InterviewsThe Gorge: Joao Sita (VFX Supervisor), Martin Macrae (Head of Art Department) and Nicholas Tripodi (Head of Animation) FramestoreBy Vincent Frei - 18/03/2025 In 2024, Joao Sita broke down Framestores involvement in the Fallout series. He subsequently contributed to Deadpool & Wolverine.With 25 years at Framestore, Martin Macrae has played a crucial role in bringing to life films and series like The Martian, Blade Runner 2049, 1899, and Wicked.Nicholas Tripodi embarked on his career nearly 18 years ago, contributing to a diverse range of films such as Mortal Kombat, Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga, Bad Boys: Ride or Die, and Deadpool & Wolverine.How was your collaboration with VFX Supervisor Erik Nordby and VFX Producer Rich Yeomans?JS: Erik was extremely collaborative and keen in creating complex visuals to support the narrative. With the collaborative aspect of the project we embarked on a relentless pursuit to find creative venues to elevate the photography staying true to Scott Derricksons vision. Erik brought in this wealth of knowledge of the story, visual references and laid down the basis for us to take that and add our flavour.What are the sequences made by Framestore?JS: Framestore was responsible for various sequences focused on the Hollowmen. From tackling the gun fight while the Hollowmen climb the wall, every shot featuring the Alpha Hollowman from the hollowmen ambush, Alpha in his lair with his snake all the way to chasing Drasa/Levi while they climb back the wall.We were also in charge of the establishing shots for the lower gorge environment with the deformed/mutated trees, the aerials featuring the military facilities and the toxic plumes.The Hollowmen are central to the terror of The Gorge. How did you approach designing their appearance to be both terrifying and unique?Martin Macrae (MM): The Hollowmen were a fascinating problem to solve from the beginning. Eric Nordby gave us some head designs and briefed us with the exciting challenge of creating their bodies that might match them, as well as designing them to be quite grotesque and shocking to the eye.Each character also needed some visual aid to show a hint of history to their origin, for example showing elements of an army uniform or science lab coat.One of the biggest challenges with these creatures was designing something that merges naturally and cohesively but at the same time has its own presence and distinctive silhouette. We did lots of research on different types of flora and fauna and how we could be utilise their different distinct qualities in each Hollowman design, the biggest challenge was making sure that the character wasnt lost in the different forms of overgrowth and flora, and that the silhouettes were kept unique and clear.Could you walk us through the animation process for the Hollowmen? What techniques were crucial in bringing out their eerie, otherworldly movement?Nicholas Tripodi (NT): A lot of time went into the study of how the Hollowmens mutations affected their ability to move. What movement is either restricted or enhanced by their contorted form. This became especially important when it came to the facial performance of the Hollowmen. We had to adapt the musculature of the facial structure around features such as third eyes and branches weaving in and around their faces. This lead to a bespoke rig and facial system for each character. The idea of restriction was an important theme when it came to approaching the movement of the Hollowmen. These are not elegant, efficient creatures so we needed to reflect that in their ranges of motion.How did you strike a balance between realism and fantasy when creating the Hollowmens features and behavior?NT: It was definitely a balancing act to not only show the Hollowmen as horrific creatures, but to also communicate what they once were. Their underlying form. In the case of the Hollowman leader for example we wanted to show that there was still humanity buried deep within his grotesque body. This is where performance in the face and especially the eyes was crucial, to show that there was this internal conflict within the Hollowmen.The dense fog at the bottom of the Gorge seems to play a significant role in the films atmosphere. How did your team handle its simulation?JS: We started the project working on concepts and references that suggested was eerie and visually interesting atmosphere. At that stage we explored the smoke plumes and fog elements with certain sentient characteristics such as the sim would react to proximity as if it was avoiding the characters coming in or would read as coming out of the ground with a breathing pattern or behave as if it were a water tank etc. With the selection of movement/behaviour the next challenge would be defining how much smoke/fog can we add before we lose the reading of the background and detail and which of these elements would turn into re-usable instances vs bespoke simulations. We spent a fair amount of time between optimising the sim to allow for faster iterations and working with comp to dial in the densities and lighting.How did the interplay of light, fog, and the environment contribute to enhancing the suspense and fear within those scenes?JS: Lighting is always a key component in creating mood and highlighting the aesthetics of both the environment and characters. For the CG environments, we explored a range of soft light scenarios, adding keylights but ended up with a mix of lighting gobos and more art directed light sources. Another very effective way to create suspense was creating gaps in the fog to allow some stronger light to read through the environment in shots where the camera is at shoulder height or adding a darker tone fog patches or elements creating visuals that evoked the sensation of feeling contained in an expansive environmentWhile working with the Alpha Hollowman in the lair, very early we learned that from matching the plate we would have a great base to then re-orient light sources to reading on the face but then create odd shadows on his body and the multi layer, intertwined branches type of body needed to read rich and complement the face reading. With bespoke rigs focused on the face or eyes we art directed every shot there.The Gorge itself is a visually striking setting. Could you share how the environments were designed and enhanced with VFX?JS: The lower gorge environment was a big challenge of a build. Starting with the various chemicals that created a variety of mutations and deformations thus requiring the environments to read differently from one another.Lots of concepts were done to nail the gruesome look of features seen in each landscape along with references from all sorts of environments in decay and organisms in decomposition.In camera, the art department team had partially built a forest, the camera team used colored light sources and spfx fog helped create a mood for the shots which gave the actors and camera crew something tangible to interact and react to. From there, we had to expand the world, made the trees taller, added more gruesome and ghastly features to the bone trees and graded the plates to allow for the additional fog/smoke plumes. Playing with the contrast in the plates and finding the place to seamlessly blend the set with the digital environment was very tricky and required a great deal of coordination between departments.Were there any memorable moments or scenes from the film that you found particularly rewarding or challenging to work on from a visual effects standpointJS: I really enjoyed bringing the Alpha Hollowmen to life along with his snake. Its a moment where the Hollowmen are portrayed more as humans and we needed to show that beyond that mutated character there was somewhat the reminiscences of a person that had a history and belonged to a place.Looking back on the project, what aspects of the visual effects are you most proud of?JS: The work on Hollowman characters is stunning, the level of detail on the builds and how their motion translated those mutations into its locomotion is fantastic. Again, the Alpha Hollowman is a highlight, we got to design something relatable on the human level and yet freaking disturbing.Whats the VFX shots count?JS: We delivered 516 shots.A big thanks for your time.WANT TO KNOW MORE?Framestore: Dedicated page about The Gorge on Framestore website. Vincent Frei The Art of VFX 2025

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Chinese 3D printer manufacturer PioCreat has teamed up with the U.S.-based 3D printing startup Helio Additive to integrate Dragon, a physics-based 3D print simulation and optimization software, into its printer ecosystem. As part of this collaboration, every Piocreat G5 Ultra and G12 printer will come with a Dragon license, enhancing the performance and capabilities of their 3D printing solutions.With Dragons integration, Piocreat customers will benefit from hands-off printing, reducing failures and minimizing manual adjustments through physics-driven automation. The software enhances layer bonding, reduces warping and defects, and ensures more reliable parts across a broader material range, all while speeding up print times without compromising quality.We designed Dragon to maximize the potential of every 3D printer, and this partnership with Piocreat makes it effortless for customers to experience its benefits, said David Hartmann, CEO of Helio Additive. Together, we are making high-performance 3D printing more accessible and scalable.Starting May 1, Dragon will be available as a trial version with all new Piocreat 3D printers. Customers can activate a full subscription through Piocreats reseller network or directly via Helio Additive.Laboratory experiments. Photo via Helio Additive.Dragon: Automation, Precision, and Cost-Efficiency In 2024, Helio Additive launched its Dragon software platform, designed for process simulation and optimization to improve productivity and reduce costs in large-format additive manufacturing (LFAM). This software addresses a widespread challenge in the industry: users often set process parameters without sufficient data, leading to unpredictable outcomes and increased costs from waste, under-utilized materials, and extended engineering time.In an interview with 3D Printing Industry, David Hartmann emphasized Dragons significant impact on large-scale, granular-based additive manufacturing. He explained that the software allows users to digitally experiment with parameter sets, drastically reducing waste and improving efficiency. One notable case study highlighted the savings of over 300 kilos of material and four weeks of engineering labor, resulting in a 70% reduction in scrap for a single part.The Dragon software. Image via Helio Additive.A Wave of Software InnovationsThe additive manufacturing (AM) industry has seen a surge in software advancements. In 2024, Ai Build introduced AiBuild 2.0, a cloud-based platform certified with ISO 27001 for data security. Making its debut at RAPID + TCT 2024 in Los Angeles from June 25-27, this update integrates enhanced automation features and marks a collaboration with WASP to integrate its CAREBRO robotic-arm 3D printing tool. Aibuild 2.0 seeks to optimize industrial additive manufacturing processes, enhance accessibility through AI assistance, and support a range of technologies, including polymer extrusion and metal Direct Energy Deposition (DED).Elsewhere, 3D printing materials producer HYBRID Softwares subsidiary AMIS launched the beta version of AMIS Pro software, aimed at binder jetting additive manufacturing.AMIS Pro is positioned as a CAD in, print out build preparation tool that supports both Mac and Windows, offering post-CAD and pre-print functionalities. During its beta phase, AMIS Pro is available for free, allowing users to batch-prepare parts for 3D printing. It includes a 60-day trial period and provides an opportunity for users to share feedback.Who won the 2024 3D Printing Industry Awards?Subscribe to the 3D Printing Industry newsletter to keep up with the latest 3D printing news.You can also follow us on LinkedIn, and subscribe to the 3D Printing Industry Youtube channel to access more exclusive content.Featured image showsLaboratory experiments. Photo via Helio Additive.Paloma DuranPaloma Duran holds a BA in International Relations and an MA in Journalism. Specializing in writing, podcasting, and content and event creation, she works across politics, energy, mining, and technology. With a passion for global trends, Paloma is particularly interested in the impact of technology like 3D printing on shaping our future.

At IDS 2025, Carbon, a U.S.-based developer of CLIP 3D printing, will showcase its latest advancements in automation, material technology, and workflow optimization, all designed to enhance the efficiency of dental labs. The company will introduce new features in its Automatic Operation (AO) Suite and unveil Lucentra, a solution for clear aligner production. These innovations aim to improve productivity and support scalable production in the dental industry.Weve seen these solutions contribute to significant improvements across North America, and were eager to extend that success to Europe at IDS 2025. Our goal is to help dental labs unlock new levels of productivity and efficiency, said Terri Capriolo, Senior Vice President of Oral Health at Carbon.Dental model made from DPR 10 resin. Photo via CarbonHighlights of the AO SuiteAt the core of Carbons presentation will be the AO Suite, which includes the AO Backpack, the Automatic Print Preparation (APP), all-new Parts Retrieval Basket, and AO Polishing Cassettes for M-Series printers.Launched in 2024, the AO Backpack introduces significant automation to post-print operations, featuring an automatic separation blade for efficient removal of parts from the build plate, a parts basket capable of collecting up to 230 parts, and a resin reclamation system that supports cost-effective and sustainable production. Since its introduction, the AO Backpack has processed over 18,000 prints, improving workflows in dental labs.To optimize workflow, the Automatic Print Preparation (APP) enhances laboratory efficiency by automating essential pre-print tasks such as part orientation, support placement, and labeling. The APP can operate independently or in conjunction with the AO Backpack, streamlining the print preparation process, maintaining a steady print queue, and reducing the need for manual intervention.The Parts Retrieval Basket allows labs to retrieve completed prints without disrupting ongoing operations. This functionality is particularly advantageous for labs using the AO Backpack during staffed shifts, ensuring continuous production and minimizing downtime.The AO Polishing Cassette has been introduced to the European lab market and is now compatible with M3 and M3 Max printers. It utilizes light-scattering technology to polish parts during the printing process, resulting in smoother, clearer prints while reducing manual finishing and preserving intricate design details. The cassette has been validated for materials such as Dentsplys Lucitone Digital Print and Keystone Keysplint Soft Clear, and is available for the M2, M3, and M3 Max printer platforms.Lucentra: Enhancing Clear Aligners ProductionIn line with its commitment to automation, Carbon is introducing Lucentra, a solution designed to reduce visible layer lines in thermoformed clear aligners by producing smoother printed models, thereby enhancing clarity from the outset. Lucentra integrates specialized software, a new cassette for the Carbon L1 printer, and UMA 20, a material formulated for creating hollow models and offering a longer shelf life compared to previous aligner model materials.Lucentra solution. Photo via: CarbonAdvancements in Digital DentistryIn related news, Stratasys has introduced TrueDent-D resin to the European market, enabling the production of over 30 dentures in a single print job using the J5 DentaJet printer. This resin significantly reduces production costs by more than 50% compared to traditional methods, addressing the growing demand in a market projected to reach $2.45 billion by 2028. The streamlined process also eliminates more than 27 manual touchpoints, reducing errors and chair time for patients.Meanwhile, 3D Systems, based in the U.S., received FDA 510(k) clearance for its multi-material, jetted 3D-printed denture solution. This new technology integrates NextDent Jet Denture Teeth and NextDent Jet Denture Base materials into a single monolithic denture using MultiJet Printing. The solution emphasizes break resistance, aesthetics, and high-volume production, improving automation and efficiency in denture manufacturing.Who won the 2024 3D Printing Industry Awards?Subscribe to the 3D Printing Industry newsletter to keep up with the latest 3D printing news.You can also follow us on LinkedIn, and subscribe to the 3D Printing Industry Youtube channel to access more exclusive content.Featured image shows Lucentra solution. Photo via: Carbon

Porsche Rental for Architectural Photography | Kevin Charit via UnsplashPorsche has long been a symbol of precision, craftsmanship, and cutting-edge designqualities that resonate deeply with architects. The German automakers meticulous approach to form and function reflects the same principles that guide architectural excellence: purity of line, material innovation, and an uncompromising pursuit of performance. Beyond the automotive world, Porsches sleek silhouettes and dynamic presence have found their way into architectural photography, urban storytelling, and spatial composition, both as an object of desire and a marker of contemporary luxury. For those looking to incorporate this aesthetic into their projects, Porsche rent a car services offer a unique opportunity to integrate these vehicles into architectural narratives seamlessly.Integrating Porsche into Architectural Visual NarrativesArchitectural photography and media use compelling visual elements to tell a story about space, materiality, and experience. The presence of a Porsche in architectural compositions can introduce movement, scale, and a human-centric interaction with the built environment. Whether framing a Brutalist structure, a modernist glass pavilion, or an urban streetscape, the contrast of a Porsches sculpted body against architectural textures enhances spatial dialogue and aesthetic depth.1. Architectural Storytelling & ContextPorsches design language embodies the balance of heritage and modernitya theme often mirrored in architectural works. The interplay between classic and contemporary elements makes Porsche an ideal subject for integrating with architectural photography:Brutalist & Industrial Spaces: Brutalist architectures stark, monolithic forms find an intriguing juxtaposition with the smooth, aerodynamic curves of a Porsche 911 Turbo S.Minimalist & Modernist Residences: The purity of a Porsche 718 Boxster GTS aligns seamlessly with the restrained, functionalist language of modernist homes.Futuristic Urban Developments: The Porsche Cayenne Turbo Mansorys bold stance and technical prowess reflects the dynamism of contemporary smart cities.2. Luxury as an Extension of Architectural IdentityHigh-end architecture often aims to create an immersive experienceone where craftsmanship, exclusivity, and detail matter. Much like an architects approach to materiality and form, Porsches philosophy of precision-engineered luxury makes it a fitting element within the narrative of premium-built environments. From boutique hotels to private residences, the presence of a Porsche reinforces a visual language of sophistication and innovation.Notable Porsche Models for Architectural Photography Giuseppe Caruso via Unsplash Maksym Tymchyk via UnsplashFor architects and designers seeking to incorporate a Porsche into their visual compositions, selecting the right model is essential to complement the surrounding space:Porsche 911 Turbo S: Timeless and iconic, this model provides a striking contrast against rigid geometric structures or reflective glass facades.Porsche 718 Boxster GTS: With its open-top elegance, this convertible accentuates natural light conditions, making it a great addition to projects emphasizing transparency and openness.Porsche Cayenne Turbo Mansory: This powerful SUV, known for its bold design, is well-suited for urban or nature-integrated architectural projects, creating a dialogue between raw power and structural form.Beyond the Automobile: A Design Philosophy Shared with Architecture Stuart via UnsplashPorsche and contemporary Inare committa Porsche ed to efficiency, form, and material excellence. Whether in aluminum monocoque bodies or steel and glass faades, the same principles apply: aerodynamics, sustainability, and a timeless aesthetic. The collaboration between automotive and architectural disciplines has led to unique intersections, from Porsche Designs luxury residential towers to the high-performance detailing evident in both fields.Incorporating a Porsche into architectural photography or spatial design is more than a nod to luxuryit acknowledges how mobility, materiality, and built form coalesce into a holistic visual experience. Much like automotive designers, architects craft environments that shape how we perceive and interact with the world. A Porsche, in this context, is not just a carit is an architectural element, a statement of precision, and a study in form and movement.by ArchEyes TeamLeave a comment

One of the first organizations to be defunded by DOGEs operations in the early days of President Donald Trumps second term was the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Established in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy, in 2024 the organization had an estimated $35.4 billion in obligations, with most of the funding ($12.3 billion) dedicated to Sub-Saharan Africa. Elon Musk, who is directing the DOGE effort, said he spent the first weekend in February feeding USAID into the wood chipper, and these cuts have decimated the staffing and funding; a recent count indicated 83 percent of international humanitarian and development programs were terminated. By previous internal estimates, U.S. assistance saved 3.3 million lives per year; Atul Gawande, a former USAID official, told The New Yorker that these cuts will result in hundreds of thousands of deaths in the first year, at a minimum. USAIDs defunding will also impact the U.S.s capacity to enact soft power, as other countries like China strengthen its humanitarian outreach. The bludgeoning of PEPFAR [a George W. Bushera AIDS program] and U.S.A.I.D., one of the most eloquent expressions of American values ever created, might be Americas most spectacular act of self-sabotage in generations, the musician Bono told Nicholas Kristof for an opinion piece in The New York Times.The federal definition of construction relates to construction, alteration, or repair (including dredging and excavation) of buildings, structures, or other real property and includes, without limitation, improvements, renovation, alteration and refurbishment. In a 2017 document, USAID estimated that since 2014, the estimated USAID-funded construction underway at any one time has averaged more than $2 billion.At times, USAIDs work included commissions for architects and engineers. The cratering of USAID and DOGEs cuts stand to have rippling effects not only on the populations the organization previously served but also on the American companies it relied upon to design and supervise construction services. AECOM CancellationsTwo significant contracts stand out when reviewing DOGEs Wall of Receipts: An AECOM contract for $57 million was uploaded on February 12, with an estimated $51 million in savings, and a second contract for $43 million, with an estimated $34.5 million in savings, was uploaded that same day. Both contracts, which if accurately accounted would add up to $85.5 million in savings, were for USAID work in the West Bank and Gaza.The two contracts sum to $100 million, which matches the amount of an award dated September 28, 2024, to AECOM for work in the region to provide professional A&E services for the development of infrastructure in the West Bank, Gaza, East Jerusalem, and Israel to support the USAID/WBG Mission in its efforts to empower Palestinians to build thriving communities, promote inclusive development, and advance a two-state solution.AECOM did not respond to ANs requests for comment. The Office of Inspector General declined to comment on ANs inquiry, and USAID did not respond to ANs request for comment. AECOM has been involved in the areas reconstruction efforts since 2014, when it was brought in by Palestinians to come up with yet another plan to restructure Gaza, according to reporting published in Vanity Fair. Around the time of the most recent fall 2024 award, AECOM posted a job for a Design ManagerWest Bank and Gaza (with an advertised salary range of between $140,000 and $200,000) that focused on improved water security projects in West Bank and Gaza. Aaron Cayer, an assistant professor of architecture at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, wrote about the job posting as his contribution to Field Notes on Repair, a series published last fall by Places Journal. (His book about AECOM, Incorporating Architects: How American Architecture Became a Practice of Empire, will be published in June.) Cayer describes how large firms compete for commissions to both design initial new infrastructures and their postwar replacements. He wrote, This paradoxical economy of destruction and repair was established in the United States during the 20th century as architects began working for both the military and international aid organizations.Earlier this year, on an earnings call, AECOM CEO Troy Rudds message was that Trumps permitting reform outweighs agency cuts, according to Construction Dive. AECOMs stock (ACM) is down about 11 percent so far in 2025.In addition to providing humanitarian and health-related assistance to countries, USAIDs work included commissions for architects and engineers. (Ted Eytan/Flickr/CC BY-SA 2.0)Other DOGE CutsA handful of other DOGE cuts relate to the built environment.A nearly $15 million contract was awarded to Tetra Tech for Architectural and Engineering (A&E) Services for the Secondary Education Expansion for Development in Malawi. This item, uploaded on March 1, yielded no savings. Tetra Tech did not respond to ANs request for comment.A $4 million contract to Green Powered Technology for A&E services related to infrastructure in Liberia was also uploaded on March 1, and no savings was listed. Green Powered Technology did not respond to ANs request for comment. Other USAID StoppagesBeyond DOGEs cancellations, the defunding will impact other projects. MASS Design Group was at work on a USAID-funded project that was suspended in late January. It provided a statement about the stoppage:MASS Design Group stopped work on a project in the Horn of Africa due to USAID funding cuts. The order to suspend the USAID-funded work was received by MASS and their jointly-appointed nonprofit partner on January 28, 2025, stating that the project was paused to assess programmatic efficiencies and consistency with United States foreign policy. The project would have funded the creation of a center to educate and train young men and women, providing them opportunity and hope, in effort to curb radicalization as the only means of upward mobility in society.MASS, whose name is an acronym for Model of Architecture Serving Society, is not naming the nonprofit partner in order to protect the nonprofits identity per their request, fearing retaliation from internal and foreign actors. U.S. military strikes in the region against ISIS targets further complicated the situation. The statement concludes: MASS is deeply committed to continue international built work that provides solutions to help some of the most vulnerable populations around the globe. Stantec also has extensive USAID experience. The company has supported USAID for over 20 years in its mission to drive global development and prosperity, an objective that resonates with Stantecs own commitment to addressing sustainable development around the globe, Loren Labovitch, vice president of Stantecs US International Development team, said in a 2021 press release for a five-year, $800 million contract. This award was in support of several USAID cross-cutting initiatives designed to help developing countries pursue less carbon intensive development, adapt to the impacts of climate change, and advance gender and social inclusion. Stantec will work closely with USAID and its partners to design and implement infrastructure interventions that incorporate appropriate climate risk mitigation measures, optimize the use of clean energy and energy efficient technologies, promote nature-based solutions where feasible, enable equitable access to project benefits, and improve womens economic and workforce development opportunities.A spokesperson for Stantec responded to ANs inquiry but ultimately was not able to provide an expert for comment. Stantecs stock (STN) is up about 5 percent so far this year.USAID Supporting ArchitectsIn select moments, USAID funded the transmission of architectural knowledge. As part of its Diaspora Invest project in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ajla Aksamija, a professor and Distinguished Chair for Resilient Places at the School of Architecture at the University of Utah, led a four-day workshop on innovations in architecture. Held from December 9 to 13 last year, her lecture brought together students, academics, and professionals from the fields of architecture and construction. Then mentoring workshops were held with three architectural firms from Bosnia and Herzegovina, selected by the USAID.USAID also supported the development of climate-resilient guesthouse concepts in the Maldives, which included a two-day exhibition at the end of 2024.

Squat lobster: Galathea sp. The Nippon Foundation-Nekton Ocean Census / Gallardo. All images courtesy of Ocean Census, shared with permissionOcean Census Expeditions Discover More Than 800 New Marine SpeciesMarch 18, 2025Kate MothesInvolving more than 800 scientists from more than 400 institutions worldwide, Ocean Census has embarked on ten expeditions and numerous workshopsso farwith a sole aim: discovering new species in the worlds greatest frontier. Last week, the organization announced that it had discovered 866 new species, further advancing our understanding of marine biodiversity. Among the finds is a newly identified guitar shark, which belongs to a distinctive group of animals that share characteristics of both sharks and rays.Guitar Shark: Rhinobatos sp. The Nippon Foundation-Nekton Ocean Census / Sergey BogorodskyAnother revelation is the pygmy pipehorse, which was found off the coast of Africathe first time the genus has been spotted outside of the cool waters of New Zealand. Ocean Census says:These diminutive pipehorses are masters of camouflage, remaining elusive as they inhabit coral reefs and blend seamlessly into their surroundings. Many members of the family Syngnathidaewhich also includes seahorses, seadragons, and pipefishare classified as Threatened on the IUCN Red List due to habitat destruction, bycatch, and targeted fishing.While 866 is a remarkable number of discoveries, Ocean Census has its work cut out. The identification and official registration of a new species can take up to 13-and-a-half yearsmeaning some species may go extinct before they are even documented, says a statement.To address this lag and accelerate identification, the initiative was launched jointly in 2023 by The Nippon Foundation and Nekton with a mission to close critical knowledge gaps before its too late.Pygmy Pipehorse: Syngnathidae. The Nippon Foundation-Nekton Ocean Census / Richard SmithOceans cover more than 70 percent of our planets surface, but these vast bodies of water remain largely unexplored. Of the estimated one to two million marine species on Earth, only 240,000 are known to science, Ocean Census says.Currently on a 35-day expedition to the South Sandwich Islands, the project joins four additional programs, including Schmidt Ocean Institute, to search for new species off the South Atlantic Oceans volcanic archipelago. Find more on Ocean Censuss website.Gastropod: Turridrupa sp. The Nippon Foundation-Nekton Ocean Census / Peter StahlschmidtCoral: Octocoral (Maldives). The Nippon Foundation-Nekton Ocean Census / Asako Matsumoto, ShaaanMollusc: Granulina nekton. The Nippon Foundation-Nekton Ocean Census / Jess Ortea, Leopoldo MoroSea Star: Tylaster sp. The Nippon Foundation-Nekton Ocean Census / Martin HartleyCrinoid with Octocoral Attached. Martin Hartley / The Nippon Foundation-Nekton Ocean CensusDetail of Crinoid with Octocoral Attached. Martin Hartley / The Nippon Foundation-Nekton Ocean CensusNext article

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As more people use an iPad to replace a computer, kindle, or a sketchpad, it's more important than ever to ensure your device is protected. A high-quality screen protector is a proactive way to save hundreds or even thousands of dollars to ensure your iPad doesn't crack or shatter from accidents or drops.Screen protectors aren't just about shielding your device. Some offer blue light filtering, anti-glare coatings, and privacy features. Our experts tested a variety of iPad screen protectors to find the best ones that offer solid protection while maintaining the natural look and feel of your screen. Whether you use your iPad for work, school, or entertainment, we rounded up the best iPad screen protectors you can buy.What's the best iPad screen protector right now?We researched and conducted hands-on testing with several iPad models to find the best screen protectors based on factors like durability, ease of installation, cost, and added features. Right now, our top pick for the best iPad screen protector is the Zagg InvisibleShield Glass Elite Screen Protector thanks to its easy application, anti-microbial coating, ClearPrint anti-smudge technology, tempered glass construction, and limited lifetime warranty. Sort by All The best iPad screen protectors of 2025 Show less The Zagg InvisibleShield Glass Elite Screen Protector provides top notch protection for your iPad against everyday hazards. The smooth screen is made of tempered glass that offers scratch, smudge, and oil resistance for incredible clarity. The screen also has reinforced edges for extra impact protection and an anti-microbial coating to fend off germs and bacteria.It fits onto your screen tightly with an EZ Apply Tray to simplify application, though you can even have it applied at retailers like Best Buy for a small fee. Despite a higher price tag than some other options on this list, the Zagg InvisibleShield is our top pick for its limited lifetime warranty, which protects your product purchase against wear and damage.Customers at Best Buy laud the Zagg protector for its value, quality, and ease of use. This screen protector has a near-perfect overall review score of 4.8 out of 5, with many customers highlighting the warranty as an excellent safeguard. One reviewer said the Zagg screen protector provided a crack-free screen after her daughter's iPad fell off the roof of a car.Another reviewer offered a succinct analysis in their review: "Zagg screen protectors are the best. I won't even buy any other brand anymore."Zagg InvisibleShield Glass Elite Screen Protectorfeatures:Impact and scratch protection | Anti-microbial coating | ClearPrint smudge-free technology | Reinforced edges | EZ application | Limited lifetime warranty Pros Lifetime warranty Anti-microbial coating Smudge-proof Easy to apply No bubbles Cons Pricier than other options The Zagg InvisibleShield Glass Elite Screen Protector provides top notch protection for your iPad against everyday hazards. The smooth screen is made of tempered glass that offers scratch, smudge, and oil resistance for incredible clarity. The screen also has reinforced edges for extra impact protection and an anti-microbial coating to fend off germs and bacteria.It fits onto your screen tightly with an EZ Apply Tray to simplify application, though you can even have it applied at retailers like Best Buy for a small fee. Despite a higher price tag than some other options on this list, the Zagg InvisibleShield is our top pick for its limited lifetime warranty, which protects your product purchase against wear and damage.Customers at Best Buy laud the Zagg protector for its value, quality, and ease of use. This screen protector has a near-perfect overall review score of 4.8 out of 5, with many customers highlighting the warranty as an excellent safeguard. One reviewer said the Zagg screen protector provided a crack-free screen after her daughter's iPad fell off the roof of a car.Another reviewer offered a succinct analysis in their review: "Zagg screen protectors are the best. I won't even buy any other brand anymore."Zagg InvisibleShield Glass Elite Screen Protectorfeatures:Impact and scratch protection | Anti-microbial coating | ClearPrint smudge-free technology | Reinforced edges | EZ application | Limited lifetime warranty Read More Show Expert Take Show less Show less View now at Amazon The Esr Screen Protector is easy to install bubble-free thanks to the handy application guide included in the kit. This two-pack set has a glossy screen finish that is scratch-resistant for fighting everyday scrapes, scratches, and bumps.Like other options on this list, it's made of tempered glass yet has only a 0.3mm thickness to maintain your device's slim and sleek appearance. With a 9H hardness rating, you won't have to worry about your screen's safety. The ESR protector also features an oleophobic coating to fend off fingerprint buildup and allow for easy cleaning and with HD clarity, you won't have to worry about your iPad's display quality.Customer's on Esr's website liked the durability, value, and easy installation of the screen protector, which comes with two screens, two alignment guides, and two cleaning kits. However, some customers noted that depending on your application, the front microphone can become covered by the screen protector.Esr Screen Protectorfeatures:Easy application with alignment guide | Scratch-resistant |Face ID compatible | Bubble-free installation | 2-Pack | HD Clarity | Oleophobic coating Pros 9H protection Bubble-free installation Easy alignment 2-Pack Thin design Mid-range price Cons No anti-microbial coating No added safety features Some reported audio/front cam interference The Esr Screen Protector is easy to install bubble-free thanks to the handy application guide included in the kit. This two-pack set has a glossy screen finish that is scratch-resistant for fighting everyday scrapes, scratches, and bumps.Like other options on this list, it's made of tempered glass yet has only a 0.3mm thickness to maintain your device's slim and sleek appearance. With a 9H hardness rating, you won't have to worry about your screen's safety. The ESR protector also features an oleophobic coating to fend off fingerprint buildup and allow for easy cleaning and with HD clarity, you won't have to worry about your iPad's display quality.Customer's on Esr's website liked the durability, value, and easy installation of the screen protector, which comes with two screens, two alignment guides, and two cleaning kits. However, some customers noted that depending on your application, the front microphone can become covered by the screen protector.Esr Screen Protectorfeatures:Easy application with alignment guide | Scratch-resistant |Face ID compatible | Bubble-free installation | 2-Pack | HD Clarity | Oleophobic coating Read More Show Expert Take Show less Show less View now at Amazon The Spigen Tempered Glas.tR EZ Fit iPad screen protector features 9H hardness to combat scratches, bumps, and cracks, protecting your iPad with extra durability. With an oleophobic coating, you won't have to worry about smudges or fingerprints on your screen. The tempered glass screen protector is seamlessly compatible with Spigen's iPad case products, and offers some of the easiest application technology we've seen.Use the Spigen's innovative auto-aligning tray to eliminate wasted time or difficulty trying to line up your screen protector with your screen (which, in my opinion, is the hardest part). Just place the tray over the screen, press the center and watch the glass easily adhere in place--simple as that. The Glas.tR EZ Fit protector is a pricier option, but the easy installation may be worth it if you think it likely that you will struggle applying protection to your iPad.Customer's on Amazon loved the breezy application process, secure fit, and top-notch performance of the Spigen screen protector. Some users said they still struggled to apply the protector and saw visible bubbles under the screen, but most enjoyed a flawless finish.Spigen Tempered Glas.tR EZ Fit screen protector features:Auto-alignment tray | Oleophobic coating | 9H hardness | Scratch-resistant | Seamless compatibility with Spigen cases Pros Innovative, auto-alignment tray for easy install Oleophobic coating 9H hardness Scratch-resistant Seamless compatibility with Spigen cases Mid-range price Cons Only 1 screen protector included The Spigen Tempered Glas.tR EZ Fit iPad screen protector features 9H hardness to combat scratches, bumps, and cracks, protecting your iPad with extra durability. With an oleophobic coating, you won't have to worry about smudges or fingerprints on your screen. The tempered glass screen protector is seamlessly compatible with Spigen's iPad case products, and offers some of the easiest application technology we've seen.Use the Spigen's innovative auto-aligning tray to eliminate wasted time or difficulty trying to line up your screen protector with your screen (which, in my opinion, is the hardest part). Just place the tray over the screen, press the center and watch the glass easily adhere in place--simple as that. The Glas.tR EZ Fit protector is a pricier option, but the easy installation may be worth it if you think it likely that you will struggle applying protection to your iPad.Customer's on Amazon loved the breezy application process, secure fit, and top-notch performance of the Spigen screen protector. Some users said they still struggled to apply the protector and saw visible bubbles under the screen, but most enjoyed a flawless finish.Spigen Tempered Glas.tR EZ Fit screen protector features:Auto-alignment tray | Oleophobic coating | 9H hardness | Scratch-resistant | Seamless compatibility with Spigen cases Read More Show Expert Take Show less Show less View now at Amazon If you've been toying with using an Apple Pencil but don't want to lose the nostalgic feeling of notebook paper, you will love this option for its simplicity and compatibility. The Paperlike protector transforms your screen to feel like a piece of paper and mimics a more realistic writing, drawing, and sketching experience. It's made of tempered glass with a smooth, scratch-resistant surface and reinforced edges for better longevity. It's also smudge-resistant to help keep your display clean and improve visibility.Paperlike customers loved the papery feel of this screen protector, and noted a pretty easy application process. Some users did say it wore their Apple Pencil down faster, but most are satisfied with the upgraded drawing, writing, and creative experience, with overall reviews coming in at a 4.78 out of 5.Paperlike iPad Screen Protectorfeatures:Scratch-resistant | Reinforced edges | Smudge-resistant | Paper-like feel | Micro-bead technology Pros 2-Pack True paper-like feel Fingerprint-resistant Great for drawing and writing Easier screen readability Cons Potentially tricky installation Limits screen resolution Pricier than other options If you've been toying with using an Apple Pencil but don't want to lose the nostalgic feeling of notebook paper, you will love this option for its simplicity and compatibility. The Paperlike protector transforms your screen to feel like a piece of paper and mimics a more realistic writing, drawing, and sketching experience. It's made of tempered glass with a smooth, scratch-resistant surface and reinforced edges for better longevity. It's also smudge-resistant to help keep your display clean and improve visibility.Paperlike customers loved the papery feel of this screen protector, and noted a pretty easy application process. Some users did say it wore their Apple Pencil down faster, but most are satisfied with the upgraded drawing, writing, and creative experience, with overall reviews coming in at a 4.78 out of 5.Paperlike iPad Screen Protectorfeatures:Scratch-resistant | Reinforced edges | Smudge-resistant | Paper-like feel | Micro-bead technology Read More Show Expert Take Show less Show less View now at Best Buy The Sahara iPad ZeroDamage UltraStrong+ screen protector offers maximum HD protection for your iPad screen, protecting against damage, scratches, smudges, and cracks without sacrificing touch-screen sensitivity. In addition, its privacy screen ensures that whatever you're watching, working on, or browsing stays unseen by passersby near and far. The privacy screen blocks the view of any person trying to view your screen, whether to the left or right of you, within a 38-degree angle.Hydrophobic and oleophobic coating ensure your screen is devoid of sweat, fingerprints, oil residue and buildup. And an advanced anti-scratch surface provides extra protection from minor drops, accidental bumps, and daily wear-and-tear.Best Buy customers liked the overall value, quality, ease of use of the Sahara privacy screen, though some customers noted that it greatly darkens the screen.Sahara iPad ZeroDamage UltraStrong+ Tempered Glass Screen Protector features:Scratch-resistant | Tempered glass | Anti-spy, privacy screen protector | Resists fingerprints and smudges | | Hydrophobic and Oleophobic coating| Alignment stickers and micro-dust installation kit included | Limited lifetime warranty Pros Scratch Resistant Anti-spy, privacy screen Smudge-resistant Installation kit included Cons On the pricier side Potentially too dark for some The Sahara iPad ZeroDamage UltraStrong+ screen protector offers maximum HD protection for your iPad screen, protecting against damage, scratches, smudges, and cracks without sacrificing touch-screen sensitivity. In addition, its privacy screen ensures that whatever you're watching, working on, or browsing stays unseen by passersby near and far. The privacy screen blocks the view of any person trying to view your screen, whether to the left or right of you, within a 38-degree angle.Hydrophobic and oleophobic coating ensure your screen is devoid of sweat, fingerprints, oil residue and buildup. And an advanced anti-scratch surface provides extra protection from minor drops, accidental bumps, and daily wear-and-tear.Best Buy customers liked the overall value, quality, ease of use of the Sahara privacy screen, though some customers noted that it greatly darkens the screen.Sahara iPad ZeroDamage UltraStrong+ Tempered Glass Screen Protector features:Scratch-resistant | Tempered glass | Anti-spy, privacy screen protector | Resists fingerprints and smudges | | Hydrophobic and Oleophobic coating| Alignment stickers and micro-dust installation kit included | Limited lifetime warranty Read More Show Expert Take Show less Show less View now at Amazon The Jetech iPad screen protector incorporates 0.33mm tempered glass with 9H hardness to better protect your iPad without interfering with FaceID. It's compatible with the Apple Pencil, and its dust-free and fingerprint-free design ensures you won't need to worry about constantly wiping away smudges.This screen protector comes in a two-pack and ensures an anti-scratch yet highly responsive screen display, so you don't have to compromise on your viewing experience.Amazon customer's liked the easy installation of the screen protector and the overall value, durability and quality of the product. Many highlighted a great value for the price, though some expressed a little trouble with air bubbles under the screen.Jetech iPad Screen Protectorfeatures: Tempered glass | Anti-scratch | HD clarity | Fingerprint-proof | Installation kit included | Highly responsive display Pros Extremely affordable Anti-scratch HD clarity Fingerprint-proof 2-Pack Installation kit included Cons Possible bubbles The Jetech iPad screen protector incorporates 0.33mm tempered glass with 9H hardness to better protect your iPad without interfering with FaceID. It's compatible with the Apple Pencil, and its dust-free and fingerprint-free design ensures you won't need to worry about constantly wiping away smudges.This screen protector comes in a two-pack and ensures an anti-scratch yet highly responsive screen display, so you don't have to compromise on your viewing experience.Amazon customer's liked the easy installation of the screen protector and the overall value, durability and quality of the product. Many highlighted a great value for the price, though some expressed a little trouble with air bubbles under the screen.Jetech iPad Screen Protectorfeatures: Tempered glass | Anti-scratch | HD clarity | Fingerprint-proof | Installation kit included | Highly responsive display Read More Show Expert Take Show less What is the best iPad screen protector? Our top pick for the best iPad screen protector is the ZAGG InvisibleShield Glass Elite Screen Protector thanks to its easy application, anti-microbial coating, ClearPrint anti-smudge technology, tempered glass construction, and limited lifetime warranty. Here's how it compares to our other top picks.Best iPad screen protectorCostProtector materialZAGG InvisibleShield Glass Elite $45Tempered GlassEsr$11Tempered GlassSpigen Tempered Glas.tR EZ Fit $20Tempered GlassPaperlike 2.1$45Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)Sahara iPad ZeroDamage UltraStrong+ $50Tempered GlassJETech 2-Pack $10Tempered Glass*Lowest, non-discounted price at time of writing. Please note that actual retail price may vary depending on seller and available deals or promotions. Show more Which is the right iPad screen protector for you? Our expert recommendations can help you find the right iPad screen protector for your needs. Ultimately, the best iPad screen protector is one that works for your lifestyle and regular use seamlessly.Choose this best iPad screen protector...If you want...ZAGG InvisibleShield Glass Elite A top-quality screen protector backed by a limited lifetime warranty. EsrAffordable, thin protection for your screen. Spigen Tempered Glas.tR EZ Fit Easy, innovative installation at home. Paperlike 2.1A paper-like feel to your screen. Sahara iPad ZeroDamage UltraStrong+ An ultra-private and secure viewing experience. JETech 2-Pack A cheap yet protective value option. Show more Factors to consider when choosing an iPad screen protector: While evaluating each iPad screen protector, we consider several factors that can help you in your search.Size: Be sure to match your screen protector to the size of your iPad for a secure fit. Also take into account the shape of your iPad so you can buy the right one.Durability: Look for an iPad screen protector that has a tough design built to withstand hazards. If there is a warranty included, that can also help guarantee your purchase.Installation: Some iPad screen protectors are easier to install than others, so look for one that has bubble-free installation that won't interfere with your use. If you really know you won't be able to install a protector, consider an option that offers in-store installation, such as certain Best Buy products.Cost: Budget is often a concern and something we take into account. Consider how much you're willing to spend for an extra layer of protection on your iPad, but remember that a screen protector is a lot cheaper than having to replace a broken screen -- or worse -- an entire iPad. Show more How did we choose these iPad screen protectors? ZDNET conducted expert research using our hands-own knowledge with various iPad models and prior experience with screen protectors for other devices. We spent time considering individual needs and wants for screen protectors, and prioritizing elements like cost, material, thick or thinness, durability, extra features, and more. We look for the immediate value these protectors may add to your device and your life. That is, can you "add-in" this product into your life and benefit from its presence, or is it just another fad product that's too good to be true?If we think another product is worth your money, we'll update this list or write up a spotlight review highlighting its best qualities and specifying who it's for.Plus, we are routinely scouring the web for new products that are worthy of testing, and following news on product rollouts and upgrades, and sourcing the best deals. We know buying anything in the current economy is not just for your whims, and that's why this list, as well as our other advice, is tailored to your needs, wants, and your budget and why our picks are expert-tested or expert-vetted. Show more FAQs on iPad screen protectors Is it good to use a screen protector for my iPad? Yes. Using a screen protector is a generally low-cost way to add extra protection to the most vulnerable part of your iPad. Think of screen protectors like seatbelts. They aren't going to necessarily prevent an accident or drop from happening -- but when you have one on, you're chances of less damage can be significant.Plus, paying for a screen protector upfront is a lot cheaper than having to possibly replace a screen or even an entire iPad later. Show more Will these iPad screen protectors fit my iPad? We evaluated our best iPad screen protectors by considering the available market options for the iPad 10th Gen (2022), which has a 10.9 inch screen. Regardless of model, an iPad screen is still a screen, and there's little to no variance in the type of protection needed from model to model. Additionally, every pick on this list is available in different screen sizes for each respective iPad model.To be sure you're purchasing the correct size screen protector, double-check your iPad model and screen size, and be sure to match it while you shop for your item and ultimately make a purchase. Show more Can I use my Apple Pencil with an iPad screen protector? Yes, iPad screen protectors are built to work with your Apple Pencil for easier use. And If you're looking for a specific screen style or feel -- such as a paper-like feel -- be sure to factor that into your search. Show more Do paper-like screen protectors actually feel like paper? In short, most Redditors and reviewers agree that screen protectors, such as the Paperlike 2.1, do feel similar to that of a sheet of notebook paper. Of course, these screen protectors won't turn your iPad into a literal notebook, but they can help replicate the texture and tactile experience of one. Show more Should I use a screen protector on a children's iPad? The answer to this is absolutely yes. Adults experience accidental drops and bumps, and you should certainly anticipate children to do so even more. Adding a screen protector to your child's device is an easy upgrade that adds an extra layer of security that pays for itself if you do experience a crack, break, or drop. Show more How often should I replace my iPad screen protector? You should replace a plastic screen protector every year, as plastic tends to degrade over time and won't protect your iPad screen as well. Glass screen protectors can last longer longer than your iPad, even!Obviously, if you have cracks or chips in your screen protector, then it is time to replace it regardless of its material. Show more How much does an iPad screen protector cost? iPad screen protectors can vary in cost depending on the model and features you choose. Most iPad screen protectors range in cost from $10 to upwards of $70 based on features and durability. Show more Other iPad screen protectorsMore iPad accessories to check out Further ZDNET Tech Coverage Smartphones Smartwatches Tablets Laptops TVs Other Tech Resources ZDNET Recommends

Ben Harpe (left), Isaac Struhl and Alex Wuff pose with a prototype of one of their radio frequency sensors.Courtesy of Distributed SpectrumIn 2021, while perfecting their technology for detecting military communications and jamming, Alex Wulff, Ben Harpe and Isaac Struhl beta tested their work on a civilian population: their Harvard classmates.The engineering students built a few dozen prototypes of small, low-cost radio sensors and asked their friends to put them in their rooms, then walked around campus talking on handheld radios to refine their detection algorithms.We had some very funny looks from some of our classmates, recalled Wulff.The company they founded while seniors at Harvard, Distributed Spectrum, is now getting come-hither looks from national security agencies and investors. The trio say theyve won $7 million in contracts over the past year from the Department of Defense and an intelligence agency they cant name. Tuesday, they announced that theyve raised $25 million in a Series A funding round led by the venture capital firms Conviction and Shield Capital, and the tech entrepreneur and investor Nat Friedman.Distributed Spectrums radio frequency detection technology impressed retired Army Gen. Stanley McChrystal, who commanded U.S. and international forces in Afghanistan. He views them as a cheaper, more nimble alternative to the bulky, multimillion-dollar equipment from companies like Raytheon and L3Harris that the military has long relied on. Because it's inexpensive and you can just put it everywhere, it's going to allow you to cover things you could never cover before, said McChrystal, who is advising Distributed Spectrum and invested in the company.Harpe, 26, and Wulff and Struhl, 25, say their sensorsthe smallest of which weighs under a pound and is the size of a thin stack of cocktail napkinscontain about $1,500 to $2,000 worth of commercial hardware, including software-defined radios and power-sipping Nvidia Jetson minicomputers. Outfitted with AI algorithms that automatically identify signals and pinpoint where theyre coming from, the devices promise to give soldiers in the field an awareness of the threats around them without the need for highly trained signals intelligence officers to interpret the data.There's a huge need to understand, hey, I'm detecting something out there. What is it? Is it a threat to me? said Wulff, CEO of the startup, which is now based in New York City.That need is perhaps most visible in Ukraine, where an intense, invisible battle is being waged with radio waves. Russian and Ukrainian soldiers communicate with cell phones and handheld radios; bombs and missiles are guided to their targets by satellite signals; and soldiers wearing FPV goggles remotely pilot explosive-laden drones. Meanwhile electronic warfare specialists blast out radio noise to jam their enemys communications or spoof their guidance systems.Both sides are constantly changing their transmission and jamming techniques, at a speed that outmatches the abilities of traditional automated detection systems that are based on libraries of signal patterns that can take weeks to update.Its a preview to what U.S. troops could face in a war with an advanced adversary like China, and one that makes it clear signals intelligence officers will have a far more difficult job than they did in Iraq and Afghanistan.As we transition to great power competition at the scale of the entire Pacific Ocean, there's just no way that we're going to be able to have that level of understanding spread out across that large of an area, said Wulff. The only solution is to automate some of this.Distributed Spectrum was born out Wulffs concept for a senior thesis project to try to replace expensive and bulky radiofrequency sensing hardware with lots of cheap, software-powered devices. With Harpe and Struhl, he saw a business opportunity in the commercial wireless market where the trio could help telecom companies monitor interference and make better use of their spectrum.But a 2021 hackathon sponsored by the Defense Department changed their plans. There they learned the military was facing a really hair on fire problem: it often struggled to determine whether battlefield communications systems were being jammed or were just malfunctioning.They won the $25,000 grand prize by coding a system to detect radio-frequency attacks on military vehicles in real-time, impressing Pentagon officials who helped orchestrate a collaboration with Special Operations units to try out their technology.Theyve since landed development contracts with the Army, Air Force and Navy for an array of applications: soldier-portable devices that offer alerts for approaching drones or nearby enemy cellular signals, stationary systems to monitor for activity around military bases and networks of sensors to detect anomalies in the radio spectrum across wide areas that might be a tipoff to the presence of unfriendly forces.Last fall the company won $150,000 and a shoutout from outgoing Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin in a competition for concepts for electronic warfare tools suitable for use in the vast, watery reaches of the Indo-Pacific region.Wulff, Harpe and Struhl say theyve deployed a handful of their sensors with a partner in Ukraine whos strapped them to drones that are used to locate enemy jamming devices and hidden troops on the battlefield.The Defense Department is a hard place for small startups like Distributed Spectrum to make inroads, but Sarah Guo, founder of the VC firm Conviction, likes the companys chances given the acumen of its founders and their early success in winning contracts. There is real energy in the department to work on this problem. I think that's all you can really ask for at an early stage company, she said.