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Breaking down the UX of a 2023 Tesla Model 3My first-time drivers experience and identifying improvement opportunities.I was merging onto the 405 North. Ive driven this freeway ramp time and time again for 12 years, but this time felt different.Anticipating Californias quick ending lane merges and aggressive drivers, I gripped the wheel tightly. My eyes darted every half second to find an opening into the nextlane.But my left side view mirror wasnt adjusted properly and I couldnt clearly see my blind spot. I was about to reach my hand over to the to quickly adjust the mirror but then remembered that the physical controls were replaced by a dense menu hidden within the cars center display. I was overwhelmed.My palms were sweaty. Knees weak, arms heavy. I just wanted to merge left, but my mind was spaghetti.Live look at me trying to merge onto thefreewayAs I looked over my shoulder, I felt a warm sensation down my neckmy mind flashing back to almost being hit by a merging semi-truck a couple of yearsago.With the dotted lines running out, I floored it, squeezing ahead of the car that was moments ago parallel to me before hitting the brakes to avoid hitting the car infront.Welcome to the Tesla Model 3 experience. Intro First Impressions The initial driving experience Merging on the freeway Charging Experience Air conditioning Parking with AI Debrief Back to the originalquestionAfter 12 years of driving, why did this car make me feel soanxious?The Tesla Model 3 revolutionized the automotive industry, leading to a major EV push over the last few years. In 2023, it was the best selling passenger car in California, and the 2nd best selling EV in the world (only behind the Model Y)with nearly 530k units sold globally. The brand has built a cult-like following. The cars are just different, and people lovethem.But, why?In my experience driving the Model 3 for the first time, I found myself feeling confused, overwhelmed, and evenanxious.What makes the Model 3 shine so much that its become mainstream despite these shortcomings?Lets dive into the User Experience of what makes a Tesla aTesla.Ive had a passion for cars ever since I got my first Hot Wheelssets.When I was 6 years old, I proudlysaid,I want to be a car designer when I growup!Twenty-some years laterAutomotive UX has become a really interesting space to me ever since Tesla grew in popularity with the Model S and then took the world by storm with Models 3 &Y.So, I thoughtwhy not borrow some cars to evaluate theirUX?When it comes to in-car UX, I think of the Passengers Experience and the Drivers Experience, which Ill focus on specifically. For most daily-driving situations, I believe the primary goal of driving a passenger car like the Model 3 is to safely get from Point A to Point B. A secondary goal is to do so as comfortably as possible.This is the lens Ill use to analyze the car throughout thisarticle.Getting into the Model 3 felt differentI got into the drivers seat of my friends Model 3 with curiosity and a bit of uncertainty of how driving it was going to go. The Model 3 is different. There isnt a screen or any gauges behind the steering wheel. It has a super minimal interior, and one big screen in the middle of the car to control almost everything. There isnt button or dial in sight except for the knobs on the steeringwheel.Interior of the Tesla Model3As I would before driving any new car, I adjusted the seats, steering wheel, and side mirrors. The seat adjustment was normal, with the adjustors on the side of theseat.So far sogood.It wasnt immediately apparent how to adjust the mirrors and steering wheel. After some searching, I found the respective settings within the screen, and then used the steering wheel knobs to make the adjustments. Differentbut not a problem when the car isparked.We were hungry so I set up the navigation system to guideusI found the navigation app on the screen and typed in Anaheim Packing House. After pulling up the route, I noticed that the UI shows how much battery the car is expected to have left when you arrive to your destination.CuriousI decided to see what would happen if I navigated to a far off destination like San Francisco.I was delighted to see recommendations on where to stop on the way to charge, along with how many other Teslas are on the way, how many chargers will be available when you arrive, and the chargingcost.Detailed route planning and charging information on the Model 3 navigation systemIm not exaggerating when I say delighted. Ive experienced plenty of stressful experiences with EV charging at Electrify America. Range anxiety is real, and planning out charging stops with non-Tesla EVs can be especially time-consuming and stressful.Teslas vertical integration seamlessly presents all the information you need to make your EV experience smoother and calm anxieties. Im a big fan of Teslas navigation system and route planning. I think that, coupled with their charging network, is the companys strongest sellingpoint.A curiosity How will this be handled now that non-Teslas are able to charge at Tesla chargers? Unless theres some sort of integration within the other OEMs software, Apple CarPlay, Android Auto, etc, its unclear how Tesla would be able to accurately project how many cars are en route and how many chargers will be available.Driving out of the structure washectic15 seconds after I started driving, I stopped because I didnt like the one-pedal driving and wanted to change the drive mode. Ive tried one-pedal driving before and I dont like it. It took me another 20 seconds to find the Dynamics section in the cars settings, where I changed the setting toCreep.The Dynamics settings found within the cars centerscreenI started driving again and then 10 seconds later I stopped again while looking over to the settings again, accidentally hitting the brakes hard and jolting the car to a stop, spooking out myfriend.Him: You dont have to hit the breaks like that Me: This thing is aggressive! I didnt like Creep either so I changed the setting to Roll when pedals are released.Confident that this was the right setting for me, I started driving and pulled up the navigation app again. My friend then went on to explain that he hates when hes driven by other people in a Tesla because they cant get over the one-pedal driving dynamics I bet he was regretting lending me his car in thatmoment.Then, realizing that Roll didnt feel right, I stopped the car again near the parking structures exit. I let out a sigh as I looked for the Dynamics settings once again and changed the mode back to Creep and the acceleration mode toChill.Finally, as I turned left and out of the structure, the car rang different chimes as me because I was nearing thecurb.It caught me off guard. My senses were overwhelmed.In isolation, all these events wouldnt mean a whole lot. One-Pedal driving is a common EV driving dynamic that just takes some getting used to. Changing drive modes isnt a new concept, and accidentally braking too hard can happen from time to time. Also, many cars (including my own) have advanced visual and audible safety features to let you know when youre close to hitting something.But all this happened to me in my first 3.5 minutes of driving the car. A regular Model 3 driver likely wouldnt face this sequence of events, but since the car was so different from others Id driven, it happened tome.I drove out of the parking structure exclaiming, I dont like this car man. My friendlaughed.Having no information behind the steering wheel changes the driving experienceAny time I drive with the GPS on, I tend to glance over to the screen fairly often. As we waited at a red light to turn left on Culver, I realized I was struggling to see the mapclearly.The map is positioned on the right side of the screen, in favor of the blindspot camera, speedometer, and 3D rendered view of the surrounding environment, called Real-Time Visualization, on the left. As a result, I had to look down and far to the right, away from the road, to see the map. If it was on the left side, it would be more in my line of sight and easier to see, while still being able to keep the road in my peripheral vision.The Model 3 screen with the mapvisibleI figure that this is created out of Teslas own constraint of not having a small screen behind the steering wheel, where drivers would normally find information about their speed, 3D renderings similar to Real-Time Visualization, and a small version of themap.This makes me curious: Do drivers need to see this high level of detail whiledriving?The granularity is certainly important in the backend for features like Full-Self Driving and collision prevention, but how does this level of visual detail on the screen help a driver? It looks beautiful, but there seems to be more information than necessary. In contrast, the Model S & X both have drivers screens which nicely integrate maps and Real-time visualization. Its simpler and shows just enough useful information, despite incorporating multiple pieces of context in oneplace.The HUD screen in the Tesla Model S, located behind the steeringwheelI realized my side mirrors werent adjusted properly when I was merging on thefreewayId feared this moment within the first minutes of getting into the car. There werent any physical controls on the side to quickly adjust them. Id have to dig through the screen to find the settings. I really didnt want to do that while driving on thefreeway.I started indicating left to signal my intent and had to scoot my body up and straighten my back to see through the mirror properly. The blind spot camera feed showed up on the center screen, but it wasnt in my line of sight and it was making things more confusing thanhelpful.I quickly looked left and right from road to screen and around my shoulder, found a gap in the road, and quickly accelerated into it. We madeit.Having the blind spot camera feed appear in the middle of the car felt very counter intuitive. I needed to turn left, but I had to look right, causing me to hesitate even more because the perception just felt off. Its like the Stroop Effectwhere the name of a color is spelled out, but the font is a different color. It takes longer than normal to determine the color of the font because its confusing.The Stroop EffectWhen the name of a color is spelled out in a different color, it affects the amount of time it takes to name thecolorNowto fix thosemirrors.Thinking I was clever, I first tried using the voice assistant to pull up the adjustment settings.Me: Adjust mirrorsTesla: Command not understoodNiceThen, once again, I had to quickly look left and right from road to screen to find the settings on the screen and adjust themirrors.Look at how I had to keep looking away from the road. This went on for 36seconds.While everything worked out in the end, it wasnt easy. Quick reaction times and alertness matter when driving a car. Having intuitive, user-centered, and tactile controls can mean the difference between simply making an adjustment and dealing with an unsafe situation. As Rubens Cantuni aptly states in his 2019 article Teslas UX is too far ahead to make sense (now), while youre driving, every second you take your eyes off the road you expose yourself, your passengers and other people around you to a potentially fataldanger.The Tesla Charging Experience isseamlessWe made it to the charging station after about 10 minutes on the freeway. The experience here made me quickly forget the stress Id just been through on theroad.It was so easy to get the charge started. All I had to do was get out of the car, open the charging port, unhook the charging socket from the charger, and plug it into the car. The charge started right away. It was even easier than starting a gasfill-up.A Model 3 charging at a TeslachargerThe downside is the wait time. Gas fill-ups generally take a few minutes. Charging a Model 3 from 1080% can take 25 minutes if youre using the newest chargers. The actual time depends on a variety offactors.The plug-and-play process, honestly, felt delightfulespecially compared to the subpar experiences Ive had charging at Electrify America. Of course, theres up-front work done to make this experience smooth. New Tesla owners have set up the charging payment method when they first get the car. After that, they never have to open up an app, authorize any transaction, or wait to make sure the charge isworking.As Ethan Wong put it in his article A Deep Dive into Teslas User Interface, Teslas integration with its charging network turns the usual wheres the next charge? road trip anxiety into a game of electricease.Thanks to Teslas vertical integration, charging experiencesrouting to a charger, connecting to the charger, and charging the carare seamless. Ethan says it feels like having a co-pilot with insider knowledge. To me, its the north star for the EV charging experience and my favorite thing aboutTesla.The air conditioning controls are useful, but distractingAs we headed to grab a bite after our charging stop, my friend wanted to adjust the AC to feel the air more. Teslas allow you to adjust the air conditioning very precisely with multi-touch controls like a smartphone. Its an innovation I appreciate because many Ive found myself constantly tweaking the positioning of the air vent to get the positioning justright.However, accessing fan strength, defrosters, and precision air requires opening a popup that blocks most of the screen. I was using the GPS and my friend had to open up the popup to adjust the airflow, blocking the view of the map and slightly distracting me in theprocess.Air conditioning settings blocking the navigation system during adriveFrom the drivers perspective, I had to tap the screen multiple times without haptic feedback anytime I wanted to adjust the temperature. This made confirming if the adjustments were made to be difficult without glancing away from theroad.AI lacks human intuitionAs we pulled into the parking lot, my friend pointed out the new auto-parking feature that showed up on the screen. Hesitant to try it out, I drove a little further, contemplated it, started backing into a spot and said Nexttime.My friend tapped the parking icon anyway. If youre backing in dude, just autopark.So I let the steering wheel go and let the Model 3 do its thing. The steering wheel turned a full 360 degrees and the car started reversing. Then the car stopped and started moving forward to adjust its anglewhich wasnt totally necessary.At the same time, there was a couple crossing us. I could see them through the side mirror but also through the Real-Time Visualization. First they tried to go in front of the car as it was reversing. Then, as the car started going forward, they started moving behind the car. The couple got pretty close to the back of the car as it was about to start reversing again.Unlike while driving, this level of Real-Time Visualization detail is beneficial for the context because it creates peace of mind that the car can see everything around it while its autonomously driving.Visual of Autopark inProgressMy human intuition kicked in and I took over to ensure the car wouldnt move and the people could pass. The Model 3 likely wouldve waited for the people to pass by but it was hard to trust it in the moment and it was a risk I didnt want totake.Good driving requires accounting for the emotions of people in and around the car and not making them feel like theyre in danger. Human intuition and empathy are 2 features that AI lacks (and hopefully alwayswill).We got our aca bowlstime for adebriefThe lack of buttons and dials creates a different mental model fordriversWhen I think about different rental/borrowed cars Ive driven this yeara Dodge Charger, Volkswagen Tiguan, and Lexus LSthey were all pretty easy to get adjusted to. I really just needed to adjust my seats and mirrors and get acquainted with where all the buttons were and the driving sensitivity. For the most part, everything was where I expected them tobe.Driving a Tesla, on the other hand, requires a completely different mental model than traditional cars do. These cars are not optimized for short term situations like renting, putting those driversand surroundings on the road like pedestrians and other driversat higher risk as they get used to operating many functions within ascreen.A screen-centered driving experience maximizes cognitive load and reducessafetyThe software is elegant. Its snappy and I really like how it looks. The maps and route planning are great. But when driving, youre supposed to be focused at the road, not the screen. The settings within the screens interface are necessary, but the small buttons and uniform design make it hard to differentiate things from each other, increasing distraction whiledriving.If the screen were intended to be used like a handheld iPad, it would be easy to use. But thats not the use case, and leads to more friction on the driving experience, which reducessafety.Three-year Model 3 Owner @acslater017 (and 34 likers of his YouTube comment) backs that notionup.I shouldnt need to navigate multiple menu layers, hunt around different areas of the screen, or perform fine gestures while trying to safely operate thecar.YouTube comment from @acslater017 on Teslas official Model 3 Touchscreen tutorialvideoHow can the Model 3 Experience instantly improve?1. Add a small drivers screen behind the steering wheel The Model S & X have it already, and EV competitors like the Polestar 3 have it too and allow the most important information to be elegantly displayed in a way that doesnt compromise safety.2. Incorporate simple buttons and dials to make basic functionality easy to accessSimple buttons and dials help reduce decision time and make taking actions that support driving safer and more efficient. The fact that 3rd party accessories to add buttons and dials to the Model 3 exist tells you everything you need to know. People are really paying $250 to make their $45k car moreuseable.Left: The Polestar 2 HUD screen, located behind the steering wheel | Right: The S3XY Knob, a 3rd party attachementCost savings and efficiencies play aroleIf you know anything about Elon Musks intense journey to make Tesla the powerful brand that it is today, you might know that at multiple points the company was tight on cash and to be able to get their cars out efficiently and affordably, many decisions to cut costs and create efficiencies had to bemade.While this isnt the only factor, I do believe it plays a role in the decision to eliminate a lot of the buttons. Individually, each piece isnt expensive, but when scaling up to hundreds of thousands of units, it adds up a lot. It very well could have been a decision to reduce the price of thecar.From the consumer side of things, though, Teslas decision to not include buttons and dials is almost like Apple removing important ports (like HDMI) from Macs and replacing them with a few USB-C ports. After enough customer complaints, Apple finally brought them back. It would be great to see Tesla do something similar.So, back to the original questionWhat makes the Model 3 shine so much that its become mainstream despite these shortcomings?Online research uncovers a list pros and cons from owners & reviewers.Pros:EV Range, Charging network, Continually improving software, AestheticsCons: Build quality, Road noise while driving, Customer support, Most controls being within the touchscreenMy takeaway: Features like range and easy charging outweigh the Model 3s negatives. However, Teslas were once the only feasible EV option. Now theyrenot.In 2025, there are great EVs from competitors like Volvo, Hyundai, Rivian, and BYD. Granted, all of them have their own set of pros and consand we likely wouldnt have as many good options as we do if Tesla didnt set the standard in the firstplace.Im looking forward to seeing how the automotive industry grows fromhere.Im Nikhil Mehrotra, a UX Designer who loves cars and car design. Thanks for reading. I hope you enjoyed this deep-dive.I took the Tesla Model 3 for a spin heres how it went was originally published in UX Collective on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.