KIM Oflage Studio / Delve ArchitectsSave this picture! Fred HowarthUnited KingdomArchitects: Delve ArchitectsAreaArea of this architecture projectArea:25 mPhotographsPhotographs:Fred HowarthManufacturersBrands with products used in this architecture project Manufacturers: Rak ceramics, Astro Lighting, Claybrook, Claybrook Studio, Recork, Smile Plastics More SpecsLess SpecsSave this picture!Text description provided by the architects. A bespoke garden studio for a growing family in South London, KIM-oflage by Delve Architects provides a colourful space for sleep, work, painting and relaxing.Homeowners Kit and Imogen had loved working with Delve Architects on a timber-clad extension to their Victorian terrace home in Nunhead in 2018. However, with a growing family, their choice was either to move or solve their need for more space in a different way.Save this picture!Save this picture!Save this picture!The two looked at the empty space at the bottom of the garden, a dark, damp corner used to collect garden cuttings and home to a few dead trees/bushes. They imagined in its place a new flexible garden studio, providing an opportunity to live/work and play. Working with Delve, the new studio mirrors the design of the rear extension in form, but uses green glazed tiles as a facade to hide amongst the mature garden planting, hence the name KIM-oflage. The studio interiors were split into different zones using colour and changing materials, with a space for sleeping, working, yoga, a small kitchenette and large doors which open outwards onto a newly laid patio area. Separately, garden storage has been provided through a hidden, flush doorway to maintain the utility aspect of the garden plot for Kit and ImogenSave this picture!Permitted development guidelines were pushed to the limit to create the largest possible studio. With pitched roofs to avoid overshadowing neighbours, the studio receives ample natural light, especially in the evening, where the setting sun is amplified by a pink lime wash that also works to zone the seating area and separate it from the 'working' parts of the studio.Save this picture!Save this picture!Save this picture!Alex Raher, Delve Architects: "At Delve, we value the relationships we build with our residential clients, so getting to work with Kit & Imogen again was such a lovely experience. The challenges of the site and planning rules were there, but KIM-oflage really shows how much can be done with a great client and an eye for colour." Kit & Imogen, Client: "We asked a lot from Delve. We wanted a space that could provide guest accommodation, a place to work, a place to do hobbies, garden storage and seating for enjoying the garden. In addition to this, it was important that the space complemented its natural surroundings, was sensitive to our neighbours and also worked with the extension we did as part of the renovations in 2018. Oh, and did we mention just how narrow our garden is? The space constraints were very real. Delve dug deep and came up with a design that does it all."Save this picture!Project gallerySee allShow lessProject locationAddress:Nunhead, London, United KingdomLocation to be used only as a reference. It could indicate city/country but not exact address.About this officeDelve ArchitectsOfficeMaterialsWoodConcreteMaterials and TagsPublished on April 02, 2025Cite: "KIM Oflage Studio / Delve Architects" 02 Apr 2025. ArchDaily. Accessed . <https://www.archdaily.com/1028606/kim-oflage-studio-delve-architects&gt ISSN 0719-8884Save!ArchDaily?You've started following your first account!Did you know?You'll now receive updates based on what you follow! Personalize your stream and start following your favorite authors, offices and users.Go to my stream

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Every day, countless videos are uploaded and processed online, putting enormous strain on computational resources. The problem isnt just the sheer volume of dataits how this data is structured. Videos consist of raw pixel data, where neighboring pixels often store nearly identical information. This redundancy wastes resources, making it harder for systems to process visual content effectively and efficiently.To tackle this, weve developed a new approach to compress visual data into a more compact and manageable form. In our paper VidTok: A Versatile and Open-Source Video Tokenizer, we introduce a method that converts video data into smaller, structured units, or tokens. This technique provides researchers and developers in visual world modelinga field dedicated to teaching machines to interpret images and videoswith a flexible and efficient tool for advancing their work.How VidTok worksVidTok is a technique that converts raw video footage into a format that AI can easily work with and understand, a process called video tokenization. This process converts complex visual information into compact, structured tokens, as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1. An overview of how video tokenizers work, which form the basis of VidTok.By simplifying videos into manageable chunks, VidTok can enable AI systems to learn from, analyze, and generate video content more efficiently. VidTok offers several potential advantages over previous solutions:Supports both discrete and continuous tokens. Not all AI models use the same language for video generation. Some perform best with continuous tokensideal for high-quality diffusion modelswhile others rely on discrete tokens, which are better suited for step-by-step generation, like language models for video. VidTok is a tokenizer that has demonstrated seamless support for both, making it adaptable across a range of AI applications.Operates in both causal and noncausal modes. In some scenarios, video understanding depends solely on past frames (causal), while in others, it benefits from access to both past and future frames (noncausal). VidTok can accommodate both modes, making it suitable for real-time use cases like robotics and video streaming, as well as for high-quality offline video generation.Efficient training with high performance. AI-powered video generation typically requires substantial computational resources. VidTok can reduce training costs by half through a two-stage training processdelivering high performance and lowering costs.About Microsoft ResearchAdvancing science and technology to benefit humanityView our storyOpens in a new tab ArchitectureThe VidTok framework builds on a classic 3D encoder-decoder structure but introduces 2D and 1D processing techniques to handle spatial and temporal information more efficiently. Because 3D architectures are computationally intensive, VidTok combines them with less resource-intensive 2D and 1D methods to reduce computational costs while maintaining video quality.Spatial processing. Rather than treating video frames solely as 3D volumes, VidTok applies 2D convolutionspattern-recognition operations commonly used in image processingto handle spatial information within each frame more efficiently.Temporal processing. To model motion over time, VidTok introduces the AlphaBlender operator, which blends frames smoothly using a learnable parameter. Combined with 1D convolutionssimilar operations applied over sequencesthis approach captures temporal dynamics without abrupt transitions.Figure 2 illustrates VidToks architecture in detail.Figure 2. VidToks architecture. It uses a combination of 2D and 1D operations instead of solely relying on 3D techniques, improving efficiency. For smooth frame transitions, VidTok employs the AlphaBlender operator in its temporal processing modules. This approach strikes a balance between computational speed and high-quality video output.QuantizationTo efficiently compress video data, AI systems often use quantization to reduce the amount of information that needs to be stored or transmitted. A traditional method for doing this is vector quantization (VQ), which groups values together and matches them to a fixed set of patterns (known as a codebook). However, this can lead to an inefficient use of patterns and lower video quality.For VidTok, we use an approach called finite scalar quantization (FSQ). Instead of grouping values, FSQ treats each value separately. This makes the compression process more flexible and accurate, helping preserve video quality while keeping the file size small. Figure 3 shows the difference between the VQ and FSQ approaches.Figure 3. VQ (left) relies on learning a codebook, while FSQ (right) simplifies the process by independently grouping values into fixed sets, making optimization easier. VidTok adopts FSQ to enhance training stability and reconstruction quality.TrainingTraining video tokenizers requires significant computing power. VidTok uses a two-stage process:It first trains the full model on low-resolution videos.Then, it fine-tunes only the decoder using high-resolution videos.This approach cuts training costs in halffrom 3,072 to 1,536 GPU hourswhile maintaining video quality. Older tokenizers, trained on full-resolution videos from the start, were slower and more computationally intensive.VidToks method allows the model to quickly adapt to new types of videos without affecting its token distribution. Additionally, it trains on lower-frame-rate data to better capture motion, improving how it represents movement in videos.Evaluating VidTokVidToks performance evaluation using the MCL-JCV benchmarka comprehensive video quality assessment datasetand an internal dataset demonstrates its superiority over existing state-of-the-art models in video tokenization. The assessment, which covered approximately 5,000 videos of various types, employed four standard metrics to measure video quality:Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR)Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM)Learned Perceptual Image Patch Similarity (LPIPS)Frchet Video Distance (FVD)The following table and Figure 4 illustrate VidToks performance:Table 1The results indicate that VidTok outperforms existing models in both discrete and continuous tokenization scenarios. This improved performance is achieved even when using a smaller model or a more compact set of reference patterns, highlighting VidToks efficiency.Figure 4. Quantitative comparison of discrete and continuous tokenization performance in VidTok and state-of-the-art methods, evaluated using four metrics: PSNR, SSIM, LPIPS, and FVD. Larger chart areas indicate better overall performance.VidTok represents a significant development in video tokenization and processing. Its innovative architecture and training approach enable improved performance across various video quality metrics, making it a valuable tool for video analysis and compression tasks. Its capacity to model complex visual dynamics could improve the efficiency of video systems by enabling AI processing on more compact units rather than raw pixels.VidTok serves as a promising foundation for further research in video processing and representation. The code for VidTok is available on GitHub (opens in new tab), and we invite the research community to build on this work and help advance the broader field of video modeling and generation.Opens in a new tab

The brain and the but are very connected. CREDIT: Getty Images. If you get food poisoning after eating eggs, theres a good chance that it will take awhile before you can even handle the thought of eating a nice savory omelet again. That food aversion can be really strong. Now, a team of neuroscientists studying mice have found the exact memory hub in their brain that is responsible for this reaction. The findings are detailed in a study published April 2 in the journal Nature and could lead to future clinical treatments.One-shot learning vs. the meal-to-malaise delayInstead of learning through repeated trial and error or experiences, one-shot learning is when a single experience creates a lasting memory in the brain. It is most commonly associated with traumatic events that lead to anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and psychosis.Something similar can happen with a food poisoning experience and it is all too common. The CDC estimates that food poisoning sickens 48 million people in the United States every year.I havent had food poisoning in a while, but now whenever I talk to people at meetings, I hear all about their food poisoning experiences, Christopher Zimmerman, a study co-author and lead postdoctoral fellow at the Princeton Neuroscience Institute (PNI) at Princeton University, said in a statement.While this kind of one-shot learning is common with food poisoningand makes logical sensethe time gap involved has puzzled scientists. Unlike touching something hot and feeling immediate pain, food poisoning involves a significant delay between when the contaminated food is eaten and getting sick. Zimmerman calls this the meal-to-malaise delay.Drinking the Kool-AidFor a closer look at the brain mechanisms behind avoiding certain sickening foods, Zimmerman turned to an item that might be sitting in your kitchen pantrygrape Kool-Aid. The lab mice had never had this specific flavor and were asked to try it.Its a better model for how we actually learn, Zimmerman said. Normally, scientists in the field will use sugar alone, but thats not a normal flavor that you would encounter in a meal. Kool-Aid, while its still not typical, is a little bit closer since it has more dimensions to its flavor profile.The mice eventually learned that poking their nose in a special area of their cage would deliver a drop of Kool-Aid. Thirty minutes after their first taste, the mice received a one-time injection which caused a temporary food poisoning-like illness.When the mice were offered a choice two days later, the mice strongly avoided the once-appealing purple drink and preferred plain water.Into the central amygdalaWhat stuck out to Zimmerman and study co-author and Princeton neuroscientist Ilana Witten is where in the brain this juice/illness association is found: the central amygdala. This small group of cells towards the bottom of the brain is involved in emotion and fear learning. It also processes a great deal of information from our environment, including both smell and taste.If you look across the entire brain, at where novel versus familiar flavors are represented, the amygdala turns out to be a really interesting place because its preferentially activated by novel flavors at every stage in learning, Zimmerman said. Its active when the mouse is drinking, when the mouse is feeling sick later, and then when the mouse retrieves that negative memory days later.According to the team, these results show how critical the central amygdala is at every step along the way of learning.They then traced how illness signals from the gut reach the brain. Using hints from previous research, they identified specialized hindbrain cells that have a specific protein called Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) and is directly connected to the central amygdala. Stimulating these cells 30 minutes after a mouses Kool-Aid experience re-created the same aversion as real food poisoning. Feeling sick also caused the Kool-Aid-activated neurons to reactivate.It was as if the mice were thinking back and remembering the prior experience that caused them to later feel sick, Witten said in a statement. It was very cool to see this unfolding at the level of individual neurons.Leveraging memory recallThe team suspects that new flavors may tag certain brain cells to stay sensitive to illness signals for hours after eating. This tag allows those cells to be specifically reactivated by sickness and connect a cause and effect despite the time delay.According to the team, this type of research opens up new ways of understanding how the brain forms connections between a variety of distant events.Often when we learn in the real world, theres a long delay between whatever choice weve made and the outcome. But thats not typically studied in the lab, so we dont really understand the neural mechanisms that support this kind of long delay learning, Zimmerman said. Our hope is that these findings will provide a framework for thinking about how the brain might leverage memory recall to solve this learning problem in other situations.

The minuscule pacemaker also safely dissolves over time. Credit: John Rogers / Northwestern UniversityA dissolvable pacemaker thats smaller than a grain of rice and powered by light could become an invaluable tool for saving the lives of newborn infants., The device can be implanted noninvasively via syringe, and may also be useful for adult patients dealing with certain heart defects. The medical breakthrough is detailed in a study published April 2 in Nature.Roughly one percent of infants are born with heart defects every year. The majority of these cases only require a temporary implant for about seven days to allow time for the heart to naturally self-repair. But for low-resource regions of the world lacking access to advanced medical care, what should be a simple procedure can often end in tragedy. Meanwhile, the current standard for temporary pacemakers in adults also presents difficulties. Most procedures involve surgeons sewing electrodes directly onto the heart, then attaching those electrodes to an external pacing box using wires that exit a patients chest. Doctors remove the electrodes once they are no longer needed, but post-surgery risks include infection, damaged tissue, dislodgment, and blood clots. The wires sometimes also become encased in scar tissue, presenting further complications.Thats actually how Neil Armstrong died. He had a temporary pacemaker after a bypass surgery. When the wires were removed, he experienced internal bleeding, experimental cardiologist and study co-lead Igor Efimov explained in a statement.In 2021, a Northwestern University team including Efimov unveiled a quarter-sized, biodegradable temporary pacemaker without cumbersome batteries, rigid components, or wiring. The device relies on near-field communication protocols similar to those used in RFID tags and smartphones to complete electronic payments. For this to work, however, the pacemaker needed to include a built-in antenna to relay radio frequency commands.When the wearable device (left) detects an irregular heartbeat, it emits light to activate the pacemaker.These short pulseswhich penetrate through the patients skin, breastbone and musclescontrol the pacing. Credit: John Rogers / Northwestern University Our original pacemaker worked well. It was thin, flexible and fully resorbable. But the size of its receiver antenna limited our ability to miniaturize it, said its co-creator and bioelectronics pioneer John Rogers.Rogers, Efimov, and collaborators spent the next few years researching ways to shrink their temporary pacemaker to even smaller proportions. They eventually realized they could swap out the radio antenna for a design that instead relies on light-based data transmission. They also replaced the original devices near-field communication power source with a galvanic cella type of battery that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. In the new version, the pacemaker relies on two metal electrodes that generate an electrical current after interacting with surrounding biofluids. This current is then directed to stimulate and regulate the heart through a miniscule, infrared light-activated switch installed on the batterys opposite side.From left to right: Traditional pacemaker, leadless pacemaker, and new bioresorbable pacemaker. Credit: John Rogers / Northwestern University Infrared light penetrates very well through the body, said Efimov. If you put a flashlight against your palm, you will see the light glow through the other side of your hand. It turns out that our bodies are great conductors of light.Because the human heart requires only a small amount of electrical stimulation, researchers were able to shrink their next-generation pacemaker even smaller. The final result is a 1-millimeter-thick device measuring just 1.8 mm wide and 3.5 mm long that is still capable of delivering as much electrical stimulation as a standard pacemaker.We have developed what is, to our knowledge, the worlds smallest pacemaker, Rogers said.Given its materials safely dissolve over time, the pacemaker also doesnt require any follow-up invasive surgery to remove it. This dramatically cuts down on the potential for post-op complications and trauma.But why stop at just one miniature pacemaker? Efimov, Rogers, and collaborators believe that further advancements could allow the deployment of multiple devices across the heart. Once implanted, designers could coordinate them to move independently or together based on specific light wavelengths. This could lead to more complex synchronization therapies, including those that treat arrhythmias.We also could incorporate our pacemakers into other medical devices like heart valve replacements, which can cause heart block, suggested Efimov.The devices size also means it can be incorporated into other implantable tools such as transcatheter aortic valve replacements, pain inhibitors, as well as nerve and bone restoration techniques. These future possibilities, however, all trace back to the teams original goal.Our major motivation was children, said Efimov. Now, we can place this tiny pacemaker on a childs heart and stimulate it with a soft, gentle, wearable device.

NewsSpaceFermenting miso in orbit reveals how space can affect a foods tasteOn the ISS, the Japanese condiment developed nuttier notes than earthbound versions The space environment may impart a unique taste of space on foods fermented there. For miso, that led to a nuttier, more roasted flavor, according to a new study.kuppa_rock/iStock/Getty Images PlusBy McKenzie Prillaman1 hour agoFermenting foods in space could provide a new culinary frontier.When fermented aboard the International Space Station, the Japanese condiment miso tasted nuttier than two earthbound versions, researchers report April 2 in iScience. The finding not only reveals that fermentation is possible for a food orbiting Earth, it also characterizes a space environments influence on a food.Astronauts usually munch on freeze-dried foods void of most microbes, says industrial designer and researcher Maggie Coblentz of MITs Space Exploration Initiative. Fermentation is a really exciting way to open that up, so to invite a diverse community of microbes that will interact with one another and also preserve food while growing and enhancing flavor.Sign up for our newsletterWe summarize the week's science breakthroughs every Thursday.

Nature, Published online: 02 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08828-zIllness signals from the gut reactivate and strengthen flavour representations in the amygdala to support learning from delayed postingestive feedback.

Nature, Published online: 02 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08814-5A comparison of alpha diversity (number of plant species) and dark diversity (species that are currently absent from a site despite being ecologically suitable) demonstrates the negative effects of regional-scale anthropogenic activity on plant diversity.