premises hotspot use is not typically supervised, inviting exposure to inappropriate content, including social media." Cruz's office alleged that the FCC program shifts control of Internet access from parents to schools and thus "heightens the risk of censoring kids' exposure to conservative viewpoints."The Cruz resolution to nullify the FCC rule was co-sponsored by Sens. John Thune (R-S.D.), Roger Wicker (R-Miss.), Deb Fischer (R-Neb.), Jerry Moran (R-Kan.), Marsha Blackburn (R-Tenn.), Todd Young (R-Ind.), Ted Budd (R-N.C.), Eric Schmitt (R-Mo.), John Curtis (R-Utah), Tim Sheehy (R-Mont.), Shelley Moore Capito (R-W.Va.), and Cynthia Lummis (R-Wyo.).The FCCs planUnder the CRA, Congress can reverse recent agency actions. The exact deadline isn't always clear, but the Congressional Research Service estimated "that Biden Administration rules submitted to the House or Senate on or after August 1, 2024" are likely to be subject to the CRA during the first few months of 2025. The FCC hotspot rule was submitted to Congress in August.The FCC rule expands E-Rate, a Universal Service Fund program that helps schools and libraries obtain affordable broadband. The hotspot order would let schools and libraries use E-Rate funding for "lending programs to loan Wi-Fi hotspots and services that can be used off-premises to the students, school staff, and library patrons with the greatest need," the FCC says.The FCC's hotspot order said "technology has become an integral part of the modern classroom," and that "neither Congress nor the Commission has defined the term 'classroom' or placed any explicit location restrictions on schools or libraries.""We conclude that funding Wi-Fi hotspots and services for off-premises use will help enhance access for school classrooms and libraries to the broadband connectivity necessary to facilitate digital learning for students and school staff, as well as library services for library patrons who lack broadband access when they are away from school or library premises," the FCC order said.Off-premises use can help "the student who has no way of accessing their homework to prepare for the next day's classroom lesson, or the school staff member who is unable to engage in parent-teacher meetings or professional trainings that take place after the school day ends, or the library patron who needs to attend a virtual job interview or perform bona fide research after their library's operating hours," the FCC said.The FCC order continued:Thus, we conclude that by permitting support for the purchase of Wi-Fi hotspots and Internet wireless services that can be used off-premises and by allowing schools and libraries to use this technology to connect the individuals with the greatest need to the resources required to fully participate in classroom assignments and in accessing library services, we will thereby extend the digital reach of schools and libraries for educational purposes and allow schools, teachers, and libraries to adopt and use technology-based tools and supports that require Internet access at home. For these reasons, we conclude that the action adopted today is within the scope of our statutory directive under section 254(h)(2)(A) of the Communications Act to enhance access to advanced telecommunications and information services for school classrooms and libraries.The FCC order said it would be up to schools and libraries "to make determinations about acceptable use in their communities." Schools and libraries seeking funding would be "subject to the requirements under the Children's Internet Protection Act, which requires local educational agencies and libraries to establish specific technical protections before allowing network access," the FCC said. They also must certify on an FCC form that they have updated and publicly posted acceptable use policies and may be required to provide the policies and evidence of where they are posted to the FCC.Hotspots were distributed during pandemicThe FCC previously distributed Wi-Fi hotspots and other Internet access technology through the $7.171 billion Emergency Connectivity Fund (ECF), which was authorized by Congress in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021. But Congress rescinded the program's remaining funding of $1.768 billion last year.The Rosenworcel FCC responded by adapting E-Rate to include hotspot lending. Overall E-Rate funding is based on demand and capped at $4.94 billion per year. Actual spending for E-Rate in 2023 was $2.48 billion. E-Rate and other Universal Service Fund programs are paid for through fees imposed on phone companies, which generally pass that cost on to consumers with a "Universal Service" charge on telephone bills.Carr, who is now FCC chairman, said in his July 2024 dissent that only Congress can decide whether to revive the hotspot lending. "Now that the ECF program has expired, its future is up to Congress," he said. "The legislative branch retains the power to decide whether to continue funding this Wi-Fi loaner programor not. But Congress has made clear that the FCC's authority to fund this initiative is over."With the previous temporary program, Congress ensured that Universal Service Fund money wouldn't be spent on the Wi-Fi hotspots and that "the program would sunset when the COVID-19 emergency ended," Carr said. But the replacement program doesn't have the "guardrails" imposed by Congress, he argued."The FCC includes no limit on the amount of ratepayer dollars that can be expended in aggregate over the course of years, no limit on the locations at which the hotpots can be used, no sunset date on the program, and no protection against this program increasing consumers' monthly bills," Carr said.Even if Congress doesn't act on Cruz's resolution, Carr could start a new FCC proceeding to reverse the previous decision. Carr has said he plans to take actions "to reverse the last administration's costly regulatory overreach."Ex-chair said plan didnt require budget increaseRosenworcel said the temporary program "demonstrated what a modern library and school can do to help a community learn without limits and keep connected.""Today we have a choice," she said at the time. "We can go back to those days when people sat in parking lots to get a signal to get online and students struggling with the homework gap hung around fast food places just to get the Internet access they needed to do their schoolwork. Or we can go forward and build a digital future that works for everyone."She argued that the FCC has authority because the law "directs the agency to update the definition of universal service, which includes E-Rate, so that it evolves over time," and "Congress specifically directed the Commission to designate additional services in this program as needed for schools and libraries."Cruz's press release said the FCC "order imposes no overall limit on the amount of federal dollars that can be expended on the hotspots, lacks mean-testing to target children who may not have Internet at home, and allows for duplication of service in areas where the federal government is already subsidizing broadband. As a result, the order could strain the USF while increasing the risk of waste, fraud, and abuse."However, Rosenworcel said the program would work "within the existing E-Rate budget" and thus "does not require new universal service funds nor does it come at the cost of the support E-Rate provides to connectivity in schools and libraries." Addressing the budget, the FCC order pointed out that E-Rate demand has fallen short of the program's funding cap for many years.While there wouldn't be mandatory mean-testing, the FCC program would rely on schools and libraries to determine who should be given access to hotspots. "In establishing a budgeted approach to the lending program mechanism, we expect that the limited number of available Wi-Fi hotspots will more naturally be targeted to students, school staff, or library patrons with the most need," the FCC order said.Jon BrodkinSenior IT ReporterJon BrodkinSenior IT Reporter Jon is a Senior IT Reporter for Ars Technica. He covers the telecom industry, Federal Communications Commission rulemakings, broadband consumer affairs, court cases, and government regulation of the tech industry. 80 Comments

Chinese AI company DeepSeek made global headlines for helping spark a massive sell-off in U.S. tech stocks on Monday, with Nvidia dropping almost 20%.In China, the hype around DeepSeek has sent shares of some public companies with supposed ties to it soaring. The problem: Theres no evidence these companies ever invested in or cooperated with DeepSeek to begin with.Rumored DeepSeek investors Huajin Capital and Zhejiang Orient popped by 10% on Monday, while a research company called Sublime China Information jumped 20% for supposedly cooperating with DeepSeek on its AI models. (Those are the legal maximum daily gains in Chinese exchanges.)However, Sublime China Information denied cooperating with DeepSeek in a disclosure, and Huajin Capital denied to a Chinese business news outlet that it ever disclosed a DeepSeek investment. Investment company Zhejiang Orient hasnt responded to a request for comment from TechCrunch, but theres no public evidence that theyre an investor in DeepSeek, either.The rumors appear to have originated from unsubstantiated Chinese lists which have gone viral of various publicly-traded companies supposedly tied to DeepSeek.DeepSeek, a private company, has never publicly announced any VC investments, while Chinese corporate records make no mention of VC firms on DeepSeeks cap table. Instead, its founder Liang Wenfeng is listed as the beneficial owner of all three entities that form DeepSeek. DeepSeek is funded by the quant firm High-Flyer (which Wenfeng is CEO of) and has no plans to fundraise, Wenfeng told Chinese media outlet Waves last year.In a 2023 interview with the same outlet, Wenfeng said he had discussions with different funding sources, but VCs seemed hesitant about investing in a research-focused company, prioritizing commercialization instead.DeepSeek did not respond to TechCrunchs comment request.

Indie bookstore backer Bookshop.org launched an e-book platform on Tuesday, making it easier for readers to buy e-books without padding Jeff Bezos pockets. For years, Amazons chokehold and sway in the publishing industry have been so strong that authors and booksellers have accused the company of operating a monopoly.Amazon is dominant in the sale of e-books because of its Kindle, which is one of the leading e-readers on the market. Conscious consumers can turn to companies like Kobo for their hardware, but even so, there often arent options to buy e-books directly from publishers and independent booksellers, which means that readers usually resort to Amazon, Barnes & Noble, or other big box retailers.Bookshop.org and Libro.fm have emerged as alternatives to Amazon, sharing a cut of sales with independent bookstores around America. But for e-book readers, its been challenging to buy new titles without going through Amazons ecosystem. Bookshop.orgs expansion into e-books gives consumers a long-awaited option to buy these digital books while also supporting small businesses.When we launched Bookshop.org, the vision was to support local bookstores in their battle against Amazon and other online retailers, Andy Hunter, founder and CEO of Bookshop.org, said in an announcement of the services new capabilities. This launch represents our commitment to keeping bookstores afloat.As it stands, Bookshop.orgs e-books are only available in the web browser, or on the Bookshop.org apps, which are available for Android and iOS. To maximize its impact in the market, however, Bookshop.org will need to offer ways to download its e-books onto e-readers like the Kindle.Bookshop selling e-books is not a cure-all. Amazon has monopolized the e-book space for way too long for it to be, wrote book critic Maris Kreizman on Bluesky. But its an important first step and thats worth celebrating.

Propositions for combining residential and cultural uses atop publicly owned land are gaining traction, as the national housing crisis worsens. Last November, Fogarty Finger and Andrew Berman Architect delivered The Eliza174 affordable apartments which sit above a New York Public Library branch in Inwood, Manhattan. And now, a similar scheme is underway in Boston. An affordable housing-plus-library proposal by MASS Design Group and The Architectural Team (TAT) was recently selected for construction in Bostons West End neighborhood, city officials shared. The plan will replace an existing, midcentury, single-story library at 151 Cambridge Street with a new 12-story residential building with a 2-story public library at grade.The building is set in a historic Boston neighborhood, not far from Downtown Boston and Beacon Hill. (Courtesy City of Boston)The design celebrates the community programming throughout the building, MASS Design Group said in its submittal to the city of Boston. Community spaces and outdoor zones are treated as subtle exceptions for the organizing architectural language of the rest of the building.Howd We Get Here?MASS Design Group beat out stiff competition for the job. The city first shared its intent of replacing the library in 2020. Then, in 2021, a programming study was completed by Ann Beha Architects (nowAnnum Architects), the Mayors office, Boston Public Library (BPL), the Public Facilities Department, and the Department of Neighborhood Development. An RFP went out in 2023 for the commission and a number of architects threw in their hat. The shortlisted firms were announced in 2023 with proposals from MASS Design Group;Davis Square Architects;Stull & Leeand John Ronan Architects;The Architectural Team;Pennrose,DiMella Shaffer, andMikyoung Kim Design; and The Community Builders and JGE Development.Ultimately MASS Design Group came out on top and The Architectural Team is also listed as project architect. The forthcoming building will top out at 176,000 square feet. It will contain 119 units of affordable housing; each of these flats will be reserved for households that earn below 80 percent of the Area Median Income. The 2-story library beneath the homes will be 19,000 square feet.An axon view of the project showing its urban context. (Courtesy City of Boston)Renderings, shared in the Project Notification Form submission, show a stately but contemporary building well suited for Bostons historic core. The choice to use brick was, indeed, a strategic and contextual one, MASS Design Group shared. Brick is prominently used here throughout as a timeless material with the richness, warmth and texture that is linked to the context, but here it is deployed in a manner that is confidently contemporary and of its time, MASS Design Group said.The area across from Otis House will have a plaza lined with trees and benches. (Courtesy City of Boston)The elevation will feature brick frames and vertical piers that create depth thanks to corbelling and bonding patterns, the architects elaborated. This brick framework is meant to organize the facade, which becomes visually and physically heavier closer to the sidewalk level, a Richardsonian motif. Panels adorn select parts of the facade which are meant to evoke the historic windows of nearby Beacon Hill and their shutters.The library and housing replace an existing library from the 1970s. (Courtesy City of Boston)As for the library, that space will sit adjacent to Otis House, a historic residential estate. Trees and walkways will line that portion of the site to create a rich and inviting connection to the library, faced with generously sized window walls.The building is slated for completion in 2027.

All images Michelle Robinson, shared with permissionMichelle Robinsons Passementerie Weavings Demonstrate Elaborate Detail and DesignJanuary 28, 2025CraftJackie AndresContinuing her practice rooted in the extensive art of passementerie, Michelle Robinson weaves vibrant threads into geometric wall hangings that curve, puff, and meander. Over the last two years, the Sydney-based artist has been learning how to spin fiber. I didnt expect the pure meditative state spinning allows, which is in stark contrast to the complex pre-planning that is involved for my weaving practice, especially passementerie, she explains. I am a chronic over-thinker and the countless options afforded in fiber work can often lead to a writer-block of sorts.Though Robinson initially had goals to scale up her work, shes instead found more growth in creating an ongoing series of small-scale iterations, experimenting with different fibers, yarn denier, and and color palettes.Robinson has been also been working on incorporating her vast personal collection of of woven textile cloths, embellishments, and wallpaper, which she still keeps from her previous endeavors in soft furnishings.Find more on the artists Instagram.Next article

Over 40 journalists and lawyers have submitted evidence to an independent review into allegations that the Police Service of Northern Ireland unlawfully spied on journalists and members of the legal profession.The review, commissioned by the Chief Constable of Northern Ireland Jon Boutcher, is inquiring into allegations that the PSNI collected the phone data of lawyers, journalists and NGOs, breaching journalists confidential sources and legal privilege between lawyers and clients.The inquiry follows disclosures by the Investigatory Powers Tribunal that the PSNI and the Metropolitan Police had unlawfully carried out surveillance operations against journalists Barry McCaffrey and Trevor Birney. It comes as MPs in the Northern Ireland Affairs select committee are preparing to take evidence next week from the two journalists as part of a one-day hearing into press freedom in Northern Ireland.Angus McCullough KC, who is leading the review into allegations of PSNI surveillance over 14 years between January 2011 and December 2024, disclosed in a progress report today that 50 individuals and two organisations have submitted evidence to the review. Some 80% of the responses came from journalists and lawyers. A small number, representing 5%, raised issues that fell outside McCulloughs terms of reference.There was a presumption, he wrote in a progress report, that individuals who were subject to improper or unlawful surveillance would be informed subject to legal constraints.McCullough, assisted by Matthew Hill, who took part in the Post Office Horizon inquiry, and Rajkiran Arhestey, said he was confident that the review team had been given unrestricted and unsupervised access to PSNI documents and computer systems.According to the progress report, investigators said they were keen to understand what scope there may be for police officers to bypass the proper statutory processes and whether there was a likelihood of off the books surveillance.McCullough said that surveillance need not be targeted directly against journalists or lawyers for it to have a tendency to reveal legally privileged or journalistic material, including journalistic sources.The review team has been able to use information in submitted evidence to identify keywords or specific names and contact details to conduct searches of PSNI computer systems to identify cases of surveillance.We have also taken steps to ensure, so far as it is possible, that the PSNI are not able to see what we have been searching for, the report states, in order to guarantee the anonymity of people who have submitted evidence to the review.Searches of the PSNI systems were considerably more time consuming than predicted. Legislation on surveillance and the PSNIs systems and processes, and repositories for storing data had changed considerably over 14 years.McCullough said that he rejected proposals to expand the review to assess the PSNIs monitoring of its own police officers and staff, and could not consider surveillance by MI5, the British Military, or other police forces.The Investigatory Powers Tribunal found in December 2025 that a former chief constable of the PSNI, George Hamilton, acted unlawfully by signing off on a directed surveillance operation to identify the suspected source of the two Northern Ireland journalists.Birney and McCaffrey were unlawfully arrested and their property seized after they produced a film exposing police collusion with a paramilitary group that killed 6 innocent people in Loughinisland, County Down, in 1994.Court received 60 complaints on PSNI in 3 yearsThe Police Service of Northern Ireland has been referred in complaints UKs surveillance court, the Investigatory Powers Tribunal (IPT) nearly 60 times between 2022 and 2024.The tribunal has ordered the PSNI to disclose internal documents 28 times, and has made 4 adjudications in cases involving the PSNI over the same period, according to figures disclosed by the Northern Ireland Policing Board.Chief constable, Jon Boucher, admitted in a report published during the course of the legal proceedings that it had placed over 500 lawyers and 300 journalists under surveillance. Those targeted included more than a dozen journalists working for the BBC.The IPT is considering a claim that the PSNI unlawfully spied against former BBC journalist, Vincent Kearney, during his work on a 2011 Spotlight documentary investigating the independence of the police watchdog in Northern Ireland.Campaigners have claimed the McCullough review does not go far enough and have called for the government to set up a public inquiry into police surveillance of journalists in Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK.Computer Weekly has submitted evidence to the McCullough review.Read more about Barry McCaffrey and Trevor Birneys case against PSNIConservative MP adds to calls for public inquiry over PSNI police spyingTribunal criticises PSNI and Met Police for spying operation to identify journalists sources.Detective wrongly claimed journalists solicitor attempted to buy gun, surveillance tribunal hears.Ex-PSNI officer deeply angered by comments made by a former detective at a tribunal investigating allegations of unlawful surveillance against journalists.Detective reported journalists lawyers to regulator in unlawful PSNI surveillance case.Lawyers and journalists seeking payback over police phone surveillance, claims former detective.We need a judge-led inquiry into police spying on journalists and lawyers.Former assistant chief constable, Alan McQuillan, claims the PSNI used a dedicated laptop to access the phone communications data of hundreds of lawyers and journalists.Northern Irish police used covert powers to monitor over 300 journalists.Police chief commissions independent review of surveillance against journalists and lawyers.Police accessed phone records of trouble-making journalists.BBC instructs lawyers over allegations of police surveillance of journalist.The Policing Board of Northern Ireland has asked the Police Service of Northern Ireland to produce a public report on its use of covert surveillance powers against journalists and lawyers after it gave utterly vague answers.PSNI chief constable Jon Boutcher has agreed to provide a report on police surveillance of journalists and lawyers to Northern Irelands policing watchdog but denies industrial use of surveillance powers.Report reveals Northern Ireland police put up to 18 journalists and lawyers under surveillance.Three police forces took part in surveillance operations between 2011 and 2018 to identify sources that leaked information to journalists Trevor Birney and Barry McCaffrey, the Investigatory Powers Tribunal hears.Amnesty International and the Committee on the Administration of Justice have asked Northern Irelands policing watchdog to open an inquiry into the Police Service of Northern Irelands use of surveillance powers against journalists.Britains most secret court is to hear claims that UK authorities unlawfully targeted two journalists in a covert surveillance operation after they exposed the failure of police in Northern Ireland to investigate paramilitary killings.The Police Service of Northern Ireland is unable to delete terabytes of unlawfully seized data taken from journalists who exposed police failings in the investigation of the Loughinisland sectarian murders.The Investigatory Powers Tribunal has agreed to investigate complaints by Northern Ireland investigative journalists Trevor Birney and Barry McCaffrey that they were unlawfully placed under surveillance.

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While a 40-inch TV may not be the most popular size, both big and small brands offer excellent options with features you've come to expect as standard for home entertainment. These features include 4K resolution, enhanced audio and picture processing, higher refresh rates, and Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connectivity. If you have the extra space, 42-inch and43-inch TVsare also great options. And with plenty of holiday sales at retailers like Amazon, Best Buy, and Walmart, you can save big on brands like Samsung, LG, and more.Also: Best 85-inch TVs in 2025What is the best 40-inch TV right now?My choice for the best 40-inch TV is the Samsung QN90D for its updated QLED panel, which provides a brighter picture along with deeper contrast and bolder colors. It also features support for both Dolby Atmos and object-tracking sound to create virtual surround sound for a more immersive experience while streaming movies, shows, and music. Keep reading below to find out more about the Samsung QN90D and the rest of our picks for the best 40-inch TVs. Also:The best picks for 32-inch TVs: Top small TVs compared Sort by All The best 40-inch TVs of 2025 Show less The Samsung QN90D consistently ranks among some of the best TVs across many of our lists, and it's available in a 43-inch screen size. You'll still get the updated Neo QLED panel, which ZDNET's editor-in-chief, Jason Hiner, got to see in person and praised for its brighter picture as well as better contrast and color accuracy. You'll also get Dolby Atmos and Samsung's object-tracking sound for audio that follows the on-screen action of shows, movies, and games for a more immersive experience.If you're a console gamer or watch lots of sports, the QN90D supports a 144Hz refresh rate for smoother motion. Console gamers will also love the dedicated gaming dashboard, which gives them access to cloud gaming services like Xbox GamePass, real-time framerate monitoring, specialized picture settings, and automatic HDR adjustments. Verified customer reviews from both Amazon and Best Buy agree it's an excellent choice for console gaming, even as a backup monitor for PC gamers with the 144Hz refresh rate. They also highlight the brighter picture and enhanced picture quality over previous models.Samsung QN90D tech specs - Screen size: 43 inches | Panel type: Neo QLED | Refresh rate: Up to 144Hz | Resolution: 4K | HDR: Neo Quantum HDR | Audio: Dolby Atmos, Object Tracking Sound+ | Voice controls: Alexa, Bixby, Hey Google Pros Brighter picture than previous model Dolby Atmos and Object Tracking Sound+ Dedicated gaming dashboard Up to 144Hz refresh rate Cons Expensive No Dolby Vision support The Samsung QN90D consistently ranks among some of the best TVs across many of our lists, and it's available in a 43-inch screen size. You'll still get the updated Neo QLED panel, which ZDNET's editor-in-chief, Jason Hiner, got to see in person and praised for its brighter picture as well as better contrast and color accuracy. You'll also get Dolby Atmos and Samsung's object-tracking sound for audio that follows the on-screen action of shows, movies, and games for a more immersive experience.If you're a console gamer or watch lots of sports, the QN90D supports a 144Hz refresh rate for smoother motion. Console gamers will also love the dedicated gaming dashboard, which gives them access to cloud gaming services like Xbox GamePass, real-time framerate monitoring, specialized picture settings, and automatic HDR adjustments. Verified customer reviews from both Amazon and Best Buy agree it's an excellent choice for console gaming, even as a backup monitor for PC gamers with the 144Hz refresh rate. They also highlight the brighter picture and enhanced picture quality over previous models.Samsung QN90D tech specs - Screen size: 43 inches | Panel type: Neo QLED | Refresh rate: Up to 144Hz | Resolution: 4K | HDR: Neo Quantum HDR | Audio: Dolby Atmos, Object Tracking Sound+ | Voice controls: Alexa, Bixby, Hey Google Read More Show Expert Take Show less Show less Console gamers looking for a smaller screen should check out the Sony A90K. Not only is it one of the smallest Sony TVs, but it is also one of the most petite OLED models on the market. Along with signature OLED picture quality, you'll also get virtual surround sound with Sony's Acoustic Surface Audio+ technology. This technology turns the whole screen into a speaker for near-perfect video and audio syncing and audio that follows the on-screen action.The A90K also features exclusive optimizations for use with the PlayStation 5, like improved input latency and proprietary VRR support to prevent delayed reactions, screen tearing, and stuttering. Non-PS5 gamers will be able to take advantage of the 120Hz refresh rate and Dolby Atmos support.Sony A90K tech specs: Screen size:42 inches |Panel type:OLED |Refresh rate:120Hz |Resolution:4K |HDR:Dolby Vision |Audio:Acoustic Surface Audio+, Dolby Atmos |Voice controls:Alexa, Hey Google Pros OLED Optimized for use with PlayStation 5 Acoustic Surface Audio+ Cons No G-Sync or FreeSync support Pricey Console gamers looking for a smaller screen should check out the Sony A90K. Not only is it one of the smallest Sony TVs, but it is also one of the most petite OLED models on the market. Along with signature OLED picture quality, you'll also get virtual surround sound with Sony's Acoustic Surface Audio+ technology. This technology turns the whole screen into a speaker for near-perfect video and audio syncing and audio that follows the on-screen action.The A90K also features exclusive optimizations for use with the PlayStation 5, like improved input latency and proprietary VRR support to prevent delayed reactions, screen tearing, and stuttering. Non-PS5 gamers will be able to take advantage of the 120Hz refresh rate and Dolby Atmos support.Sony A90K tech specs: Screen size:42 inches |Panel type:OLED |Refresh rate:120Hz |Resolution:4K |HDR:Dolby Vision |Audio:Acoustic Surface Audio+, Dolby Atmos |Voice controls:Alexa, Hey Google Read More Show Expert Take Show less Show less View now at Amazon The Amazon Fire TV Omni QLED is the company's flagship TV, offering excellent picture quality and robust audio at a budget-friendly price. With Dolby Vision IQ support, you'll get enhanced details and more accurate colors as well as bolder contrast. The 60Hz refresh rate helps give you smoother motion during fast-paced sports broadcasts, movie and TV show scenes, and videogame sequences.Read the review: The Amazon Fire TV Omni QLED is great for gaming and streamingThe Fire TV platform not only gives you access to Amazon's entire library of movies, music, and shows, but you'll also get access to thousands of other apps like Netflix, Hulu, and Paramount+ so you can keep up with all of your favorite series. And with HDMI ARC passthrough support, you can set up a soundbar for enhanced audio and near-perfect video syncing.Amazon Fire TV Omni QLED tech specs: Screen size:43 inches |Panel type:QLED |Refresh rate:60Hz |Resolution:4K |HDR:Dolby Vision IQ|Audio:Dolby Digital Plus|Voice controls:Alexa, Hey Google Pros Great picture and audio Dolby Vision IQ support Built-in voice controls Cons No Dolby Atmos support Only 60Hz refresh rate The Amazon Fire TV Omni QLED is the company's flagship TV, offering excellent picture quality and robust audio at a budget-friendly price. With Dolby Vision IQ support, you'll get enhanced details and more accurate colors as well as bolder contrast. The 60Hz refresh rate helps give you smoother motion during fast-paced sports broadcasts, movie and TV show scenes, and videogame sequences.Read the review: The Amazon Fire TV Omni QLED is great for gaming and streamingThe Fire TV platform not only gives you access to Amazon's entire library of movies, music, and shows, but you'll also get access to thousands of other apps like Netflix, Hulu, and Paramount+ so you can keep up with all of your favorite series. And with HDMI ARC passthrough support, you can set up a soundbar for enhanced audio and near-perfect video syncing.Amazon Fire TV Omni QLED tech specs: Screen size:43 inches |Panel type:QLED |Refresh rate:60Hz |Resolution:4K |HDR:Dolby Vision IQ|Audio:Dolby Digital Plus|Voice controls:Alexa, Hey Google Read More Show Expert Take Show less Show less The LG C4 is one of the smallest OLED TVs you can buy at 42 inches, but it still gives you signature OLED picture quality and plenty of other features hidden in its tiny frame. It supports Dolby Atmos for virtual surround sound and a more immersive experience when watching shows and movies or even streaming music. With the 120Hz refresh rate, you'll get smoother motion for fast-paced scenes in movies, shows, sports, and console gaming. It supports Alexa and Hey Google virtual assistants, giving you hands-free voice controls over your TV for launching apps and searching for a new show to binge. The OLED panel gives you signature picture quality with deep contrast, bolder colors, and fine details further enhanced by Dolby Vision HDR support. Verified reviews from Amazon and LG highlight how easy it is to calibrate and fine-tune picture modes to get the best-looking images in your space. They also love how bright the picture can get, making it easier to watch in brighter environments.LG C4 tech specs - Screen size: 42 inches | Panel type: OLED | Refresh rate: 120Hz | Resolution: 4K | HDR: Dolby Vision | Audio: Dolby Atmos | Voice controls: Alexa, Hey Google Pros Excellent picture and sound quality Alexa and Hey Google support Dolby Vision and Dolby Atmos support 120Hz refresh rate Cons Expensive The LG C4 is one of the smallest OLED TVs you can buy at 42 inches, but it still gives you signature OLED picture quality and plenty of other features hidden in its tiny frame. It supports Dolby Atmos for virtual surround sound and a more immersive experience when watching shows and movies or even streaming music. With the 120Hz refresh rate, you'll get smoother motion for fast-paced scenes in movies, shows, sports, and console gaming. It supports Alexa and Hey Google virtual assistants, giving you hands-free voice controls over your TV for launching apps and searching for a new show to binge. The OLED panel gives you signature picture quality with deep contrast, bolder colors, and fine details further enhanced by Dolby Vision HDR support. Verified reviews from Amazon and LG highlight how easy it is to calibrate and fine-tune picture modes to get the best-looking images in your space. They also love how bright the picture can get, making it easier to watch in brighter environments.LG C4 tech specs - Screen size: 42 inches | Panel type: OLED | Refresh rate: 120Hz | Resolution: 4K | HDR: Dolby Vision | Audio: Dolby Atmos | Voice controls: Alexa, Hey Google Read More Show Expert Take Show less Show less View now at Best Buy While 40-inch TVs are relatively inexpensive, the TCL S3 retails well under $200 while providing great features. It supports both Alexa and Apple HomeKit voice controls for hands-free operation of your TV and favorite apps. It also works with Dolby Atmos to provide virtual surround sound while watching movies and shows.The biggest drawback of the TCL S3 is that it only provides 1080p HD resolution rather than 4K UHD. And while this means you'll miss out on finer details, it still makes an excellent option for a second screen in your bedroom, kitchen, or child's playroom.TCL S3 tech specs: Screen size:40 inches |Panel type:LED |Refresh rate:60Hz |Resolution:1080p HD |HDR:N/A |Audio:Dolby Atmos |Voice controls:Alexa, Apple HomeKit Pros Under $200 Dolby Atmos Voice controls Cons Not 4K Only 60Hz refresh rate No Hey Google support While 40-inch TVs are relatively inexpensive, the TCL S3 retails well under $200 while providing great features. It supports both Alexa and Apple HomeKit voice controls for hands-free operation of your TV and favorite apps. It also works with Dolby Atmos to provide virtual surround sound while watching movies and shows.The biggest drawback of the TCL S3 is that it only provides 1080p HD resolution rather than 4K UHD. And while this means you'll miss out on finer details, it still makes an excellent option for a second screen in your bedroom, kitchen, or child's playroom.TCL S3 tech specs: Screen size:40 inches |Panel type:LED |Refresh rate:60Hz |Resolution:1080p HD |HDR:N/A |Audio:Dolby Atmos |Voice controls:Alexa, Apple HomeKit Read More Show Expert Take Show less What is the best 40-inch TV? My choice for the best 40-inch TV is the Samsung QN90D. It supports Dolby Atmos as well as Samsung's Object Tracking Sound+ technology to create virtual surround sound and a more immersive experience for streaming movies, music, and shows. It also has a dedicated gaming dashboard with access to cloud gaming services, dedicated picture modes, and real-time frame rate monitoring.Best 40-inch TVPriceResolutionHDR/AudioSamsung QN90D$9004K Neo Quantum HDR, Dolby Atmos/Object Tracking Sound+Sony A90K $1,3004K Dolby Vision, Dolby Atmos/Acoustic Surface Audio+Amazon Fire TV Omni QLED$3604K Dolby Vision IQ, Dolby Digital PlusLG C4 $1,0004KDolby Vision, Dolby AtmosTCL S3 $1501080p N/A, Dolby Digital Plus *MSRP at time of writing. Please note that actual retail price may vary depending on seller and available deals or promotions. Show more Which is the right 40-inch TV for you? While shopping for a new TV, no matter the size, it's essential to keep in mind exactly how you'll be using it. If you're cutting the cord with your cable or satellite provider, you'll want a model that offers a preloaded suite of popular apps like Netflix, Hulu, and Disney+ and the ability to download thousands more. If you're looking for a budget-friendly secondary screen for your bedroom or kids' playroom, you'll have to decide if you want 4K or 1080p HD resolution. And while console gamers won't exactly be spoiled for choice, it is possible to find 40-inch class TVs that offer some sort of VRR support as well as a 120Hz native refresh rate.Buy this best 40-inch TV...If you need...Samsung QN90DA well-rounded 40-inch TV. The Samsung QN90D has a dedicated gaming dashboard with cloud gaming support, up to a 144Hz refresh rate, and object tracking sound.Sony A90K A 40-inch TV for gaming. It features exclusive optimizations for the PlayStation 5 as well as support for HDMI 2.1 for up to 120Hz @4K. Amazon Fire TV Omni QLEDA 40-inch TV for streaming shows, movies, and music. With the Fire TV platform, you'll get access to Prime Video's library of movies and shows as well as thousands of other streaming apps.LG C4A 40-inch OLED TV. With signature OLED picture quality supported by Dolby Atmos virtual surround sound, you'll get an excellent movie or show viewing experience even with the smaller screen.TCL S3 An ultra budget-friendly 40-inch TV. The 40-inch TCL S3 retails under $200. Show more Factors to consider when choosing a 40-inch TV: While shopping for a 40-inch TV, there are a few factors you need to keep in mind in order to stay on-budget and get the best value for your money:Price:While a 40-inch TV is going to be much more affordable than its 65-inch, or larger, counterparts, there is still a somewhat wide range of price points to choose from. Each offers different sets of features, so every 40-inch model has been chosen for how much value it offers compared to its cost.Resolution:While TVs with native 4K resolution are commonplace, it's still possible to find 40-inch models with only 1080p resolution. It's important to double-check that the 40-inch model you've chosen is going to produce the resolution you want; you don't want to have to go through the hassle of a return because of a simple mistake. The majority of my choices on this list are capable of 4K, though I did include a few alternative picks that were 1080p.Features:Just because you'll get a smaller screen with a super-budget price tag doesn't mean you'll have to sacrifice features you've come to expect as standard for home entertainment. Whether you get a 4K or 1080p model, each 40-inch TV featured on this list has been ensured to support popular streaming apps, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity, and support for virtual assistants like Alexa. Show more How did I choose these 40-inch TVs? While testing and researching each 40-inch TV featured on this list, I and other ZDNET experts kept these criteria in mind:Brand integrity: Each TV we chose for this list is from a reputable brand with verified customer service options for returns, exchanges, and troubleshooting.Smart features: As consumers come to expect certain smart features as-standard, we included TV models on this best list that offer Wi-Fi connectivity, pre-installed streaming apps, and virtual assistant support.Reasons to upgrade: Each TV on this list offers some sort of reason to upgrade over its predecessor. Whether that be a brighter screen, better HDR and audio support, or enhanced online privacy with dedicated security chips. Show more Can I use a 40-inch TV as a monitor? A 40-inch TV can be used as a monitor without many issues. Though I would only recommend doing this if you use your computer for casual web surfing, streaming, or typical office work. Since a TV usually doesn't have the same refresh rate and latency as a monitor, it might not be the best choice for video editors or PC gamers. Show more Will a 40-inch TV fit in my dorm room? Yes. With caveats.If you're able to see your dorm room before you move in, either on a general campus tour or during student orientation, I highly recommend taking a tape measure with you to scout out potential spots for a TV. Because nothing is more frustrating than hauling your TV, and everything else you need for college, all the way to campus only to have to send it back home with your parents because it won't fit where you planned.A 40-inch model should fit most spaces, especially if you're able to set it on top of a dresser or armoire. Make sure you confirm campus/dorm policy about wall mounting so you don't incur repair charges or the wrath of your RAs. It may also be beneficial to leave your 40-inch TV at home (or the store if you haven't purchased it yet) until you can rearrange your dorm furniture to optimize the space; you can always bring it back with you after a weekend home visit. Show more Is it worth getting a 4K 40-inch TV instead of 1080p? If you're worried about fine details getting lost on a smaller screen, you shouldn't be. Screen panel technology for televisions has advanced a lot since the first flat-panel and 4K models hit the market, and plenty of smaller screens are capable of producing clean, clear 4K resolution for streaming, gaming, and supported broadcast media.However, if you're looking to save a bit of cash, a 1080p model will be a bit cheaper than one with 4K. And a 40-inch, 1080p TV is still a great option as a second screen in your bedroom, kitchen, or kids' playroom. Show more More 40-inch TVs to consider ZDNETs TV Guide TVs Roundups TV Models Reviewed and Compared TVs Explained ZDNET Recommends