A group of primitive amphibians called temnospondyls ultimately went extinct about 120 million years ago. Deposit PhotosShareWhen we talk about mass extinction events, the first case that usually comes to mind is when an asteroid struck Earth about 66 million years ago and triggered the extinction of the dinosaurs. However, the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event was not the worst loss of life in our planets history. That distinction belongs to the Permian-Triassic extinction or the Great Dying. During this dramatic period of climate change about 252 million years ago, about 80 to 90 percent of all species on Earth were wiped out and the biosphere of the planet was completely altered.Yet still, in the face of this devastation, some species managed to survive. Namely, a group of primitive amphibians called the temnospondyls. They may have survived the Great Dying by feeding on some freshwater prey that larger land-based predators couldnt get to and by not being picky eaters. These new findings are detailed in a study published March 4 in the journal Royal Society Open Science. Get the Popular Science newsletter Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy.About 250 million years ago during the Early Triassic, nearly constant volcanic activity led to long phases of global warming, aridification, reductions in oxygen in the atmosphere, mega El Nios, acid rain, and wildfire. The landscape eventually became so hostile that the tropics became completely devoid of animal life. The eventual tropical dead zone impacted the distributions of both marine and terrestrial organisms throughout Earth. Some organisms, including sharks, horseshoe crabs, and temnospondyls, managed to tough it out.One of the great mysteries has been the survival and flourishing of a major group of amphibians called the temnospondyls, Aamir Mehmood, a study co-author and evolutionary biologist at the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom, said in a statement. These were predatory animals that fed on fishes and other prey, but were primarily linked to the water, just like modern amphibians such as frogs and salamanders. We know that climates then were hot, and especially so after the extinction event. How could these water-loving animals have been so successful?To figure out why, Mehmood and the team from this new study collected fossil data from 100 temnospondyls that lived throughout the Triassic. They studied how their ecologies changed, measuring parts of their skulls, teeth, and body sizes to see what specific functions they may have been used for.Surprisingly, they found that the temnospondyls did not change much throughout the crisis. Instead, they showed the same range of body sizes that they did during the earlier days of the Permian period. Some of the temnospondyls were small and fed on insects while others were larger. These bigger temnospondyls hold a critical survival clue.These larger forms included long-snouted animals that trapped fishes and broad-snouted generalist feeders, study co-author and paleontologist Armin Elsler said in a statement. What was unusual though was how their diversity of body sizes and functional variety expanded about 5 million years after the crisis and then dropped back.Due to the intense global warming in the first five million years of the Triassic period, there is evidence both terrestrial and marine organisms moved away from the tropics to get away from the extreme heat. According to the team, the temnospondyls were surprisingly able to cross that tropical dead zone.[ Related: These pleasantly plump salamanders dominated the Cretaceous period. ]Fossils are known from South Africa and Australia in the south, as well as North America, Europe and Russia in the north, study co-author and paleontologist Mike Benton said in a statement. The temnospondyls must have been able to criss-cross the tropical zone during cooler episodes.The study suggests that their generalist feeding ecology was key to this success. Temnospondyls were able to feed on a variety of prey, despite the environmental changes happening around them. It wasnt that they could survive by eating less, but also their ability to hide in sparse water bodies and consume different types of prey.However, this success did not last. The temnospondyls began their decline by the Middle Triassic, as the ancestors of mammals and dinosaurs began to diversify.Their burst of success in the Early Triassic was not followed up, said Mehmood.Temnospondyls ultimately went extinct about 120 million years ago. While they do not have any living relatives, some evolutionary biologists do consider them an important step towards todays diverse amphibians. Studying these past periods can help scientists understand how frogs, salamanders, and toads may fare during todays environmental challenges. Amphibians remain one of the most threatened groups of animals due to widespread diseases and climate change. 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A procedure similar to the one depicted above uses a patient's tooth as part of the ocular implant. Credit: Deposit PhotosShareA trio of Canadians are on track to become the countrys first residents to have their eyesight restored thanks in part to their teeth. Osteo-odonto keratoprosthesis, more commonly known as tooth-in-eye surgery, involves harvesting the bodys strongest natural substance to craft a specialized lens implant for patients with severe corneal blindness from conjunctival scarring. Tooth-in-eye surgery remains a comparatively rare procedure even 60 years after its development, but advocates hope the newest success stories can help popularize the treatment option for some of the most difficult cases of blindness.Pioneered by Italian ophthalmologist Benedetto Strampelli in the early 1960s, tooth-in-eye surgery is intended to minimize the risk of a patients body rejecting a foreign implant by mostly relying on its own biological material. Surgeons first extract a tooth (usually a canine), then shave it down to form a rectangular layer called a longitudinal lamina that includes a hole drilled in its center.Once the frame is finished, doctors install a tiny plastic telescopic lens into the dentine case before temporarily sewing the implant into the side of a patients cheek, where it remains for a few months as new tissue grows around it. Another surgery removes the scar tissue from the patients eye and replaces it with healthy tissue also harvested from a cheek. In a final procedure, doctors sew the implant into the eye socket under the cheek tissue transplant, where the lens helps partially restore sight. Previous surveys indicate many patients vision improves enough to allow them to drive cars.Tooth-in-eye surgery is only applicable for specific instances of severe corneal blindness, when trauma only damages the front surface of an eye and not its retina and optic nerves. This was the case for Brent Chapman, one of the three surgical patients profiled by the CBC program As It Happens last week. Chapman, a massage therapist from North Vancouver, lost his vision at age 13 after over-the-counter pain medication triggered a rare auto-immune reaction called Stevens-Johnson syndrome that resulted in a weekslong coma and severe burns across his body and eyes. Chapman, now 33, has since undergone roughly 50 surgeries including 10 corneal implants, but none managed to permanently restore his vision.A patients eye after the tooth has been surgically implanted over the eyeball in tooth-in-eye surgery. Credit: Greg Moloney / Providence Health Care Due to the potential risks involved in tooth-in-eye surgery, physicians are only attempting the procedure on one of each patients eyes. But despite the potential complications, tooth-in-eye surgery maintains a high success rate across the 10 countries in which it has been performed. A 2022 study from Italy, for example, determined around 94 percent of implant recipients could still see even 27 years after their surgeries. Although Chapman admitted to feeling a little apprehensive after first learning about the option, a quick chat with a woman who successfully received the same treatment convinced him to volunteer.She had been completely blind for 20 years, and is now snow skiing, he said, adding: I know it sounds a little crazy and science fiction-y.

Video game controllers take a beating. If youre not the type to throw one at the wall out of frustration, the repetitive actions take a toll on your hardware. As a result, they need regular replacement. Right now, Walmart has the Carbon Black Xbox Wireless Controller on sale for $39.00. Thats cheaper than any other non-refurbished option out there at the moment.Microsoft Xbox Wireless Controller Carbon Black $39 (was $59.99)MicrosoftSee ItThis is the quintessential Xbox controller, built for compatibility with current-gen and One-series Xboxes. The other colors currently offer smaller discounts, but the black model is cheaper than weve seen it this year. Buy a backup. Buy a new controller for your little brother so he doesnt have to use that crummy third-party controller thats missing a button.The post This is the cheapest we have seen Xbox Wireless Controllers this year appeared first on Popular Science.

Hopefully your Android phone or tablet wont ever be lost, stolen, smashed up in an accident, or swept out to seabut if the worst should happen, youll be glad that you took the time to make a backup of everything on the device.Our digital companion gadgets hold a lot of important data, from photos to messages, and losing all of that data is something you want to avoid. With some apps, such as Gmail, everything is automatically backed up to the cloud anyway. For other apps and files, you need to take some proactive steps before disaster strikes.The good news is that you can now back up an Android device without too much hassle and without taking up a huge chunk of your day. These instructions are written for Pixel and Galaxy phones, but the process for other Android handsets and tablets is similar.Photos and videosPhotos and videos are a good place to start, and Google Photos is the obvious option here: Launch the app, then tap your profile picture (top right), and Photos settings > Backup. Make sure the Backup toggle switch is turned on, and that every location on your phone where photos and videos are stored is included in the Back up device folders list.Tap Backup quality to choose whether or not Google Photos stores full resolution copies of your photos and videos in the cloud. The benefit of choosing slightly compressed copies is that you wont have to pay as much for cloud storage: You get 15GB of free space across Gmail, Google Drive, and Google Photos, and beyond that Google One plans start at $2 per month for 100GB of room.Choosing the backup quality for Google Photos. Screenshot: Google If you have a lot of photos and videos to back up, you may find the convenience of having everything in Google Photos worth the monthly fee. You can then get at your files from any device, and you can even add in photos and videos from iPhones, iPads, Windows computers, and Macs too. If youd rather not pay for cloud storage though, you do still have options.For Windows, the easiest approach is to use the Phone Link tool that comes with the operating system. Fire it up from the Start menu, follow the instructions for connecting your Android device, and you can then transfer files between the two devices in a variety of ways: Select some images in Google Photos on your phone, for instance, tap Share, and your Windows PC should appear as an option.Share files straight to Windows with the Phone Link app. If youre using a Mac, theres no built-in option for sharingthe most straightforward third-party option weve come across is MacDroid, though it can be a little temperamental. The app is free to use, as long as youre only transferring from Android to macOS, and you can pay $20 a year for the Pro version if you need to transfer files in the other direction too.Besides Google Photos, there are plenty of other cloud syncing options out there that will back up the photos and videos on your Android device to the cloud, and to computers. One of the best tools for the job is Dropboxthough as with Google Photos, you dont get much in the way of free storage (prices start at $10 a month for 2TB of storage).Messages and Android settingsIf you use Google Messages for your texts, you can back up these conversations to Google Drive: Go to Settings on your Android phone, then choose System > Backup on a Pixel phone, or Accounts and backup > Back up data (under Google Drive) on a Galaxy phone. Galaxy phones also offer a Samsung Cloud option on the same screen.This backup doesnt just cover your messages, as it also includes details of the apps youve got installed, your call history, and the settings on your device (the way youve got Android set up). As with Google Photos, this counts towards your Google cloud storage quota, so you may need to pay for extra at some stage.Androids built-in backup tool covers texts and settings. For other messaging apps, you need to investigate the backup options provided with the app itself. For some apps, such as Facebook Messenger, everything is saved in the cloud anywayyou can simply log into these accounts on a new phone and all of your conversation history will be quickly synced across.For other apps, find the relevant backup option: With WhatsApp, for example, tap the three dots (top right) on the Chats tab, then select Settings > Chats > Chat backup. You can configure what gets backed up and when, and again Google Drive is the cloud storage solution used to store a copy of your conversations.Other files and dataIn terms of files stored on your phone and nowhere else, photos, videos, and messages cover most of it. However, there might be other files dotted around your device that you dont want to lose if you no longer have access to your phone: You can open up the Files app in Android to see files youve downloaded and saved, for example.One way of backing up these files is simply to select them in the Files app, tap the three dots (top right), then choose Back up to Google Drive. You could also use the Windows and macOS file transfer methods mentioned above for moving files over, as well. However, theres no automatic backup option built into the Files app.You can back up files to Google Drive from the Files app. To make sure your backups are as comprehensive as possible, you should go through your Android apps one by one, and check where theyre storing their data. A lot of the time, everything is going to be synced to the cloud automaticallythis is going to be the case with your Spotify playlists and Netflix movies, for example.Be sure to check your mobile browser of choice too, to make sure everything is syncing from the app to the cloud and to the other devices where youve got the browser installed (think passwords, browsing history, and bookmarks). In the case of Google Chrome, you can find these settings by tapping the three dots (top right), then tapping on Settings and your Google account at the top.

On March 2, Firefly Aerospaces Blue Ghost made history, becoming the first commercial lunar lander to successfully touchdown on the moons surface. The groundbreaking lander is wasting no time in getting to work. According to NASA, the joint public-private mission has already successfully demonstrated the ability to use Earth-based GPS signals on the lunar surface, marking a major step ahead of future Artemis missions.Accurate and reliable navigation will be vital for future astronauts as they travel across the moon, but traditional GPS tools arent much good when youre around 225,000 miles from Earth. One solution could be transmitting data from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) to the lunar surface in order to autonomously measure time, velocity, and position. Thats what mission engineers from NASA and the Italian Space Agency hoped to demonstrate through the Lunar GNSS Receiver Experiment (LuGRE), one of the 10 projects packed aboard Blue Ghost.However, LuGREs achievements didnt only begin after touchdown on the moon. On January 21, the instrument broke NASAs record for highest altitude GNSS signal acquisition at 209,900 miles from Earth while traveling to the moon. That record continued to rise during Blue Ghosts journey over the ensuing days, peaking at 243,000 miles from Earth after reaching lunar orbit on February 20.NASA currently tracks spacecraft using a mix of onboard sensors and Earth-based tracking signals, but these methods generally require oversight from a team of engineers. Swapping out some of these systems for GNSS data could reduce the need for human operators, since the signals can be autonomously picked up by spacecraft.On Earth we can use GNSS signals to navigate in everything from smartphones to airplanes, Kevin Coggins, deputy associate administrator for NASAs SCaN (Space Communications and Navigation) Program, said in a statement. Now, LuGRE shows us that we can successfully acquire and track GNSS signals at the Moon.LuGRE relied on two GNSS constellations, GPS and Galileo, which triangulate positioning based on dozens of medium Earth orbit satellites that provide real-time tracking data. It performed its navigational fix at approximately 2 a.m. EST on March 3, while about 225,000 miles from Earth. Blue Ghosts LuGRE system will continue collecting information over the next two weeks almost continuously while the landers other tools begin their own experiments.The post NASA uses GPS on the moon for the first time appeared first on Popular Science.

So youve always wanted to learn a new language but where do you start? Memorize flashcards? Move to Spain? (Tempting, but unrealistic.) Dont feel so overwhelmed you never starttry the language-learning app beloved by over 15 million users: Babbel.There are several apps out there, so why this one? We can give you three reasons, but lets start with how we have a deal so good it cant be beat 1. Get lifetime access for a one-time paymentWith Babbel, you dont have to keep paying to continue your language-learning journey. A Babbel lifetime subscription is normally $599 on their website, but on ours, you can get it for $129.99 with our coupon LEARN40 at checkout.Youll never have to worry about recurring fees sneaking up on you or like you have to rush through a lesson before the next payment is about to kick injust learn without limits and know you always have your Babbel account.2. Enjoy the fun learning structureNobody wants to take language lessons that remind them of school. So Babbels are built to be short, engaging, and even addicting. Start by choosing one of 14 world language courses, and hop into real-world skills from day one.Youll start by matching pictures with new words, move to practice your speech in mock conversations, and then you can review with mini-games.3. Its a learning method youll actually stick with itWe all know someone who took Spanish in high school but doesnt remember a single phrase. Babbel does its best to motivate you with reminder notifications and review sessions instead of forcing you to learn something new. Plus, nothing you do takes more than 10 minutes, so the hurdle to learning something new is small.Use code LEARN40 at checkout to grab our huge Babbel discount: $129.99 (reg. $599.99).StackSocial prices subject to change.Babbel Language Learning: Lifetime Subscription (All Languages)See Deal

One of the worlds largest hornet species appears to have quite a diverse palate. When studying the Asian hornets (Vespa velutina) gut contents, a team of researchers from the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom, they found evidence of 1,400 different speciesincluding some crucial pollinators. The team saw a wide range of insects such as bees, wasps, beetles, flies, butterflies, moths, and even some arachnids. The findings are detailed in a study published March 4 in the journal Science of The Total Environment.What are Asian hornets?Also known as yellow-legged-hornets, Asian hornets are a social species of predatory wasp. They are about one inch long and can build nests that can contain up to 6,000 workers. They are native to southeastern Asia and considered an invasive species in Europe and North America. They are particularly threatening to honey bees and other native insects that pollinate important crops. The lack of pollinators can threaten food supplies and the ecosystem as a whole.Asian hornets are not to be confused with the headline grabbing murder hornets (Vespa mandarinia). They are a different species and were successfully eradicated in the United States last year after first being spotted in 2019.An Asian hornet nest. CREDIT: John de Carteret. You are what your parents eatIn the new study, the team looked at Asian hornet samples from France, Spain, and the island of Jersey throughout the hornets active season. The European honey bee was the most common species found in the hornets guts, and appeared in all of the sample nests and the larvae from those nests. However, their diet appears to be much more broad than initially expected.Asian hornets are known to prey on honey bees, but until now the full range of their diet hasnt been tested, study co-author and University of Exeter molecular ecologist Siffreya Pedersen said in a statement. The diet varied strongly over the seasons and between regions, showing that they are highly flexible predators. Most insect populations are in decline due to factors such as habitat destruction and chemical pollution. The expanding area inhabited by Asian hornets poses an extra threat. CREDIT: Chris Isaacs.The team used a method called deep sequencingwhich sequences a region of the genome multiple timesto identify the prey species in the guts of more than 1,500 Asian hornet larvae. The larvae typically eat food that is provided by adult hornets.Of the top 50 invertebrate prey species that the team identified, 43 are known to visit flowers. Europes top three main crop pollinatorsthe European honey bee, the buff-tailed bumblebee and the red-tailed bumblebeewere also represented in the samples.[ Related: How a single honey bee colony led to a species invasion. ]Insects play vital roles in enabling ecosystems to functionincluding pollination, decomposition and pest control, Pedersen said.According to the team, this provides additional evidence of the threat that Asian hornets pose as they spread. Gardeners and the general public are encouraged to get to know what these hornets look like and report their nests to local authorities.The post 1,400 different bug species found in the guts of Asian hornets appeared first on Popular Science.

Golf season starts soon, but you dont have to wait to play. In fact, you dont even need to go to a course. With a Phigolf Home Golf Game Simulator, the biggest golf fans can play on thousands of courses from their own home with their own clubs.Normally, itd be $199 to get this hole in one of a golf simulator, but now its a whole lot cheaper, just $89.97.A golf simulator that lets you use real clubsWhats your favorite golf course to play on? You might be able to play on it virtually. Phigolf lets you swing away on over 38,000 golf courses. Just choose where in the world you want to play and watch the magic. Phigolf actually uses your swing data and precise GPS mapping with L1 Technologies, so you can see how well you play those courses without ever stepping foot on them.Every time you swing, youll get feedback in real-time from the Smart Motion Sensor and the 3D data-analysis system. Attach the pocket-size swing analyzer to one end of the swing trainer or a chosen golf club. When you swing, the 9-axis motion sensor reads the swing and delivers the data via Bluetooth to the simulator app on your phone or tablet. There, you can see how you did. Got a big TV? You can cast the app onto it so you can see well while you practice.The included swing stick extends up to 28.1 inches. Its weighted and balanced to behave like a real club. Theres even a spring-loaded weight mechanism that really makes it feel like you hit a ball. Since users are likely swinging the swing stick inside, its carefully padded in foam to protect surrounding furnishings. Dont worry. Youre probably not going to break a chair leg with your digital nine iron.Dont let the open box label scare you. Open-box items dont come in original packaging because they were usually excess inventory from store shelves but are still unused. And just to be on the safe side, theres a 90-day/year warranty on this item.Dont miss out on a lifetime of hitting the links at home.Through March 30 at 11:59 p.m. PT, its only $89.97 to get Phigolf Home Golf Simulator.StackSocial prices subject to change.Phigolf Home Golf Game Simulator Sensor & Generic Swing Stick Set (Open Box) $89.97See Deal

Camera stabilization has come a long way in recent years, but if you want genuinely smooth video, theres no substitute for a precision gimbal. DJIs new RS4 Mini is burly enough to stabilize full-frame mirrorless cameras but relatively compact enough that you wont need a dedicated case just to carry it around. We spent two weeks putting this $369 gimbal setup to the test.Stan Horaczek Pros30 percent lighter than the larger modelSolid battery life of up to 13 hoursFast recharge in a pinchQuietEasier to navigate than some higher-end modelsAuto-lock is handyConsSetup still takes some practiceI wish it was blackThe abundance of locking mechanisms can get confusingThe verdict: At this price point, this is likely the best bet for most enthusiasts and aspiring pros. It offers a solid mix of features without the added complexity of higher-end models. It has a few quirks common with DJI gimbals, but overall, its sturdy, silent, and reliable.How we tested the DJI SR4 Mini GimbalI have used just about every generation of the RS-series gimbals, and I set this one up just like I would any other model. I spent several hours operating it with a Canon R5 Mark II, as well as an iPhone 16 Pro Max (using the optional smartphone mounting kit).During our two-week review period, I tested the built-in tracking modes, re-balanced it with various cameras, and shot several hours of varied subjects, from walking around a farmers market to capturing CrossFit athletes working out. I am not a great filmmaker, but I shoot solid B-roll, so thats the majority of my testing process.The setupThis is my least favorite part of using any gimbal, and the setup process here is still a bit quirky. The app provides helpful videos on how to get things up and running, but the gimbal has to be connected to the app in order to view them. That wouldnt be an issue if the gimbal didnt have to be turned off while youre balancing it. Annoying but certainly not a deal breaker.It was roughly 15 minutes from taking it out of the box that I was using the gimbal with setup 95 percent complete. The metal frame has a Teflon coating for protection, which does seem very tough but can also give some resistance when it comes to moving the arms around. These are small complaints, though, and once everything is balanced, the RS4 Mini kept everything balanced like a champ.The featuresOnce everything is set up, operation is fairly simple, though you have to get the hang of it. The color touchscreen makes navigating menus simple enough. The sturdy joystick and scroll wheel offer precise control over movements and camera functions. The handle is a great size with enough mass to make it feel sturdy. The device comes with an extender handle that opens up into a table tripod, and I find the whole rig much easier to maneuver with it attached.The RS4 Mini weighs 2 pounds and can handle a rig up to 4.4 pounds (or 2 kg), which allows it to handle a full-frame mirrorless camera with a lens. The heaviest rig I tried mounting was a Canon R5 Mark II with an RF 50mm f/1.2 lens. In total, that gear weighs roughly 52 ounces, and the RS4 Mini handled it with no problem.I did notice that the battery drops considerably faster when a heavy camera is onboard, but thats true with every gimbal. The motors must work harder to stabilize so they burn through power more quickly. I didnt do a continuous use test, but DJI promises up to 13 hours out of a single charge. In the real world, Id expect about 10. That said, the battery does offer a quick charge, which can get you up to five hours of operation after just 30 minutes on the cord.The USB charging port can connect to a power bank as well, but that makes the rig much harder to handle. Just charge it up before you go out shooting. This is particularly relevant because the battery no longer detaches from the RS4 Mini like it did with the previous model, so you cant swap in the field.Is the RS4 Mini Combo worth it?For $459, you can get a combo version of the RS4 Mini, which includes a briefcase-style handle for the gimbal as well as DJIs precision Intelligent Tracking Module. The handle is little more than a bracket, but it does make carrying the camera at a low angle much more manageable.The Tracking Module attaches via a magnetic port to the side of the gimbal and allows the device to track a subject during more complex moves. The module is a simpler version of the DJI Raveneye system, which works with more advanced gimbals. With the module attached, the gimbal can ActiveTrack a subject and receive commands via gesture from up to 10 meters (33 feet) away. It maintains the subjects position in the frame, so its great if you want to make content on your own without running back and forth to the camera constantly.If youre going to use the tracking, then the Combo is worth buying for the Tracking Module. It really unlocks the full functionality of the gimbal. That said, the module is only $69 on its own, so youre not getting that much of a savings by buying the combo, so its a toss-up based on what you expect to shoot.The conclusionAfter two weeks with the RS4 Mini gimbal, I didnt find much to complain about. As with any stabilizer, it freaked out or went to sleep every once in a while for no appreciable reason. But those instances are very few and far between. If you plan to use it primarily with a phone, youre likely better off getting something smaller and easier, like the new $149 Osmo 7P smartphone gimbal, which also has an embedded telescoping rod/tripod and Multifunctional Module with tracking/gesture control/LED fill light that you can flip for front or selfie camera. The RS4 may be overkill for you, and the Osmo 7P, which weve also used, is a three-axis option with excellent automatic tracking, as well as a responsive joystick.But, if youre trying to take video content seriously with a dedicated camera, this is a great balance of features and cost. Its reliable, responsive, and simple without depriving you of necessary features. The RS4 Mini is the best gimbal for most enthusiasts right now.

ShareWe may earn revenue from the products available on this page and participate in affiliate programs. Learn more Logitech, CherryWe werent built to sit with our hands wrapped around a computer mouse in a claw-like position all day. Yet, here we are. Luckily, an ergonomic mouse can take some of the repetitive stress out of our normal daily routine. These clever input devices provide the shape and structure needed to keep the hand in a much more natural shape that can cut down on pain and even damage over time. Weve chosen the Logitech MX Master 3S as the best overall ergonomic mouse, but every body and routine is different. Here are some choices to keep you comfortable while youre using a computer.Best overall: Logitech MX Master 3SBest for gaming: Razer Viper V2 ProBest vertical mouse for arthritis: Logitech Lift Vertical Wireless MouseBest horizontal: Cherry MW 8C ErgoBest trackball: Logitech ERGO M575Best wired: Lizsword Wired Gaming MouseBest budget wireless: Microsoft SculptHow we chose the best ergonomic miceWhen looking for the best ergonomic mouse for particular needs, we factored in the specific activities youd use it for, whether gaming, photo editing, general productivity, or a mix of uses. Existing hand and wrist issues, budget, space, and equipment sharing were also important considerations to keep in mind. For the vast majority of users, an ergonomic mouse that most resembles a traditional mouse both in form factor and usage will be the easiest to adjust to and the easiest to learn. The benefits of ergonomic mice tend to increase as the form factor shifts away from conventional designs, with some involving sideways, or vertical designs that require a click movement thats closer to pulling a trigger than pushing a button. With this in mind, we researched and tried firsthand designs that split the difference between fully vertical and traditional so you can find your perfect balance of familiarity and versatility. We sit at our desks far too much, scrolling through the internet to find the latest, greatest products, so we are deeply invested in tech that can ease wear and tear on our bodies.The best ergonomic mouse: Reviews & RecommendationsThe best ergonomic mouse overall will feature a shape that allows the hand to fall naturally over the surface of the mouse instead of requiring the palm to tilt down and back toward the user, which will take pressure off the tendons in the wrist. A design that offers a dedicated, expanded grip area for users thumbs can add greatly to ergonomic benefits as well. You should also look for traditional features, like dedicated scroll wheels that are easy to access with minimal finger movement required and wireless connectivity to allow a full range of desktop motion when needed. Pair one of the mice below with a properly ergonomic desk and chair setup, and your body will immediately thank you for investing in its health.Best overall: Logitech MX Master 3SUSB-C RechargeableProsThumb restExtra programmable buttonsUltra-responsive scroll wheelConsPriceSpecsWireless: YesWeight: 5 ouncesPrice: $99.99Were big fans of Logitech accessories in general, and the Logitech MX Master 3S is the best ergonomic mouse overall thanks to its comfortable hybrid design, flexibility, and a multitude of productivity-enhancing features. Its battery lasts up to 70 days on a single charge and offers around three hours of use from one minute of charging. A dedicated thumbwheel and controls above the thumb rest offer superior flexibility while demanding little hand movement, and its ready to use with multiple operating systems. This mouse may look intimidating, but it feels immediately natural in the hand. The MX Master 3S buttons are extremely quietso much so that we can wholeheartedly recommend this mouse for office useand the scroll wheel moves along with satisfying, incremental clicks. Initially, we didnt know what to make of the thumb wheel but found it incredibly useful when working in image editing applications, which is when horizontal scrolling was most helpful. You need this mouse if you work in Photoshop, Illustrator, or InDesign.One of the MX Master 3S most convenient features is the ability to pair it with up to three Bluetooth devices. A button on the bottom of the mouse lets you switch between connections, but it will never get pressed accidentally as youre mousing around. We could use the mouse with both our personal and work laptops and switch between them without a hitch. While testing this mouse, the biggest surprise was the usefulness of Logitechs Logi Options software, which allows us to designate a specific function to the mouses scroll wheel click and side buttons. Accessing core system features without taking our hand off the mouse was a huge time saver.Logitechs MX Master 3S is an ergonomic triumph, but its such a powerful, precise instrument that we could recommend it to anyone looking for a wireless mouse for creative work. Best for gaming: Razer Viper V2 ProBuilt for SpeedRazers Viper V2 Pro is the best ergonomic mouse for gamers.ProsAmbidextrous30k optical sensorLightweightConsPriceSpecsWireless: YesWeight: 1.87 ouncesPrice: $128.20An ergonomic mouse is a must-have accessory for gamers because playing online matches requires constant movement and clicking, which can cause RSI (Repetitive Strain Injury) if done with the wrong tool. Razers Viper V2 Pro is small, light, and designed to use with either hand. If youre a left-handed person using a mouse designed for right-handed people, you may feel discomfort regardless of what you use your computer for. We like the ergonomic benefits of the Viper V2 Pro, but its also a beast on the performance front. The mouses optical sensor is incredibly precise and allows the mouse to be used on any surface. Many gamers shun wireless peripherals because of latency (lag) between their actions (movement, button clicks) and whats represented on screen. Still, Razer says its mouse can communicate with your computer 25% faster than the competition. If youre still worried about latency, plug the Viper V2 Pro into your computer with the included USB cable. Additionally, the mouse can run for over 80 hours per charge, which is helpful if you often game and forget to plug it in.Razer has a solid track record of making incredibly compelling accessories for gamers, and its made sure that the Viper V2 Pro mouse is efficient and comfortable to use for everybody. If youre partial to wireless accessories but think you cant use them for gaming, this mouse is an even better choice.The Viper 3 is already on the market, but you can get fantastic deals on the V2 sill, so you might as well save $100 while you save your hands.Best vertical mouse for arthritis: Logitech Lift Vertical Wireless MousePrecise Sensor for Minimal MovementProsThumb restBluetooth and receiver wireless optionsProgrammable side buttonsConsShape may not be for everyoneSpecsWireless: YesWeight: 4.4 ouncesPrice: $64.44While members of the PopSci staff have previously lauded the Logitech Lift, Id never tried a vertical mouse until testing this one and was initially apprehensive about trying a pointing device so differently shaped than the one Ive been used to for over 20 years. It turns out my fears were unfounded, as the Logitech Lift was immediately intuitiveand more importantly comfortableto use. Logitech allows you to pair the Lift to your PC or Mac over Bluetooth or a USB-A adapter stored in the mouses battery compartment so you dont lose it. I opted for Bluetooth, and the mouse was immediately recognized by my MacBook Pro. What struck me about the Lift was how natural it felt under my hand. Its thumb rest cradles my thumb, while my pointer and index fingers fall immediately onto the right and left click buttons. My thumb could easily reach the Lifts two side buttons without much movement, while reaching the scroll wheel with either my pointer or index finger was just as simple. There was no learning curve to using this mouse; if anything, going back to a normal one felt foreign.The Lifts scroll wheel isnt as smooth as the one on Logitiechs MX Master 3S featured above, but it was ultra responsive. I never scrolled too far while using this mouse. Similarly, all four of its buttons worked 100% of the time, with nary a misclick in sight. Its important to note that the mouses side buttonslocated by the thumb restmake louder clicking sounds than the comparatively soft top buttons. Neither set sounds annoying, but its something to consider. Clicking in the mouses scroll wheel button actually produces a sound thats somewhere in between sound-wise.A big part of the Logitech Lifts appeal is customizing its buttons using the companys LogiOptions+ software, available on both macOS and Windows. The app allows you to customize the Lifts side and scroll wheel click buttons. I immediately customized the mouses side buttons to shift between virtual desktops and used the mouse click button to engage Mission Control, which shows all the active windows on my current virtual desktop. These customizations save me precious seconds dozens of (if not over 100) times daily and are essential for maintaining my productivity. If youve wanted to give vertical mice a chance, Logitechs Lift will ease you into using this type of pointing device. Its comfort, customizability, and overall performance make it an excellent choice for any desktop. Better still, a left-handed version is available so everybody can use it.Cherry MW 8C ErgoProsThumb restBluetooth and receiver wireless optionsProgrammable side buttonsConsSoftware incompatible with MacOSClicky buttons may be too loud for someSpecsWireless: YesWeight: 4 ouncesPrice: $49.99Theres a lot to like about Cherrys MW 8C Ergo, and it has feature parity with many of the other ergonomic mice were recommendingif youre running Windows. Physically, the horizontal mouse has a gentle curve, with a shape that will be instantly recognizable to most people. The big differences here are the mouses thumb rest and arched top, which make it comfortable to use for extended periods. Setting up the MW 8C Ergo was a simple affair. The company allows you to pair the mouse to your computer with either a USB adapter stashed in a hole on its underside or via Bluetooth. I always opt for Bluetooth, and my MacBook Pro saw the mouse within a few seconds. With a single click, the two devices were connected. Once paired, I used the MW 8C Ergo to help complete my daily work of scrolling through websites and opening and switching between different applicationsfrom word processors to image-editing software. The mouse felt comfortable to hold, with the thumb rest providing ample space for my thumb and my pointer and middle fingers draped over the right and left click buttons. The thumb rest also provided easy access to the MW 8C Ergos side buttonsmore on that in a little bit. In general, I found this mouses scroll wheel to feel and perform well; I never scrolled too far because it clicked at regular enough intervals that I could stop at the exact point I wanted to. All of this mouses buttons make a pronounced clicking sound, which could be a pro or con, depending on your preferences. Overall, I found the MW 8C Ergos build quality and performance to be on-par with other ergonomic mice I tested, which is great considering its lower price. Unfortunately, my issues with this mouse have to do with its software, which is Windows only. I run macOS on my personal and work computer, so I could not install Cherrys Keys utility, which is required to customize the mouses side buttons. This meant I couldnt make the MW 8C Ergo a seamless part of my workflow. This wont be an issue if you run a Windows machine, but macOS users should be aware. With that caveat aside, Cherrys MW 8C Ergo is a performant, inexpensive wireless ergonomic mouse.Logitech ERGO M575Connects via either Bluetooth or USB receiver.ProsTrackballCustomizable buttonsMade from sustainable materials.ConsMay take some time to adapt toSpecsWireless: YesWeight: 5.11 ouncesPrice: $49.99A trackball mouse allows you to move your computers cursor by rotating a ball on its thumb rest instead of physically moving the mouse. This allows you to use the M575 ERGO on small desks, airplane tray tables, or anywhere theres little space. This style of mouse isnt for everyoneespecially if youd like to actually rest your thumb on a flat surfacebut worth considering if youre experiencing strain on your middle and pointer fingers. The mouse itself is shaped in such a way that your pointer and middle fingers will fall naturally on top of the mouses right and left click buttons. The ERGO M575s auxiliary buttons are located on the left side of the left click button, where they can be easily accessed by your middle finger.The ERGO M575 shares a lot of features with the other Logitech ergonomic mice were recommending, including support for Logi Options+, which allows you to customize the actions of its auxiliary buttons. It can be connected to your computer wirelessly using the included USB receiver or over Bluetooth, and runs on a single AA battery. Additionally, the ERGO M575 mouse is made in part from recycled plastics, which is great if youre trying to make your work setup more sustainable. Best wired: Lizsword Wired Gaming Mousehttps://www.amazon.com/Lizsword-Breathing-High-Precision-Adjustable-Programmable/dp/B09NBV52FSLizswords Wired Gaming Mouse is the best wired ergonomic mouse of 2023.ProsProgrammable LEDsCustomizable buttonsPriceConsLess convenient to use than wireless miceSpecsWireless: NoWeight: 6.4 ouncesPrice: $16.99This wired gaming mouse from Lizsword is the best wired ergonomic mouse we could find, especially given its sub-$20 price tag. Advanced features like the ability to change the mouses sensitivity using a physical button instead of software, built-in LEDs, and additional customizable buttons make it a great overall pick if you dont mind a mouse that needs to be plugged in at all times. That one annoyance comes with the benefit of never needing to charge the mouse or worrying about its battery level if you take it traveling. If youre only going to use your ergonomic mouse at a desk, theres no real downside to choosing a wired one instead of going wireless besides convenience. Ridges on the sides of the mouse make it easier and more comfortable to grip, while protruding side buttons are easy to find and hit without looking down. Lizsword says its mouses right and left click buttons can be pressed over five million times without showing signs of degradation. The company also provides software that allows you to change the function of each of this mouses buttons to make it easier to use. You also have the option to change its sensitivity this way. If you prefer to use wired accessories or want to save a few bucks, this is the ergonomic mouse to get. Best budget wireless: Microsoft SculptCompact and Super SimpleProprietary tech enhances this mouses tracking on virtually any surface.ProsCurved designThumb restPriceConsSizeSpecsWireless: YesWeight: 5.47 ouncesPrice: $37.28Microsoft has been at the forefront of the ergonomic computer accessory revolution for years, and its Sculpt mouse continues that tradition. The wireless mouse has a thumb scoop on the side and a moderately sloped surface, making it the best ergonomic horizontal mouse on the market. A dedicated button offers Windows users quick access to the Start menu, and it connects to users systems via an included USB transceiver. USB receivers are more cumbersome than using a mouse that connects via Bluetooth, but its still easier than using a mouse with a cable. The Microsoft Sculpt Ergonomic Mouse runs off of two AA batteries (might we recommend rechargeable ones) and offers a battery life of up to 12 months before needing replacement. Importantly, the mouse works with both Macs and Windows computers despite it being made by Microsoft. Our only minor qualm with Microsofts ergonomic mouse is its small size, which may make it a little difficult to use if youve got bigger hands. If that isnt a concern, or youd like a mouse thats ultra-affordable, this is a solid choice.What to consider when shopping for the best ergonomic mouseThere are dozens of factors to consider when judging ergonomic tech accessories because everybodys definition of comfort is slightly different. We cant account for the size of your hand or wrist sensitivity but we have considered how most people use mice for work and play. Gaming performanceEven outside the realm of ergonomic computer accessories, gaming mice are set apart from traditional computer mice by using designs that favor comfort, precision, and speed, especially over longer periods of use.When choosing an ergonomic gaming mouse, its not uncommon to find designs with a wealth of easy-to-access onboard programmable buttons that allow users to bind specific functions or actions to their specialized mouse. This extended functionality is miles ahead of that offered by traditional mice and has beneficial applications in gaming as well as graphic design, media editing, and more. High-speed, low-latency responsiveness, and wireless connectivity are key features to look for in the best ergonomic gaming mice to ensure that every small movement made translates accurately and precisely to the screen. For users looking to customize their PC gaming rigs visual design fully, its also important to seek out an ergonomic gaming mouse that includes customizable chroma lighting to ensure a proper match to the rest of their computer accessories.Vertical orientationArthritis is an ailment as unsavory as it is common. It usually begins due toor is exacerbated byrepetitive movements that can include typing on a keyboard or scrolling with a mouse. The best ergonomic mouse for arthritis will allow users to keep their fingers, hand, and wrist in a position that minimizes joint stress, thereby decreasing the likelihood of contributing to joint swelling and worsening symptoms. Left untreated or unaddressed, arthritis-related swelling in the wrist can lead to the development of carpal tunnel syndrome, which can contribute to numbness, tingling, and pain in the fingers.When looking for an ergonomic mouse for arthritis, choose a vertical mouse model that allows the hand and wrist to sit in a natural position, angled with the pinky finger closer to the desk surface. Doing so will decrease twisting in the joints and ligaments and reduce pressure in the forearm and wrist area, as well as limit the overall muscle use required for mouse movement. Look for a model that includes a thumb rest, too, as it will encourage and contribute to maintaining a more neutral resting position overall.Horizontal orientationIn the world of computer accessories, the term horizontal mouse refers to the orientation of the users palm, which is why most traditional computer mice are classified as horizontal mice. The best ergonomic horizontal mouse will take some of the benefits of vertical mice and split the difference with traditional designs, allowing users to enjoy some, but not all, of the perks of an ergonomic model. Remember that a horizontal orientation will always put some measure of stress on the wrist and forearm, so a horizontal mouse isnt a good choice for users with existing wrist, hand, and arm issues.The vast benefits of choosing an ergonomic horizontal mouse are apparent when productivity and flexibility are the primary goals. Because of the design parallels to traditional computer mice, an ergonomic horizontal mouse will feel familiar in users hands, making it a good choice for office environments where there will be equipment sharing. No practice is required to use an ergonomic horizontal mouse, so users can simply sit down and begin enjoying a relatively more comfortable experience with no delay.Trackball supportTrackball mouse designs have long been popular alternatives to traditional computer mice thanks to the intrinsic ergonomic benefits of the design. The best trackball mouse, such as the Logitech ERGO M575, requires no wrist movement whatsoever, opting instead to allow users to control the cursor with minute movements of the fingers or thumbs by freely rolling the trackball in its place. By eliminating the need for wrist and arm movement on the desktop, the likelihood of developing or exacerbating wrist and arm problems through use of a trackball mouse is very low.When looking for the best ergonomic mouse with a trackball, find a design that combines a vertical tilt or pitch for the users hand to lay comfortably while clicking and a model with a removable and cleanable trackball for added longevity and flexibility. The limited movement requirements of a trackball mouse have benefits beyond the users wrists and hands, allowing these models to be used in especially cramped desk environments and making them a flexible option for productive work in almost any location.PriceYou dont have to spend an unreasonable amount to enjoy the benefits of an ergonomic mouse, but there are a few sacrifices in design and flexibility that youll have to keep in mind if youre looking to save money on these office accessories. More advanced features like trackball functionality and wireless connectivity drive up the price of ergonomic mice considerably, so youll most likely have to opt for a design that keeps you tethered to your computer via cabling and that requires some measure of wrist and arm movement. The best cheap ergonomic mouse will typically provide users with a horizontal design that allows the fingers and hand to fall naturally over the top of the mouse with limited arching or angling of the wrist. If youre already suffering from symptoms of arthritis or carpal tunnel, it only makes sense to spend a little extra on a trackball or vertical design. Still, if youre looking for a low-impact and easy-to-use ergonomic mouse on a budget, there are plenty of options for users like you.FAQsQ: How do I choose an ergonomic mouse? If you have existing wrist and hand issues, going straight to a vertical mouse design is an easy way to ensure relief. Users with arthritis may want to steer clear of trackballs, however, due to the demands they place on finger movement. If youll be gaming or youre looking for a more familiar feel, a horizontal ergonomic mouse may be the best option. Q: What is the most comfortable mouse? All of the best ergonomic mice on the market are designed to cut down on the aches, strains, and discomfort that come from the repetitive use of traditional office equipment. A vertical mouse is one of the most comfortable pieces of computer equipment available, as it allows the hand to rest in a natural, neutral position during use. Q: Can using a mouse hurt my wrist? Yes. Continuing to use a mouse that forces you to hold onto it uncomfortably can cause RSI (Repetitive Strain Injury) over time. Q: What is the best mouse to use for carpal tunnel? The best ergonomic mouse overall for carpal tunnel sufferers is the Logitech MX Vertical Wireless Mouse, thanks to its natural shape that takes the pressure off of the wrist and forearm area, allowing for the release of tension in the area. Any comparable vertical mouse that promotes a healthy hand position will offer users some relief from the compression that traditional computer accessories may demand. Q: How much does an ergonomic mouse cost? This depends on the ergonomic mouses featuresespecially the number of additional buttonsbut you shouldnt need to spend more than $100 on a premium ergonomic mouse. Some of our other recommendations cost well under $50. Final thoughts on choosing the best ergonomic mouse for youBest overall: Logitech MX Master 3SBest for gaming: Razer Viper V2 ProBest vertical mouse for arthritis: Logitech Lift Vertical Wireless MouseBest horizontal: Cherry MW 8C ErgoBest trackball: Logitech ERGO M575Best wired: Lizsword Wired Gaming MouseBest budget wireless: Microsoft SculptFinding the best ergonomic mouse for your desk will make a significant positive impact on the long-term health of your body by limiting tension in the joints and ligaments of your hand, wrist, and forearm. If you have existing carpal tunnel or arthritis, go with a vertical mouse that doesnt have a trackball. A horizontal mouse is the best choice for gaming and overall flexibility. In contrast, a trackball mouse is a perfect choice for a desk with limited space or users with limited arm mobility.

An argentine ant is farming aphids on a young leaf.Image: George D. Lepp/Getty Images ShareThe next time youre outside, look down. Odds are, you might spot one of Earths estimated 20 quadrillion ants scurrying around. Depending on where you are, you may detect an Argentine ant. It might not look like much, measuring on average just 1/16th of an inch long. But research suggests these little, highly successful invasive critters are having an outsized effect on their environment.It shouldnt be surprising that ants are an important part of many ecosystems. Depending on the species, they can be hunters that keep other insects populations in check, scavengers that help in decomposition, and pollinators that aid in flower reproduction. Ants can also play a key role in dispersing plant seeds: many feed on tasty (to them) oils on the seed coating, but leave the germinating part of the seeds intact, allowing new plants to sprout.That balance is a delicate one. Even a seemingly minute switch, such as an invading army of a new species of ants coming in and replacing them through a brutal war writ small, can lead to cascading effects. While its been long known that Argentine ants are altering landscapes around the world, a recent study, published in Functional Ecology, is shedding light on exactly how those aftereffects occur.Invasion of the Argentine antsFor the study, researchers from the United Kingdoms Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew studied several areas of a nature reserve in South Africas Cape Floral Region, an area known for a high degree of biodiversity and an outsize number of endemic flora species. Some areas had been found to have an Argentine ant presence, while the invasive ants were absent from others. Importantly, in areas where Argentine ants had moved in, they had tended to completely displace the native species.What we wanted to contribute with this study was to really understand, when you have more than one invasive plant species and its a species that is co-evolved to to have a relationship with ants, how does that affect their reproduction? said Adam Devensh, a research fellow at the gardens who worked on the study.Twice a day for each week, the scientists would place seeds from both invasive and local species of plants in predetermined spots in each of those sectors. After three hours, they went back and collected any seeds that hadnt been collected, tallying them up.They then compared the rate of seed dispersal for both native and invasive plant species in each of the sectors, comparing the numbers between areas with Argentine ants, and areas with none.Devenesh and his colleagues werent surprised by what they found. While the native species had long been adapted to their environment, Argentine ants have different dietary preferences and, therefore, different behavior. In areas where the Argentine ants had made themselves at home, they found fewer seeds in total were getting spread around, which makes sense, since Argentine ants arent known to feed on seeds as a primary food source. But the seeds they did feed on were overwhelmingly from invasive plants, such as acacia trees: the ants were three times more likely to pick those up than seeds from native plants.In the time we studied, there was less dispersal, and that was just in terms of the volume of seeds dispersed, said Devenesh. Theres also a lot of evidence in the literature to suggest, for example, that the Argentine ants cant disperse in the same distance. So theres definitely less dispersal happening.The large and seemingly small impact of the antsFrom the vantage point of a human, this might seem like small potatoes (or bird feed, if you will). Indeed, as Devensh acknowledged, the actual impact of Argentine ants on human beings are quite benign.They dont really impact you, he added. They dont sting. Theyre too small to bite you. And so to most people, they would seem the same as a black garden ant. Theyre quite inconspicuous.However, shrink down to seed level, and the impact grows. Seeds turn into plants. If enough invasive plants grow, soon enough, the whole ecosystem can be thrown into chaos.At an ecological level, theyre quite detrimental, said Devensh, because they can just overwhelm the system.While the system changes might eventually affect other creatures in the local food web, other implications can be even more immediate, and more devastating. Acacias tend to form dense clusters, which can spread fire more quickly.In many ways in our system, acacias are probably more detrimental than the ants, by altering fire regimes, said Devensh.The findings are all the more alarming because of how pervasive Argentine ants have become. As their name suggests, the ants were originally discovered in that country, but less than a century and a half since the first invasive colonies were found outside Argentina, theyve become truly global. The ants are now found in Mediterranean climate zones on all six continents, from South America to Japan, to Hawaii and California, to New Zealand, to Portugal, Italy, and Spain.While their arrival in these disparate locales was made possible by human-made transportation, they have some innate characteristics that are responsible for their success. According to the Center for Invasive Species Research, the ants have no known predators that would help control their spread. They also get a boost from the fact that Argentine ants dont attack other Argentine ants. Rather than competing with each other, different colonies have essentially combined to form gigantic supercolonies.Super colonies, which lack genetic diversity, results in less competition between Argentine ant colonies, so that enables them to spend more time foraging and a lot less time acting in aggressive behavior to defend territories, like they normally would be doing in Argentina, said Mark Hoddle, a professor of the University of California, Riverside who specializes in invasive pests.The ants other big advantageArgentine ants are just super efficient, added Hoddle. Theyre very good at building up in large numbers, very good at finding resources and then essentially overwhelming that resource with incredibly efficient foraging behavior.While Argentine ants have shown a remarkable ability to infiltrate and thrive on a planetary level, they do have their vulnerabilities. Hoddle said he has seen some success running experiments in citrus orchards that aimed to target the colonies with relatively low-toxic substances.Liquid baiting programs are extremely effective at controlling Argentine ants, he said. The way that those control programs arrive is that you put out a sugar water resource for them, 25 percent sucrose solution is ideal, they love that. Then you put an ultra-small amount of insecticide. They drink that material, they take it back to the nest. At least in infested citrus orchards, within a day, those colonies are collapsing and foraging worker ant numbers are falling significantly.Devenesh said he hopes that other researchers will take a cue from his research. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, there are more than 6,700 invasive species in the United States alone. High profile examples include the spotted lanternfly, which has spread to 18 states and is so pervasive in New York, that residents are encouraged to squash them on sight. While the primary effects of such invasions can be obvious, as some species are notorious pests, their downstream effects on the environment can often be more opaque.The bigger picture is more that we need to perhaps expand how we look at the effects of invasive species, beyond looking at the direct effects, said Devenesh. We tend to focus very much on the direct effects, and we tend to not study the sort of indirect effects. I think, in a way, that means we might be underestimating the impacts of these species if we just take them at face value, to some extent.

As it nears 35 consecutive years of space service, the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has taken another look at a famous supernova remnant. The Veil Nebula is roughly 2,400 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus. It is the remnants of a star that was roughly 20 times as big as our sun and exploded about 10,000 years ago.This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image of a supernova remnant called the Veil Nebula. Blue, red, and yellow colors mix together, showing light emitted by different types of atoms in the hot gas.CREDIT: ESA/Hubble & NASA, R. Sankrit ESA/Hubble & NASA, R. SankritThis colorful new view combines images that were taken in three different filters by Hubbles Wide Field Camera 3 and highlights hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen atoms. It is showing only a tiny fraction of the Veil Nebula, which is roughly as wide as six of Earths moons placed side by side. Hubble has previously snapped images of this nebula in 1994, 1997, and 2015.Images of the Veil Nebula taken in November 1994 and again in August 1997. CREDIT:NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration; Acknowledgment: J. Hester (Arizona State University) This view is a mosaic of six Hubble pictures of a small area roughly two light-years across, covering only a tiny fraction of the nebulas vast structure. The images were taken April 14-17, 2015. CREDIT: NASA, ESA, Hubble Heritage Project. This newimage was taken at a single point in time, but still helps astronomers understand how it has evolved over the past three decades. Combining this image with Hubble observations that were taken in 1994 reveal how individual knots and filaments of gas move over time.This year, space enthusiasts can also take part in NASA and the Astronomical Leagues Hubbles Night Sky Challenge. Each month, Hubble scientists will release the following months list of objects for astrophotographers to photograph. All of the targets from the challenge are visible from Earth, primarily with a telescope or binoculars. The challenge has previously asked observers to observe M1 the Crab Nebula and C39 the Clown Nebula.For March, skygazers in the Northern Hemisphere are encouraged to look at M44 (aka the Beehive Cluster), the open cluster M48, M67 or the King Cobra/Golden Eye Cluster, and the spiral galaxy C48. Those in the Southern Hemisphere are encouraged to look for planetary nebula C90 in addition to the four cosmic objects listed for the Northern Hemisphere.Since it first launched on April 24, 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope has taken more than 1.5 million observations and been featured in over 20,000 scientific papers.The post Candy-colored atoms shine in new image of the Veil Nebula appeared first on Popular Science.

Renewable Innovations provided solar and hydrogen-powered EV charging in Johnson Valley, Nevada.Image: Kristin Shaw / Popular Science ShareAt King of the Hammers, one of the toughest off-road races in the world, electric vehicles arent really on the radar. Gas-powered vehicles rule, and they go hard across the desert. Theres no time for recharging or, for that matter, the infrastructure to do it even if someone were inclined to race their EV.Optimaand its parent company Clariosis actively working to change that. Clarios has been in business for more than a century, making 155 million batteries every year by Optima and its other brands around the world. The companys batteries are in one in three vehicles on the road today, making it a juggernaut in the industry.The battery titan rented a 10-acre spot in Johnson Valley, Nevada to set up the Optima Oasis, a basecamp for EVs. Renewable Innovations partnered with Optima to set up fast charging stations in the desert (along with restroom trailers and showers) with energy created from solar and hydrogen power and a parade of EVs dropped in to charge up.In the middle of the desert, Optima and parent company Clarios provided infrastructure with fast chargers for visiting EVs. Images: Kristin Shaw / Popular ScienceWhy Optima is exploring off-roadingOptima claims the title as the worlds first commercially available automotive Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) battery. An AGM battery is a sealed lead-acid battery which employs a glass mat to contain the liquid electrolytes inside, as opposed to an older type of flooded battery that contains free liquids.In the middle of nowhere, this technology company built a temporary infrastructure for off-road enthusiasts. A Hummer EV showed up, along with a bunch of Rivian EVs and a whopping 13 Tesla Cybertrucks, and several of them competed in a good-natured drag race across the dry bed of Soggy Lake (Eric Thiele, a senior director for Clarios prevailed in a Hummer EV).A Hummer EV won the just-for-fun drag race across Soggy Lakes dry lakebed.Image: Kristin Shaw / Popular Science Renamed Hammertown during KOTH, the Johnson Valley area teems with vehicles and tens of thousands of fans for a week. Its an assault or a symphony of the senses, depending on your perspective: engines scream, rubber scrabbles for purchase on the rocks, and dust hangs like low-lying clouds. This is not an event for a casual observer; attendees are all in, and theyre passionate about it. Where does a battery-powered vehicle fit in? Thiele says its part of a powertrain-agnostic approach.We know going into it that 95 percent of the Hammertown population are real gearheads who are huge fans of gas guzzlers, Thiele says. But were a company that supports all powertrains. We want to support enthusiasts across the board.Rivian manager of exterior engineering Alex Anderson was asked to join the Rivian Clubs of America team at the King of the Hammers event as a trail lead and general volunteer to help spread excitement about the event and EVs. Anderson has been attending King of the Hammers for the past five years and says it offers the perfect mix of engineering prowess in the race vehicles, surrounded by all sorts of passionate off roaders, and (just a little) bit of chaos sprinkled in. Shepherding a group of 15 Rivian vehicles, Anderson showed the EV owners it can be rewarding to go off-roading without fuel.Since I joined Rivian, I have fallen in love with EVs and EVs off road, Anderson says. If youve never taken an EV off road, its unlike anything else. Its silent, surreal, and you can connect with nature like no other.Rivian is uniquely positioned to tackle the desert terrain with drive modes that adapt to soft sand and rock crawling. In fact, Anderson and her teammate (and fellow Rivian employee) Lilly Macaruso piloted an R1T truck to a win at the 2023 Rebelle Rally, the longest off-road rally in the U.S. During that event, Renewable Innovations also provided the power for their EV.The King of the Hammers race is one of the toughest off-road events in the world. EVs, to date, have been scarce.Image: Kristin Shaw / Popular Science roycerumseyHoping for more EVs in the desert and beyondThe 53-foot mobile Renewable Innovations semi carries high-density solar panels combined with follow-the-sun smart flowers that collect and deliver 50 kilowatts of peak power. At the Optima Oasis, that power was funneled into fast charging Wallbox stations where EVs renewed their electrons and headed out again.Optima and its cheerful yellow, red, and orange-topped batteries have been recognizable for decades. As the demand for more technology and battery-electric vehicles grows, the company has expanded its lineup to stay ahead of the curve.Clarios sees the demand for low voltage and the number of batteries we put in a vehicle is increasing, Thiele says. Vehicles are becoming more complex, with more power and more active chassis stabilization, and were developing and supporting that at the manufacturer level.After more than a week on a dry lakebed at the Oasis, Clarios Eric Thiele says hes finally evicting the last of the desert dust from his sinus cavity. Hes ready to roll again, and hes looking forward to expanding the program next year to welcome more EVs. Anderson and her crew of Rivian owners is also excited to see what the future brings for EVs off-road.Ive always seen King of the Hammers as the premier off-road event in the U.S., Anderson says. As technology advances, especially in areas like charging infrastructure for remote locations, I envision a future where all vehicles, regardless of powertrain, can coexist and share the passion for off-roading. Im definitely hoping to see an EV class competing at King of the Hammers soon!

Internet-famous bald eagles Jackie and Shadow might just have a hatchling on the horizon. The first pipor crack in a birds eggshellwas confirmed at 3:09 p.m. PST on March 2. Bird enthusiasts from around the world cheered the announcement and tuned into the 24-hour livestream of the couples nest, perched 145-feet above Big Bear Lake in the San Bernardino mountains east of Los Angeles, California.Oh please come on out little one!!!! Your parents have been waiting for so long, wrote one viewer on Facebook.The last 2 years brought me tears of sadness, today, happy tears!! wrote another.Bird enthusiasts can continue to watch with the eagle nest cameras maintained by nonprofit Friends of Big Bear Valley on YouTube. Fans of Jackie and Shadow can also read daily recaps for more explanations of this process.According to Friends of Big Bear Valley, Jackie and Shadows previous chick Spirit pipped exactly 3 years ago. The eggs have many markingsincluding dirt, fluff, blood from laying, imperfections, and more. These are completely normal, but may make it difficult to spot pips.If you suspect a pip, keep an eye on that spot. A real pip grows over time and becomes a larger, more obvious Pip Site, writes Friends of Big Bear Valley.The hatching process is long, so it still may take a few days for the hatchling to fully emerge.Jackie and Shadow got together in 2018 and successfully raised chicks in 2019 and 2022, including Spirit. However, in 2023, their clutch was eaten by ravens. The pair laid three eggs in 2024, but those eggs failed to hatch. Friends of Big Bear Valleys team suspects that low oxygen levels and high altitude might be why the three eggs failed to hatch last year. The area also saw several winter storms, which could have impacted the eggs. Only 50 percent of bald eagle eggs successfully hatch.The post Pip spotted! Live cam bald eagles eggs shows hopeful signs of hatching appeared first on Popular Science.

Its hard to find anything decent in the electronics department for roughly $20. Even a decent phone case will cost you more than that. Right now, however, Walmart has one of Ankers Soundcore waterproof Bluetooth speakers for just $20.99. For that price, it might be worth buying a couple and stashing them away as gifts. Or, build a whole wall of them in your backyard and play sludge metal at maximum volume to annoy the neighbor who keeps raking all their leaves onto your lawn every year (we know youre doing it, Brenda). However, this is a limited deal, so grab it while its available.Anker Soundcore Bluetooth Speaker With IPX5 Waterproof $20.99 (was $29.99)AnkerSee ItLooking at the spec sheet, youd never guess you could get this speaker for $21. It has Bluetooth 5.0 for connectivity, so it can receive a signal from up to 66 feet away. The built-in battery lasts up to 24 hours on a single charge, depending on usage. And its IPX5 rated, which means its not afraid of a little rain or being splashed at the pool. It even has simple tactile controls on top, so you can adjust the volume without accessing your phone. That makes it a great party speaker, especially since you dont have to worry about it breaking.The post Ankers fully waterproof Bluetooth speaker is just $21 right now appeared first on Popular Science.

Numerous studies reveal that Indoor air can be more polluted than the air outside. Air purifiers can help improve indoor air quality. However, more powerful smart models are quite bulky and hard to transport from one roomor placeto the next. Many air purifiers for home can weigh between 20 and 30 pounds, making them difficult to move.Portable air purifiers can help improve your homes indoor air quality by actively reducing indoor particulate matter and airborne allergens, says Dr. John McKeon, CEO of Allergy Standards Ltd. Since air purifiers are designed to clean the air in one room or area effectively, portability is essential if you only have one air purifier. Youll want it in the living room when youre in that room and in the bedroom when youre there, McKeon explains.You may also want to take an air purifierlike our best overall, the TruSens Air Purifierwith you to work or when youre visiting environments that can trigger allergies. The best portable air purifiers are not only easy to move, but they also have many of the same features (on a smaller scale) as larger models.Best overall: TruSens Air PurifierBest design: Smartmi Air PurifierBest value: Pure Enrichment PureZone Mini Portable Air PurifierBest splurge: Coway Airmega AP-1512HH Air PurifierHow we chose the best portable air purifiersTo compile this list of the best portable air purifiers, we conducted extensive research, contacted Dr. John McKeon and Kenneth Mendez, president and CEO of the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America (AAFA), and did lots of first-hand testing. We wanted to provide a variety of choices, so the list is a mix of smallish, lightweight air purifiers with handles, and handheld air purifiers that can fit in a vehicles cup holder. We also considered peer recommendations and consumer reviews, the clean air delivery rate (CADR), recommended room sizes, filtration, and noise levels.The best portable air purifiers: Reviews & RecommendationsAs a general rule, the CADR is one of the most critical factors. However, if you need a portable air purifier, the CADR doesnt really matter if the air purifier is too big and bulky to transport as needed. Some of our articles, like the best smart air purifiers, and the best air purifiers for asthma, include some models with a CADR as high as the 400 to 600 range, which is exceptionally high, considering the average good air purifier has a CADR in the 200 range. However, the air purifiers with the highest CADR tend to be big and bulky, so theyre not conducive to moving. So, most of the air purifiers on this list have a good CADR (when that information is available), but keep in mind that, as a general rule, a smaller air purifier isnt going to deliver the same power as a much larger model.McKeon also says it is important to remember that an air purifier is only one part of a comprehensive approach to improving indoor air quality. Its most effective when used in conjunction with other strategies, such as regular cleaning, proper ventilation, and effective source control of pollutants, he says. But youre here to improve your environment with the best portable air purifiers, so read on.Best overall: TruSens Air PurifierTerri Williams ProsStylish designHandle makes it easy to transportUV, Carbon, and HEPA filtrationThree fan speedsConsNo auto modeSpecsDimensions: 7 x 7 x 17 inchesWeight: 8.81 poundsRecommended coverage area: Up to 443 sq. ft.CADR: N/ANoise level: 30 65 dBIve had the TrueSens Small Air Purifier for years, and its like an old friend I can always rely on. I have smoking neighbors and tend to use larger, more powerful air purifiers in my living space. However, I keep the TruSens Small Air Purifier downstairs in my garage, which doesnt get as much smokebut still a fair amount, and also experiences a variety of other smells. The air purifier does an excellent job of removing those odors and smells.It has a three-part filtration process that includes a HEPA Type filter, a carbon filter, and a UV-C light (which I never useit can be turned on and off). The air purifier traps dust, pet dander, smoke, and other allergen, and the bi-directional airflow quickly delivers fresh air. The air purifier has three fan speeds (including a Turbo option), providing options for letting me control the airflow and noise level. The touch controls on the top are easy to operate, and the display panel reveals the speed and lets me know when the filters need to be replaced.This is our top choice because it has an excellent price, is easy to transport, and is quite effective for the scenarios in which most people would use an air purifier. It also has a sleek and space-saving design and is lightweight enough to grab by the handle and move from room to room or even toss in your car and carry to work or other locations. TruSens also makes this air purifier in medium and large sizes, and those models include additional features, like real-time air monitoring, washable pre-filter, timer, and additional fan speeds.Best design: Smartmi P1 Air PurifierTerri Williams ProsAppVoice controlDual-laser particle sensorLeather strapChoice of filterConsHave to turn it upside down to replace the filterSpecsDimensions: 11 x 11 x 17 inchesWeight: 3 kgRecommended coverage area: 180 to 320 sq. ft.CADR: 250Noise level: 19 49 dBAt first glance, the Smartmi P1 Air Purifier looks like a knockoff of the Molecule Air Mini+ air purifier, which also has a leather strap. However, the Molecule Air Mini (which costs twice as much) only has a small leather strap on the side (with space for one or two fingers), whereas the Smartmi P1 has a stylish leather strap across the entire top. Ive tested the Molecle, and the Smartmi strap feels much sturdier and doesnt put all the weight on one or two fingers.The Smarti has a great design overall and is certainly one of the best-looking air purifiers on the market, But thats not the only reason it gets our best design award. The Smartmi P1 also offers a choice of 2 filter types. The Pollen filter is a good choice for those who suffer from seasonal allergies. Theres also a Pet Filter thats helpful if you have furry friends in your home. Both filters contain a True HEPA filter, preliminary filter for large particles, and carbon/inner filter, and can remove dust, smoke, pet dander, and other allergens. The touch controls and LCD monitor are on the top and include a dual PM 2.5/PM 10 particle sensor to capture both small and large particles in the air. The air purifier has a timer as well. Since its a smart air purifier, I can control it via smartphone or voice control.Best value: Pure Enrichment PureZone Mini Portable Air PurifierTerri Williams ProsFits in vehicle cup traySeveral color choicesRechargeable batteryThree fan speedsSits horizontally or verticallyConsOnly for a personal bubbleSpecsDimensions: 3.3 x 8.5 x 2.7 inchesWeight: 0.6 ouncesRecommended coverage area: 54 sq. ft.CADR: N/ANoise level: Up to 50 dBIf its possible for an air purifier to be fun, the Pure Enrichment PureZone Mini Portable Air Purifier certainly is. Its about the size of a 12-ounce soft drink and fits in my cars cup holder. Its also small enough to toss in my handbag or suitcase. When traveling, this air purifier allows me to purify the air when Im in a hotel room or staying with family members or friends. And the fact that its battery-operated means I can use it literally everywhere.Although its small, the PureZone Mini works well. It has a dual HEPA filter that also includes an activated charcoal filter. The device has three fan speeds, but you must remember that the higher the speed, the quicker the battery runs out and needs to be recharged. The air purifier filters everything from dust to smoke to pollen and pet dander. One of my favorite features is the adjustable handle. This allows me to stand the device upright or tilt it on the side so it can be used vertically or horizontally. And when its hot, the air purifier also doubles as a small fan, providing both purified and cool air.Best splurge: Coway Airmega AP-1512HH Air PurifierTerri Williams ProsSmartphone controlLightweightVoice controlReal-time air-quality indicatorConsBulky compared to others on this listSpecsDimensions: 18.3 x 9.6 x 16.8 inchesWeight: 12.3 poundsRecommended coverage area: up to 1,575 sq ftCADR: 221Noise level: 24 53 dBWhile not necessarily an expensive air purifier (weve tested models that cost well over $1,000), the Coway AP-1512HH Air Purifier is the most expensive model on this list, which is why its our splurge choice. It can cover up to 1,474 sq. ft., and we think this model is a good portable choice for large rooms. The air purifier is easy to operate and the filtration system includes a pre-filter, True HEPA filter, and a Fresh Starter deodorizer filter, so it can capture both larger and smaller particles while also removing cooking and tobacco odors.The user-friendly control panel on the top lets me view real-time air-quality data, and the color-coded indicators turn blue when the air is fresh and clean, yellow when its problematic, and red when the air is unhealthy. There are five speeds, and when the air purifier is in auto mode, the fan will automatically increase or decrease depending on the air-quality indicator data. I can also set the timer for 1, 4, or 8 hours. The filter replacement light (one for the HEPA filter, one for the deodorizer filter) comes on when one of the filters needs to be replaced.What to consider when buying the best portable air purifiersThere are several factors to consider when deciding which portable air purifier is right for you. When writing this guide, these are the factors we considered most important.Room SizeAn air purifier may be effective in a smaller room but less effective in a larger room. Thats why we included the recommended room size for each air purifier on our list. Ensure youre not expecting the air purifier to clean more space than its recommended to handle.CADRFor air-cleaning effectiveness, McKeon says selecting the correct Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) for the room size is vital. This is an important metric, which indicates the volume of filtered air an air cleaner can deliver, with separate scores when the device was tested with smoke, pollen, and dust challenges.(Note: Some manufacturers combine the scores for smoke, pollen, and dust and just list the average CADR rating of the three tests.)A higher CADR means the device can filter more particles, McKeon says.FiltrationFiltration is another important factor to continue, and the presence of a HEPA filter is always a good sign. HEPA stands for High Efficiency Particulate Air, Mendez explains. These filters are media-based, meaning that they are physical filters, which capture particles as air passes through them, and HEPA filters are designed to filter out at least 99.7 percent of particles of 0.3 microns or larger diameter, he says.SmartSmart features can make the air purifier easier to operate. For example, some models have an app, so you can control it using your smartphone and even issue voice commands. Other smart features include the ability to auto-detect the level of air purification needed and adjust the airflow accordingly.FAQSQ: How do air purifiers work? Portable air purifiers function similarly to whole-home systems, but they are designed to clean the air in a specific room, McKeon says. They draw air in and pass it through specific filters to remove airborne pollutants, and. theyre often used to address specific areas, like rooms most affected by smoke, or bedrooms where people can spend lots of time. Q: Where is the best place to put a portable air purifier? When determining where to place a portable air purifier, you should consider the rooms in the house where you spend the most time, Mendez says. This may vary throughout the day, so, you may place the air purifier in a home office during the day and then move it to your bedroom while sleeping. Q: Do portable air purifiers work for COVID and other airborne viruses? According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), when used properly, air purifiers can help reduce airborne contaminants, including viruses in a home or confined space, Mendez says. However, by itself, a portable air cleaner is not enough to protect people from COVID-19. Q: Can air purifiers help with allergies? Yes. Air purifiers can be a useful tool for reducing exposure to common allergens such as pollen, mold, and pet dander, Mendez says. McKeon agrees. Air purifiers can play a key role in helping to manage allergies by removing airborne allergens, such as pet dander, pollen, mold, and dust mite allergen from the breathing zone, McKeon says. Q: Is it OK to sleep with an air purifier running? Yes. It is generally safe to sleep with an air purifier running. You should always pay attention to the manufacturers recommendations for information on how long to run your purifier and where to place it, Mendez says. When properly used, an air purifier can help improve the air quality where you sleep. Final thoughts on the best portable air purifiersBest overall: TruSens Air PurifierBest design: Smartmi Air PurifierBest value: Pure Enrichment PureZone Mini Portable Air PurifierBest splurge: Coway Airmega AP-1512HH Air PurifierAn air purifier can only be beneficial to you if its in the same room where youre residing. The best portable air purifiers can be easily transported from one room or area to the next, and some can even be placed in your backpack or vehicles cup holder and transported to the office or taken on trips. Factors to consider include filtration, room size, CADR, and preferences such as smart features. The right portable air purifier can help to filter your airwherever you are.

Its one of the simplest ways to be more productive on a Mac: Learn the basic keyboard shortcuts, then move on to the advanced ones. Quickly pressing a couple keys is almost always faster than moving your mouse to a tool or menu bar and clicking the right thing. Over time it becomes second natureif theres something you do routinely, you learn the keyboard shortcut. Its a big part of being good with computers.And its simple to learn keyboard shortcuts on a Mac, thanks to the menu bar at the top of the screen. Here you can browse everything and see the keyboard shortcut to the right. The problem: Sometimes youll find something in the menu bar without a keyboard shortcut. How are you supposed to do those things quickly?You might think youll need third party apps to add keyboard shortcuts, but thats not true. Theres a way to do this in macOS itself. Its a little buried in the settings, though, so Im going to talk you through it.Adding keyboard shortcutsTo get started, take note of something in the menu bar for which you wish there was a keyboard shortcut. This can be literally anything, so long as it shows up while browsing the menu bar. For example: I have the Popular Science homepage bookmarkedI could make a keyboard shortcut for that.To do so open the System Settings app and click Keyboard in the left panelits toward the bottom. Next click the Keyboard Shortcuts button.Screenshot: Apple Here youll find the ability to customize all sorts of the existing macOS keyboard shortcuts and even create new ones. For our purposes, adding keyboard shortcuts for menu bar items, we need the poorly named App Shortcuts.Screenshot: Apple From here we can create our shortcut. It can be for every application or for a specific one. In my case I decided to make my shortcut specific to Safari, the browser I use. For the menu title, youll need to add the exact name of the menu item you want to launch with a keyboard shortcutin my case thats Popular Science.Screenshot: Apple Click the Done button when everything looks right. The change should be there instantlyyou can check by going back to the application you created the keyboard shortcut for and seeing if the shortcut shows up in the menu bar.Screenshot: Apple You should now be able to trigger your chosen command with a quick keyboard shortcut. Ive done this quite a few times over the years, to the point where I forget that the shortcuts Ive added arent part of the default search experience.

In need of a new MacBook? If shelling out upwards of $1,000 doesnt sound appealing, this one has all the bells and whistles at a fraction of the cost. And if a 13.3 Apple MacBook Pro would be a good fit for your laptop needs, this particular model can be yours for $600 off the usual price. Yep, while it typically retails for $999, this model is now on sale for $399.99.Apple perks at a discount priceThis MacBook takes advantage of all the power and performance weve come to know and love from Apple. This MacBook has a 13.3 Retina display with True Tone technology for gorgeous color and sharp visuals. Your comfort shows are going to look so good, and the screen is easy on the eyes at any lighting level. Late-night work sessions dont have to hurt.A super-fast SSD offers speedy data access, and the four Thunderbolt 3 (USB-C) ports let you connect easily. This model also includes a pretty legendary Apple feature: the Touch Bar.Whether youre a massive fan or a little skeptical, theres no denying that the Touch Bar allows for serious customization and quick access to your shortcuts and tools. It adapts to the apps youre using, so instead of being stuck with a stagnant row of function keys, you could have a cool color picker, media controls, and a whole lot more.That trackpad gives you excellent control, so you might not even want a mouse. Plus, you can get up to 10 hours of work done on a single charge thanks to the impressive battery life on this MacBook Pro. Touch ID makes logging in a breeze.And you can rest easy knowing this model has a Grade A refurbished rating. That means it will land on your doorstep in near-mint condition with virtually no sign that its been used, ready to help you tackle any task.Enjoy the benefits of Apple with this refurbished Apple MacBook Pro, now just $399.99 (reg. $999).StackSocial prices subject to change.Apple MacBook Pro 13.3 (2018) i5 2.3GHz 8GB RAM 512GB SSD with Touch Bar (Refurbished) $399.99See Deal

If youve ever driven a bumper car at an amusement park, youve probably noticed its eponymous feature: the bumper. Designed to absorb impact, the rubber bumpers protect recreational bumper car occupants from harm. Same goes for passenger car bumpers, which have evolved drastically since vehicles first hit the road.A big shift in federal regulations for bumpers started with the 1973 model year, when the National Highway Traffic Safety Administrations Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard Standard No. 215 went into effect. Automakers had to prove their cars could emerge from a 5-mph front collision without damage, which necessitated a design scramble.Even the legendary Lamborghini Countach was not exempt for U.S. models, and got a nose job that was widely considered blasphemy toward the iconic supercar. Ugly bumpers were strapped onto the front of the Countach to meet the regulations and it might be best if we all wipe that image from our collective memory.The ugly side of bumper evolutionStandard No. 215 wasnt particularly popular, as one might imagine, but there was no way around it. Ultimately, automotive designers had to figure out what to do next. In some ways, it set them back and in other ways, the regulations allowed new technologies to flourish. Get the Popular Science newsletter Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy.From a design perspective, prior to the 5-mph bumper law, the design trend for mainstream cars was continuing to integrate the bumper into the overall theme. The bumpers were becoming more inset, recessed and very much part of the overall front-end graphics, said General Motors VP of Design Wayne Cherry, in an interview with Hagerty. The 5-mph bumper requirements set back the evolution of bumper design as an integral part of the design theme for nearly two decades. It was also influential in speeding up the development of flexible materials, which took the integration of bumper design to a new level.Between 1973 and 1982, cars gained weight due to the addition of heavy bumpers. Then the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) amended the bumper standard and everything changed again. In 1983, the regulation guidelines dropped to 2.5 miles per hour in the front and 1.5 mph in the corners.Bumpers are a standard feature on all vehicles, Vince Galante, Vice President, Jeep Design. Nowadays, theyre cleverly concealed behind layers of fascia for aesthetics and improved aerodynamics, along with foam for cushioning and low-speed impact protection. There are still some fantastic examples of exposed bumpers, like the steel ones on the Jeep Wrangler and Gladiator. These bumpers are not only functional but also modular, allowing for the addition of winches, tow hooks, removable end caps, bull bars, and even extra lighting.Todays bumpersJon Ruud, senior manager of Safety Performance Engineering at Nissan Technical Center North America (Nissans R&D facility in Metro Detroit), says that bumpers may not be as obvious as they used to be. However, theyre still doing the jobjust in a more advanced way as its engineers have learned more.Today, bumpers are concealed behind layers of fascia for aesthetics and improved aerodynamics.Image: Nissan Jay McNally McNally Multi Media; Jay K. McNally NissanAt Nissan, Ruud explains, the company designs and tests its vehicles with a combination of three elements: (1) a plastic fascia, (2) high-density energy-absorbing foam and (3) a metal bumper beam underneath. This setup helps minimize damage in low-speed bumps while also providing protection in higher-speed crashes.Safety standards have evolved and so have our designs, Ruud says. Were always looking for ways to balance safety, durability and the look our customers expect. Even if you dont see a traditional exposed metal bumper, the impact-absorbing structures are still there to do their job when it matters.In a passionate diatribe on JalopnikA bumper should be forgiving, he says. It should be something that can take minor damage without that damage even being noticeable, and it should sacrifice itself, as inexpensively as possible, to protect the painted, expensive bodywork. It should be made of materials that can still look fine with some scuffing and scratches and other minor imperfections, which is why those black rubber bumpers so many of us love to hate are actually the best bumpers ever.Sure, bumpers should be appreciated. But I have to disagree with him on those black rubber versions. Especially on the Lamborghini Countach.This story is part of Popular SciencesAsk Us Anything series, where we answer your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the ordinary to the off-the-wall. Have something youve always wanted to know?Ask us.

Popular Sciencestarted writing about technology more than 150 years ago. There was no such thing as gadget writing when we published our first issue in 1872, but if there was, our mission to demystify the world of innovation for everyday readers means we would have been all over it. Here in the present, PopSci is fully committed to helping readers navigate the increasingly intimidating array of devices on the market right now.Our writers and editors have combined decades of experience covering and reviewing consumer electronics. We each have our own obsessive specialtiesfrom high-end audio to video games to cameras and beyondbut when were reviewing devices outside of our immediate wheelhouses, we do our best to seek out trustworthy voices and opinions to help guide people to the very best recommendations. We know we dont know everything, but were excited to live through the analysis paralysis that internet shopping can spur so readers dont have to.Find out more about our product evaluation process.

Microsoft 365 is kind of like that ex you simply cant get away from. Hows that possible? Its because you keep going back to it every month, paying a pesky recurring fee for access, all while complaining on and on about how annoying it is.Its time to break up with Microsoft 365 andlevel up with Microsoft Office instead, especially since the 2024 edition isfinally on the shelves. Its compatible with both Mac and PC, comes with AI tools, and is yours for life once you pay the one-time fee of$129.97 (down from $149).Move aside, Microsoft 365: Office is hereYoull finally be freed from your ex (your old Microsoft 365 subscription) once you invest in this Microsoft Office lifetime licenseand the savings will seriously add up after about 18 months.Not only that, but youll also be able to avoid the Microsoft 365 price increase (an extra $20 yearly!) that Microsoft just announced.So, whats all the fuss about the latest version of Microsoft Office? Check out just a few of the improvements your favorite apps got:Heres another reason why youll be glad you dumped Microsoft 365. Like your ex, the subscription probably didnt come with too many rewarding perks. With Microsoft Office 2024, your favorite productivity apps arrive not only with new features, but also AI-powered assistance.Dont worryyou dont need to be a tech aficionado to use these features and maximize your workflow. All you need to do is click on a button to select what function you want to do. Let AI help you avoid writers block while drafting a paper in Word or have itautomatically generate charts and graphs in Excel!Sorry, Microsoft 365. A better partner has arrived.Upgrade and own your favorite Microsoft apps forever with thisMicrosoft Office 2024 lifetime license for your Mac or PC, now just $129.97 while licenses last.StackSocial prices subject to change.Microsoft Office 2024 Home for Mac or PC: One-Time PurchaseOnly $129.97 at Popular Science

Learn more about the Deeper Connect VPN router, now $149.97 with free shipping (reg. $219). These gadgets sell out fast, so order yours ASAP.What is a VPN router?A VPN router encrypts your internet connection at the network level, hiding your browsing activity from prying eyes. Unlike a traditional VPN service that runs on individual devices, a VPN router provides automatic security for everything connected.How do VPN routers work?Simply plug it into your laptop via USB-C for power, choose a server location, and wirelessly pair up to five devices.What are the benefits of using a VPN router?No subscription fees: Unlike digital offerings, this router provides lifetime protection after your one-time purchase.Ad blocking at the server level: Enjoy a cleaner internet experience with fewer ads and trackers while browsing or watching videos.Unblock streaming content: Connect to over 150,000 worldwide servers, allowing you to watch global Netflix or Hulu.Can I use a VPN router while traveling?Yes! This VPN router is designed to be portable (if you were wondering why it connects to your laptop instead of the wall). Whether youre working from a coffee shop or using hotel Wi-Fi, you can have peace of mind that your data and passwords are secure.What devices are compatible with this VPN router?Nearly all internet-enabled devices can connect to this VPNs servers, including your laptop, desktop, smartphone, tablet, smart TV, and gaming console. Just remember that youre limited to five simultaneous connections.How can I get this VPN router?We have a hard time keeping these in stock because everyone seems to be after a VPN with no subscription fees. But we have them right now for $149.97 with free shipping (reg. $219), so order quickly if youre interested.StackSocial prices subject to change.Deeper Connect Air Portable VPN Travel Router $149.97See Deal

Samsung has unveiled its flagship Galaxy S25 phone series for 2025, and theres a lot to like: Stunning screens, capable cameras, stacks of software features, and plenty of performance. As with most new smartphones, however, many of the most important and useful upgrades arent listed on the spec sheet. If youve picked up a new Galaxy S25, Galaxy S25 Plus, or Galaxy S25 Ultra, you might miss some of the most useful new features. Here are some tips and tricks to help you get the most out of your new device.1. Turn on Galaxy AIThere are numerous AI tools to try. Screenshot: Samsung David NieldAI is ubiquitous for new smartphones and the Galaxy S25 devices are built for it. They can generate artwork, rewrite text, and much more. Before you get going, you need to turn all of this on, and register for a Samsung account at the same time (if you havent already), which is free to do.Open Settings, then tap Galaxy AI and Continue, and sign up for a Samsung Account (or sign into an existing one). You then get full access to the Galaxy AI apps, including Interpreter (for live translations) and Browsing assist (for website summaries).2. Configure the Edge PanelSamsung phones come with an Edge Panel of shortcuts you can access at any time by swiping across the thin bar on the right of the display. This feature lets you create persistent shortcuts to commonly used apps and untilities. It can make your typical navigation process much quicker. To change the available shortcuts, or change the Edge Panel position, tap Display then Edge Panels from Settings.3. Adjust advanced camera settingsYou can dig deeper into the camera settings. Screenshot: Samsung David NieldThe Galaxy S25 Camera app is more powerful than you might realize at first, and there are plenty of extra settings available to tweak: Tap the Quick Settings button (four dots, just above the camera switcher button) to access some of the most useful options.From the buttons here you can make changes to exposure and color balance, as well as image quality and aspect ratio. For more options, including ISO speed and white balance, swipe across the camera modes under the shutter button, then tap More and Pro.4. Choose your assistantBy default, Galaxy S25 phones use Google Gemini as the digital AI assistant that pops up when you press and hold the power button. To change this to Samsungs own Bixby, open Settings and pick Advanced features > Side button > Long press to make the switch.5. Customize the lock screenYou get plenty of control over lock screen widgets. Screenshot: Samsung David NieldYou spend a lot of time looking at the lock screen, so make sure its customized the way you want it. From Settings, tap Lock screen and AOD to change the clock position, for example, and set how the always-on display (AOD) works when your phone is locked.More settings live in the Wallpaper and style section of Settings. Not only can you customize the lock screen wallpaper from here, you can always tap on the editable areas to change which widgets and which shortcuts are available from the lock screen.6. Transform your drawings with AIGalaxy AI can produce great pictures even if your art skills leave a lot to be desired. Open the Edge Panel from the side of the screen, then tap Drawing Assist: Draw out an image on screen with your finger or the S Pen, then tap Generate to have AI bring it properly to life. The results are somewhat inconsistent, but you can try repeatedly until you get something that fits your needs. 7. Create ambient wallpaperAmbient photos are one of your wallpaper options. Screenshot: Samsung David NieldThe Galaxy S25 can enhance a wallpaper image of your choice with ambient effects that reflect your local weather and daylight conditions. From Settings, tap Wallpaper and style > Change wallpapers > Photo ambient, then pick an image in your phones photo library.This works best with outdoor shots showing wide landscapes. When youve chosen a photo, you can preview some of the effects (like rain and snow) that might appear as conditions change. When youre happy, tap Done to confirm your choice of new wallpaper.8. Create a secure folderYou cant necessarily be sure no one else will ever have access to your phone, but you can lock away the most sensitive apps and files behind another lock screen. Think of it like another layer of security. From Settings, open the Security and privacy menu, and tap More security settings > Secure Folder.9. Get an AI-powered daily briefingThe Now Brief will keep you right up to date. Screenshot: Samsung David NieldOne of the best AI-related features in the One UI 7 software on Galaxy S25 phones is the Now Brief: A daily summary of important information, including weather and calendar updates. Open Settings, then choose Galaxy AI and Now Brief to configure the tool.There are a few different ways to launch Now Brief once youve set it up. By default, there will be a widget for it on the home screen, but you can also get at it from the Edge Panel (if its enabled), and from the notifications generated by Now Brief.10. Tweak the notifications styleYou no doubt get a host of notifications every day, and the Galaxy S25 gives you control over how distracting they are. Open up Settings, tap Notifications, and youre able to select Notification pop-up style to make these interruptions larger or smaller.11. Set up automated routinesA variety of triggers can be used for routines. Screenshot: Samsung David NieldOne of the best features of Samsungs One UI 7 take on Android 15 is access to routines, which you can find by choosing Modes and Routines from Settings. Switch to the Routines tab and you can start getting creative with these automated groups of actions.Tap the + (plus) button top right, then pick a trigger and a related action. For example, you could enable the do not disturb mode every time you turn up to the office, or dim the screen at bedtime every night. There are a host of different options to experiment with.

You know that crazy uncle who repeats the same stories over and over? Help him get it all out in one go with a 1-year subscription to Autobiographer for $69 (reg. $199). If he can talkand you know he canhe can use the AI tools to write his life story.Autobiographer is a DIY autobiography program for even the most tech-challenged. Users get tailored, personalized question prompts through a conversation-styled interaction with the app. It helps them tease out the storys details and fill in the most critical details. Then, it formats the answers into essays or letters to share with the writers friends and family.But before the final draft is ready, users can edit, craft, and delete content without worrying about running out of space. They get unlimited conversations over the year-long subscription with the Autobiographer bot and encrypted storage. Users can take the time and space they need to get their story right in the private, protected Memory Vault.Its simple to organize memories by different categories within the vault, such as sports story or childhood. Users can set the AI tools to exclude specific irrelevant topics as desired. Conversations stay in the Memory Vault even after written drafts are created so that users can access them later.Autobiographer can help users craft up to 250 written pages into a memoir of a chosen style, such as a series of letters to grandchildren or a book-styled story covering childhood to the golden years. Simply send the final digital draft to readers to share the story.Give the gift of digital, AI-led storytelling to even the least techy family member when you snatch this discount on a 1-year subscription to Autobiographer, now with the best on the web pricing of $69.StackSocial prices subject to change.Autobiographer 1-Year Subscription $69See Deal

We put a lot of our lives on Instagramspecial occasions, special people, perhaps the odd special meme or two. But in between all the posting theres not much time to think about whats happening to these photos and videos. What if you decide to leave Instagram? What if you want to bring back memories in another app?Instagram actually does a good job at saving your pictures and video clipseven those ones in your story, which are set to disappear from view after 24 hours. Whether you want to keep all snaps saved for posterity or need to revisit one memory in particular, youve got options.Saving new Instagram posts to your phoneThe easiest way of making sure everything you post to Instagram is saved permanently is to save posts to your phones galleryfrom there you can keep them and back them up to the cloud using Google Photos, Apple Photos, or whatever photo storage service you use.There are settings inside the Instagram app to control this. Tap your profile picture (bottom right), then the menu button (top right): Choose Archiving and downloading, then turn on all four toggle switches. This means both posts and stories get saved to your phones library, and stories and live broadcasts get permanently saved in Instagrams own archive too.You can get Instagram to save your posts as you go. Screenshot: Instagram When it comes to stories and reels, you can save these to your phone manually too. For stories, tap the three dots (top right) then Save. For reels, just before posting, you can scroll across the icons at the bottom of the screen to find the download option (the downward arrow): Tap this to save your reel.That should cover everything in terms of getting your Instagram content saved to your phone, and from there you can move it anywhere. If you havent already enabled these features or forgotten to save something along the way, there are still methods for getting images and clips out of Instagram.Saving existing Instagram postsOn the web, you can see everything youve posted to your Instagram profile by clicking Profile on the web: Keep scrolling to find the older posts, and click on any of them to bring up a bigger version. Click View archive at the top and you can see past stories, even if theyve disappeared from view for your friends (and as long as youve enabled the save to archive option we mentioned above).To save a picture on the web, click on it and then append /media?size=l to the URL in your browsers address bar. This will then give you a full-size version of the image you can right-click on to save it to your computer. For bulk downloading, Esuit Photos Downloader for Instagram is a reliable browser extension option for Chrome and Edge. However, theres no reliable way to download stories from the web.Old stories can be saved through the mobile app. Screenshot: Instagram Its the opposite on mobile: Theres no easy way of saving your old posts from your profile page, other than taking a screenshot and then cropping, but you can save your stories. From your profile page, tap the menu button (top right), then Archive: Tap on a story to view it, then tap the three dots in the lower right corner and choose Save photo. This does depend on you having enabled story archiving though (see above).Reels can be saved on mobile too, from the reels tab on your profile (the movie clapboard icon): Tap the reel to open it, then the share button (the paper airplane), then scroll to the right and choose Download. Both these story and reel options work separately to you downloading these posts as you create them.You can also download all your data from Instagram. Screenshot: Instagram There is another way to do this: Export all the data in your Instagram account. In the mobile app, tap your profile icon (bottom right), then the menu button (top right), then Accounts Center > Your information and permissions > Download your information > Download or transfer information and choose your account. Be sure to check All time as the date range and High as the media quality. On the web, you can find the same option via More > Settings.When Instagram has collected all of your data, a download link will be sent to your registered email address, giving you access to a full collection of your Instagram photos and videos (and other data). You can then keep these files saved and backed up wherever you like.

Image: Hill Street Studios / Getty ImagesShareTattoos are no longer taboo. One in every three Americans now has at least one tattoo. As getting inked becomes more common, potential risks and side effects are being more intensely scrutinized. Last year, a series of worrisome headlines suggested a link between tattoos and lymphoma. These scare stories were based on a study of 1,400 people with lymphoma and a control group of over 4,000 people without cancer.This studys authors claimed that their study showed that getting a tattoo increased risk, but their data actually suggested that any differences were not statistically significant. If tattoo ink did cause cancer, youd expect people who had more of their body tattooed to be at greater risk. Crucially, the authors did not find this. Even if the data were more convincing, the studys format makes it impossible to tell whether any link is causalthere could be factors that make people more likely to get lymphoma and tattoos.These health risks were overblown, but the study got me thinking about tattoo inkwhere does it go in our skin, and does it stay there?Where does tattoo ink go in our skin?When we get tattooed, the ink is deposited as a pigment in the dermis of our skin, explains dermatologist Dr. Lauren Ploch. This is below the top layer of skinthe epidermisbut above the skins fat. Cells in the dermis are replaced much more slowly than in the epidermis, which is why tattoos dont fade as we shed skin cells. Your first consideration before getting a tattoo should be needle hygiene. Unclean needles spread infection and disease.When tattoo ink enters your skin, your body recognizes it as foreign, says dermatologist Dr. Lauren Moy. That causes the body to recruit immune cells to the area. This is why newly tattooed skin can become inflamed or sensitive. In most cases, careful after-tattoo care can mitigate most of these reactions. This includes keeping the tattooed skin area clean, using moisturizer, and avoiding exposure to sun or water.The immune cells that flood into your newly tattooed skin include macrophagesspecialists in munching foreign molecules. These cells devour the pigment but struggle to break it down. This means the ink in our tattoos is distributed between skin and immune cells. When macrophages die, they release their contents, but that ink is rapidly eaten by other macrophages in the area. This capture and recapture process holds ink in place in the skin.But if your body has an allergic reaction to the ink, a red or pink thick, scaly area can form on your skin, says Ploch. Some of these allergic reactions are caused by immune cells called lymphocytes. Certain types of ink are more likely to provoke these pseudolymphomatous reactions. One study of 104 skin biopsies from people who had allergic reactions to their tattoos showed that 78 percent of the reactions involved red pigments. These responses can also occur months or years after the tattoo was inked.Can tattoo ink move out of the skin?Tattoo ink can technically move through the body, but it does not usually travel very far, explains Ploch. When ink does move, its because the immune system has broken the pigment down to a size where it can be fed into our lymphatic system, which drains into lymph nodes. This pigment breakdown contributes to the blurring or fading of the tattoo. Nevertheless, even pigment that has been smashed to bits by the immune system and shuttled out of the skin can still cause issues.A 2018 case study reported the case of a heavily tattooed cancer patient whose mastectomy went in an unexpected direction when her surgeons noted her lymph nodes had turned black. An incorrect diagnosis could have led to the woman being treated for malignant melanoma. Luckily, her doctors realized the color was caused by broken-down tattoo ink building up in the nodes. Their analysis showed the discoloration wasnt dangerous.A link to our ink?Pigment breakdown also happens when tattoos are removed. Most lasers on the market now essentially break apart the pigment into smaller pieces so that it can be cleared by our lymphatic systemquickly and more efficiently, says Ploch. This process, says Moy, releases chemicals like iron and zinc oxides from the pigment, which can cause further reactions.Ultimately, though, these reactions are generally mild, says Ploch. As for any cancer risk, Moy points out that any link between tattoos and cancer would have been noticed in our increasingly inked world. Ithink if tattoos were really that dire, we all wouldhave heard about it, she concludes.This story is part of Popular SciencesAsk Us Anything series, where we answer your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the ordinary to the off-the-wall. Have something youve always wanted to know?Ask us.

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Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae can also be transmitted through snail and slug slime. Credit: Deposit PhotosShareA tingling sensation in your feet is usually the result of poor blood circulation. But every so often, its an indicator of a much more nightmarish scenario: parasites setting up shop in your brain after previously incubating in rodents, slugs, and snails. This was unfortunately the recent situation for a 30-year-old woman, whose bout of angiostrongyliasis (also known as rat lungworm disease) was recently highlighted in a recent New England Journal of Medicine case study.What is rat lungworm disease?Rat lungworm disease is caused by the bodys immunoresponse to the parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis. A. cantonensis begins its life cycle after a rat eats an infected snail or slug. Once ingested, the parasite migrates to the rodents lungs and lays eggs. After becoming first-stage larvae, A. cantonensis is excreted in the rats feces that snails and slugs subsequently eat. The parasite larvae then matures inside the gastropods, allowing the cycle to repeat.But sometimes other animalsand even plantscan get involved, laying the groundwork for human transmission. Species like land crabs and freshwater prawns also snack on the infected slugs and snails, which can increase the parasites spread. Meanwhile, larvae are sometimes deposited in gastropod slime as they move across fruits and vegetables. Humans can then become hosts after eating improperly washed leafy vegetables or undercooked crustaceans. Some combination of these reasons is likely how the patient contracted her bout of rat lungworm disease.A travel nightmareIn this case study, the patients symptoms appeared relatively innocuous at first. A few days after returning from a three-week overseas trip that included stops in Japan, Thailand, and Hawaii, the woman began experiencing a mild burning sensation in her feet.The burning soon crept up her legs and was combined with acute fatigue. She originally attributed the issues to jet lag, but the pain eventually increased and she began to get severe headaches.Results from her first emergency room visit only showed a slight increase in white blood cell count, indicating she was fighting off at least some type of infection. With no solution and conditions worsening, the woman visited a different hospital a few days later, this time also with a mild fever. Intravenous anti-inflammatory and anti-anxiety medications appeared to finally help her, after which doctors once again discharged her.Humans can contract Angiostrongylus cantonensis through a number of different hosts. Credit: Zunt et al.,New England Journal of Medicine,2025 The woman began packing for another vacation after waking up the next day. However, there was a bit of a problemshe never actually booked a second trip. The patients roommate noticed the confusion and encouraged her to go back to bed while informing the womans partner of the concerning behavior. A few hours later, she found herself at the hospital yet again.Further blood tests and a CT scan didnt show any evidence of parasites. Finally, a lumbar puncture to assess her cerebrospinal fluid revealed signs of a rare brain infection caused by parasites known as eosinophilic meningitis. After reviewing her recent travels and ongoing, worsening symptoms, doctors finally believed they could confidently identify the culprit: Angiostrongylus cantonensis.A healthy outcomeAngiostrongyliasis can be serious if left untreated. In 2010, for example, a 19-year-old Australian man became ill after consuming a live slug on a drunken dare. The patient eventually entered into a nearly 14-month coma that left him paralyzed from the waist down until his death from related complications in 2018.In this recent case, the situation does appear to be much less dire. After six days in the hospital and a two-week drug regimen that included prednisone, albendazole, and other medications, the patient appears symptom-free and in much better health without the unwanted invaders in her body.

Researchers are bringing taste to virtual reality.Image: Malte Mueller / Getty Images ShareVirtual reality can, in its own imperfect ways, transport a user into distant experiences. With a headset on, an everyday person can get a brief glimpse of what its like to perform a surgery, tour the Louvre, or even make an arrest. One thing VR cant yet do, however, is simulate the experience of eating lunch. But that could change thanks to a new bio-integrated gustatory interface device called e-Taste.Researchers from Ohio State University detailed how their new device works this week in the journal Science Advances. They created a small electromagnetic pump connected to a liquid channel of chemicals that, when mixed in the right ratios, can approximate the taste of coffee, lemonade, cake, and other food and drinks. That newly crafted chemical liquid is then pushed through via a gel. Users ultimately experience the taste as a liquid that sits in their mouth. Researchers can then remotely control the gels perceived intensity. And while an initial group of human test subjects struggled to accurately differentiate between different taste profiles, the study suggests a future VR steakhouse experience might not be as far-fetched as it sounds.Human volunteers were tasked with trying to distinguish between flavors mimicking coffee, lemonade, and cake. Credit: The Ohio State University Researchers analyzed flavor at the molecular levele-Taste is composed of three distinct phases. The first phase uses a set of sensors to analyze a food or beverage and recognize common molecules like glucose and glutamate, which contribute to its unique taste. Various combinations of these chemicals correspond to the five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. Once the sample is analyzed, the system encodes the data and transmits it wirelessly to the e-Taste device. Researchers do not need to be in the same room or even the same state to send this flavor data. In fact, the paper details how one researcher based in California submerged a sensor patch in a glass of lemonade and then sent the corresponding digital instruction to a colleague operating the device in Ohio. Get the Popular Science newsletter Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy.The second phase of the process focuses on replicating the initial sample flavor. A small electromagnetic pump contains multiple liquid chambers filled with chemicals that correspond to different taste sensations. These chemicals are combined in a mixing zone in proportions dictated by the estimated molecules present in the food or drink it is attempting to imitate. Once the desired flavor profile is achieved, researchers can adjust the timing of the pumps cycles to increase or decrease the flavors overall intensity. The final mixture is then converted into a gel. Water flowing through the gel carries the tastes into the end users mouth. (They dont swallow the chemical concoction). This process allows the user to perceive specific tastes even though no actual food or beverage is involved.Ohio State professor and study co-author Jinhua Li noted that chemical dimensions are still relatively underrepresented in virtual and augmented reality.Its a gap that needs to be filled and weve developed that with this, Li said in a statement.Humans test subjects were able to differentiate taste intensityThe researchers tested their new device on 10 volunteers and received mixed results. On the positive side, the test subjects were able to differentiate between various sour taste profile intensities with approximately 70 percent accuracy. The tests were less conclusive though when researchers asked participants to distinguish between flavors intended to represent cake, fried egg, coffee, and fish soup. That discrepancy is not necessarily due entirely to poor device performance though. Even in the physical world, taste is inherently subjective. Factors such as smell, memory, and visual cues can influence how we perceive food. Two people might experience the taste of the same meal slightly differently.Taste and smell are greatly related to human emotion and memory, Li added. So our sensor has to learn to capture, control, and store all that information.Yizhen Jia, a Ohio State University phd student and paper co-first author, told Popular Science the testing process led to some unexpected laboratory moments. Some volunteers were surprised to taste liquid seemingly resembling coffee coming out of a device that looked nothing like a normal coffee maker. Jia himself said he at one point gave himself a higher dose of citric acid in one experiment than expected and quickly realized they needed to dial it back down. Figuring out the right amount of chemicals to add and for what duration was a constant process of trial and error.Researchers combined common chemicals to replicate a taste sensation and then punished it through a hydrogel. Credit: The Ohio State University Interestingly, this is not the first attempt to bring taste sensations to VR. Last year, researchers from City University of Hong Kong developed a handheld, lollipop-like device designed to help people taste certain flavors in virtual reality settings. That device contained chemicals capable of producing nine different flavors. When a voltage was applied to its gel-like surface, the chemicals would travel upward as a liquid and mix with the users saliva, creating a facsimile of the intended virtual taste experience. Details about that device were published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.Bringing taste to VR might be new, but the practice of trying to add in more senses to media dates back nearly a century. In the 1930s, several theaters experimented with releasing fragrance into the air throughout films. A Swiss advertising executive named Hans Laube then patterned a new system dubbed Smell-O-Vision, which used a complex system of pipes in a movie theater to release perfumed scent during certain cued points in the performance. More recently, researchers from Japan designed an at home television they dubbed the smelling screen that used gel pellets to send out vaporized streams of scent towards viewers. And just last month, Sony teased a future system they are working on where users can walk into a cube-like platform surrounded by LED screens to play iconic PlayStation games like The Last Of Us. In addition to a 360-degree visual experience, Sony said players will also be able to smell aspects of their environment.The e-Taste researchers believe their device could also have applications beyond video games. Theoretically, the technology could one day allow users to virtually taste-test items before ordering them. Medical professionals might also use the device to remotely assess whether patients have lost certain aspects of taste, which could be an early indicator of illness. Additionally, the device could serve as an aid in reintroducing taste sensations to individuals with certain neurological disorders or illnesses, such as long COVID, that have impaired their ability to taste food.This concept is here, and it is a good first step toward becoming a small part of the metaverse, Li said.

Ive been a camera nerd for 20-ish years, and as a result, my photo archive takes up 12TB of space all by itself. Am I a photo hoarder? Yes. Am I willing to change? Absolutely not, especially when I can get a 20TB (thats terabytes, or 1,000 gigabytes) for $279. This is the largest consumer hard drive on the market at the moment and its just $20 more expensive than the 12TB version. Thats nearly doube the storage space for less than the price of an 11 p.m. Taco Bell order. These have been selling for $325 lately because they arent easy to get, so a deeper discount is a real treat.WD 20TB Elements Desktop External Hard Drive $279 (was $325)WD I have been using these drives as a supplement to my cloud storage for several years now. Theyre very simple. Its basically a Western Digital drive inside of a housing with a USB 3.0 port on it. Its a full-sized desktop drive inside, so it requires external power, but Ive owned probably 10 of these in recent years and havent had one fail. Theyre pre-formatted for Windows, but a quick, simple format makes them compatible with Macs as well.