This voice synthesizer connected directly to Ann's brain implant constantly translates outgoing neural signals into speech.Image: Noah Berger Researchers have developed a new method for intercepting neural signals from the brain of a person with paralysis and translating them into audible speechall in near real-time. The result is a brain-computer interface (BCI) system similar to an advanced version of Google Translate, but instead of converting one language to another, it deciphers neural data and transforms it into spoken sentences.Recent advancements in machine learning have enabled researchers to train AI voice synthesizers using recordings of the individuals own voice, making the generated speech more natural and personalized. Patients with paralysis have already used BCI to improve physical motor control function by controlling computer mice and prosthetic limbs. This particular system addresses a more specific subsection of patients who have also lost their capacity to speak. In testing, the paralyzed patient was able to silently read full text sentences, which were then converted into speech by the AI voice with a delay of less than 80 milliseconds.Results of the study were published this week in the journal Nature NeuroscienceOur streaming approach brings the same rapid speech decoding capacity of devices like Alexa and Siri to neuroprostheses, UC Berkeley professor and co-principal investigator of the study Gopala Anumanchipalli said in a statement. Using a similar type of algorithm, we found that we could decode neural data and, for the first time, enable near-synchronous voice streaming. The result is more naturalistic, fluent speech synthesis.How researchers analyzed brain signalsResearchers worked with a paralyzed woman named Ann, who lost her ability to speak following an unspecified accident. To collect neural data, the team implanted a 253-channel high-density electrocorticography (ECoG) array over the area of her brain responsible for speech motor control. They recorded her brain activity as she silently mouthed or mimed phrases displayed on a screen. Ann was ultimately presented with hundreds of sentences, all based on a limited vocabulary of 1,024 words. This initial data collection phase allowed researchers to begin decoding her thoughts.Credit: Cheol Jun Cho We are essentially intercepting signals where the thought is translated into articulation and in the middle of that motor control, study co-author Cheol Jun Cho said in a statement. So what were decoding is after a thought has happened, after weve decided what to say, after weve decided what words to use and how to move our vocal-tract muscles.The decoded neural data was then processed through a text-to-speech AI model trained on real voice recordings of Ann from before her injury. While various tools have long existed to help individuals with paralysis communicate, they are often too slow for natural, back-and-forth conversation. The late theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking, for example, used a computer and voice synthesizer to speak, but the systems limited interface allowed him to produce only 10 to 15 words per minute. More advanced brain-computer interface (BCI) models have significantly improved communication speed, but they have still struggled with input lag. A previous version of this AI model, developed by the same research team, for instance, had an average delay of eight seconds between decoding neural data and producing speech.This latest breakthrough reduced input delay to less than a secondan improvement researchers attribute to rapid advancements in machine learning across the tech industry in recent years. Unlike previous models, which waited for Ann to complete a full thought before translating it, this system continuously decodes speech while simultaneously vocalizing it. For Ann, this means she can now hear herself speak a sentence in her own voice within a second of thinking it.A video demonstration of the clinical trial shows Ann looking at the phrase you love me on a screen in front of her. Moments later, the AI modeltrained on her own voicespeaks the words aloud. Seconds after that, she successfully repeats the phrases so did you do it and where did you get this? Ann reportedly appreciated that the synthesized speech sounded like her own voice.Hearing her own voice in near-real time increased her sense of embodiment, Anumanchipalli said.Brain computer interfaces are leaving the laboratoryThis advancement comes as BCIs are gaining public recognition. Neuralink, founded by Elon Musk in 2016, has already successfully implanted its BCI device in three human patients. The first, a 30-year-old man named Noland Arbaugh with quadriplegia, says the device has allowed him to control a computer mouse and play video games using only his thoughts. Since then, Neuralink has upgraded the system with more electrodes, which the company says should provide greater bandwidth and longer battery life. Neuralink recently received a special designation from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to explore a similar device aimed at restoring eyesight. Meanwhile, Synchron, another leading BCI company, recently demonstrated that a patient living with ALS could operate an Apple Vision Pro mixed reality headset using only neural inputs.Using this type of enhanced reality is so impactful and I can imagine it would be for others in my position or others who have lost the ability to engage in their day-to-day life, a Synchron patient with ALS named Mark said in a statement. It can transport you to places you never thought youd see or experience again.Though the field is mostly dominated by US startups, other countries are catching up. Just this week, a Chinese BCI company called NeuCyber NeuroTech announced it had inserted its own semi-invasive BCI chip into three patients over the past month. The company, according to Reuters, plans to implant its Beinao No.1 device into 10 more patients by the end of the year.All of that said, it will still take time before BCIs can meaningfully bring back conversational dialogue in day-to-day life for those who no longer have the capacity for speech. The California researchers say their next steps involve improving their interception methods and AI models to better reflect changes in vocal tone and pitch, two elements crucial for communicating emotion. They are also working on bringing their already low latency down even further.Thats ongoing work, to try to see how well we can actually decode these paralinguistic features from brain activity, UC Berkeley PhD student and paper co-author Kaylo Littlejohn said.

This copy of 'The Canterbury Tales' was produced in the 1430s. Credit: Brigade Piron / Wikipedia CommonsEvery book was a laborious project during the Middle Ages. And according to a first-of-its-kind quantitative review, more than a few of them were penned by women.Experts estimate medieval scribes produced over 10 million manuscripts between 400-1500 CE, each one painstakingly copied, illustrated, and bound by hand. Only around 750,000 still exist today, but there is still plenty to learn from the surviving artifacts, as well as the artisans who created them. But while most books were written by monks hunched over desks in monastery scriptoriums for hours at a time, that wasnt always the case. The striking historical revisions are detailed by researchers from Norways University of Bergen in a study published last month in Humanities and Social Sciences Communications.The authors noted that while previous studies examined gender roles in monastic scriptoria, none attempted to calculate how many women contributed to these intense undertakings. To begin their study, the team relied on a common section found in most medieval manuscripts called a colophon. Ostensibly a publishers biography, scribes often included colophons at the end of books to record their name, who commissioned the project, date of production, and sometimes even a short reflection statement.The full text of this colophon reads: Ego Birgitta filia sighfusi soror conventualis in monasterio munkalijff prope Bergis scripsi hunc psalterium cum litteris capitalibus licet minus bene quam debui, orate pro peccatrice (I, Birgitta Sigfuss daughter, nun in the monastery Munkeliv at Bergen wrote this psalter with initials, although not as well as I ought. Pray for me, a sinner). The colophon has entry number 2235 in the Benedictine collection. Credit: . Ommundsen et al., Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (2025) First, researchers turned to an existing catalogue of Benedictine colophons, reviewing all 23,774 entries for linguistic confirmations of gender. A total of 254 were linked to female scribes, with 204 featuring the names of the women themselves. This comes out to roughly 1.1 percent of the Benedictine databases books.Using existing estimates for manuscript production and loss we may infer, under the assumption that the estimates are valid, that at least 110,000 manuscripts were copied by female scribes, of which around 8,000 should still exist, the researchers wrote.While a modest number, researchers cautioned their estimate is likely lower than the actual total. Many women may have purposefully omitted their gender or name in their colophons, or simply did not include them at all. Meanwhile, varying manuscript survival rates across geographies could also have skewed the data.One thing is almost certain: the number of known female scriptoria described in existing records likely could not have produced all of the estimated 110,000 women-penned manuscripts. Because of this, the team believes their investigation strongly suggests that there are female book-producing communities not yet identified. Another possibility is that there simply may have been many more female scribes, than we thought.Our study should be seen as a first step, opening new perspectives, wrote the authors.

A skull of Buettnererpeton bakeri 'sees' the light for the first time in 230 million years. This side of the specimen was uncovered in the fossil preparation lab at the University of Wisconsin Geology Museum. Credit: Dave LovelaceA fossil trove uncovered in Wyoming is providing some of the best examples yet of an ancient species of alligator-sized amphibians. But while paleontologists describe the specimens as exquisitely preserved, the reason behind their rapid die-off remains a mystery. The find is detailed in a study published April 2 in the journal PLOS One.Metoposaurid tenospondyls are some of the earliest ancestors of todays frogs, toads, and salamanders. The oldest known species in North America, Buettnererpeton bakeri, existed exclusively on the continent during the Triassic era around 230 million years ago. The squat, four-legged animal lurked in freshwater ponds, rivers, and lakes, where it fed on essentially anything it could fit into its mouth.Like other metoposaurids, it probably spent most, if not all, of its life in the water eating fish, other amphibians, or anything unfortunate enough to venture too far into the water, University of Wisconsin-Madison paleolontologists and study co-authors Dave Lovelace and Aaron Kufner told Popular Science.Beyond that, not much is known about Buettnererpeton due to the scarcity of fossils. But according to Lovelace and Kufner, that may soon change thanks to their excavation work on the ancient floodplain site Nobby Knob in Dubois, Wyoming. There, paleontologists found dozens of fossilized Buettnererpeton remainsmore than doubling the total number of known specimens. But these Triassic age amphibian fossils didnt accumulate over decades or centuries. Instead, they appear to have died during a single mass mortality event.Dozens of specimens were discovered in Wyoming. Credit: Lovelace, Kufner, et al. It was a local die-off like we see when rivers dry up, or when lakes have influxes of nutrients that cause algae blooms, both of which can kill off aquatic life like fish, Lovelace and Kufner explained.This particular die-off evidence stands out from others due to the rock in which it was found. The fine-grained soil and layered sediments indicate a low energy or calm depositional environment, meaning a lack of strong currents. Thanks to this, many of the skeletons are largely intact and well-preserved.There are some articulated bones that are nearly absent in other metoposaurid bone beds in North America, and completely unknown for Buettnererpeton, said the paleontologists.New details include the discovery of articulated toothy plates that were embedded in the soft tissue of Buettnererpetons mouth, as well as the unique way other fossils formed.They all lack any evidence of the calcium carbonate that would have formed most of their [fossil] shell What seems to have happened is that the calcium carbonate dissolved after they were buried, and the outer organic layer (which helps prevent the shell from dissolving in freshwater during life) left an impression as the mud turned to rock then was later lost, they explained.According to the studys authors, the mass burial was likely due to the existence of a nearby Buettnererpeton breeding colony, or a drought-induced restricted waterway that concentrated them together before they died.This assemblage is a snapshot of a single population rather than an accumulation over time, Kufner said in a separate statement.The research team hopes their excavation work and taphonomic analysis (the study of an organisms death and subsequent preservation) will lead to future examinations of the site. Further studies may also increase our understanding of Buettnererpeton and the environment in which it lived.Taphonomic studies are commonplace today and much more common than they were over 50 years ago thanks to the work of dozens if not hundreds of geologists and paleontologists, said Kufner and Lovelace, adding, There is plenty still to be done!

The minuscule pacemaker also safely dissolves over time. Credit: John Rogers / Northwestern UniversityA dissolvable pacemaker thats smaller than a grain of rice and powered by light could become an invaluable tool for saving the lives of newborn infants., The device can be implanted noninvasively via syringe, and may also be useful for adult patients dealing with certain heart defects. The medical breakthrough is detailed in a study published April 2 in Nature.Roughly one percent of infants are born with heart defects every year. The majority of these cases only require a temporary implant for about seven days to allow time for the heart to naturally self-repair. But for low-resource regions of the world lacking access to advanced medical care, what should be a simple procedure can often end in tragedy. Meanwhile, the current standard for temporary pacemakers in adults also presents difficulties. Most procedures involve surgeons sewing electrodes directly onto the heart, then attaching those electrodes to an external pacing box using wires that exit a patients chest. Doctors remove the electrodes once they are no longer needed, but post-surgery risks include infection, damaged tissue, dislodgment, and blood clots. The wires sometimes also become encased in scar tissue, presenting further complications.Thats actually how Neil Armstrong died. He had a temporary pacemaker after a bypass surgery. When the wires were removed, he experienced internal bleeding, experimental cardiologist and study co-lead Igor Efimov explained in a statement.In 2021, a Northwestern University team including Efimov unveiled a quarter-sized, biodegradable temporary pacemaker without cumbersome batteries, rigid components, or wiring. The device relies on near-field communication protocols similar to those used in RFID tags and smartphones to complete electronic payments. For this to work, however, the pacemaker needed to include a built-in antenna to relay radio frequency commands.When the wearable device (left) detects an irregular heartbeat, it emits light to activate the pacemaker.These short pulseswhich penetrate through the patients skin, breastbone and musclescontrol the pacing. Credit: John Rogers / Northwestern University Our original pacemaker worked well. It was thin, flexible and fully resorbable. But the size of its receiver antenna limited our ability to miniaturize it, said its co-creator and bioelectronics pioneer John Rogers.Rogers, Efimov, and collaborators spent the next few years researching ways to shrink their temporary pacemaker to even smaller proportions. They eventually realized they could swap out the radio antenna for a design that instead relies on light-based data transmission. They also replaced the original devices near-field communication power source with a galvanic cella type of battery that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. In the new version, the pacemaker relies on two metal electrodes that generate an electrical current after interacting with surrounding biofluids. This current is then directed to stimulate and regulate the heart through a miniscule, infrared light-activated switch installed on the batterys opposite side.From left to right: Traditional pacemaker, leadless pacemaker, and new bioresorbable pacemaker. Credit: John Rogers / Northwestern University Infrared light penetrates very well through the body, said Efimov. If you put a flashlight against your palm, you will see the light glow through the other side of your hand. It turns out that our bodies are great conductors of light.Because the human heart requires only a small amount of electrical stimulation, researchers were able to shrink their next-generation pacemaker even smaller. The final result is a 1-millimeter-thick device measuring just 1.8 mm wide and 3.5 mm long that is still capable of delivering as much electrical stimulation as a standard pacemaker.We have developed what is, to our knowledge, the worlds smallest pacemaker, Rogers said.Given its materials safely dissolve over time, the pacemaker also doesnt require any follow-up invasive surgery to remove it. This dramatically cuts down on the potential for post-op complications and trauma.But why stop at just one miniature pacemaker? Efimov, Rogers, and collaborators believe that further advancements could allow the deployment of multiple devices across the heart. Once implanted, designers could coordinate them to move independently or together based on specific light wavelengths. This could lead to more complex synchronization therapies, including those that treat arrhythmias.We also could incorporate our pacemakers into other medical devices like heart valve replacements, which can cause heart block, suggested Efimov.The devices size also means it can be incorporated into other implantable tools such as transcatheter aortic valve replacements, pain inhibitors, as well as nerve and bone restoration techniques. These future possibilities, however, all trace back to the teams original goal.Our major motivation was children, said Efimov. Now, we can place this tiny pacemaker on a childs heart and stimulate it with a soft, gentle, wearable device.

The brain and the but are very connected. CREDIT: Getty Images. If you get food poisoning after eating eggs, theres a good chance that it will take awhile before you can even handle the thought of eating a nice savory omelet again. That food aversion can be really strong. Now, a team of neuroscientists studying mice have found the exact memory hub in their brain that is responsible for this reaction. The findings are detailed in a study published April 2 in the journal Nature and could lead to future clinical treatments.One-shot learning vs. the meal-to-malaise delayInstead of learning through repeated trial and error or experiences, one-shot learning is when a single experience creates a lasting memory in the brain. It is most commonly associated with traumatic events that lead to anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and psychosis.Something similar can happen with a food poisoning experience and it is all too common. The CDC estimates that food poisoning sickens 48 million people in the United States every year.I havent had food poisoning in a while, but now whenever I talk to people at meetings, I hear all about their food poisoning experiences, Christopher Zimmerman, a study co-author and lead postdoctoral fellow at the Princeton Neuroscience Institute (PNI) at Princeton University, said in a statement.While this kind of one-shot learning is common with food poisoningand makes logical sensethe time gap involved has puzzled scientists. Unlike touching something hot and feeling immediate pain, food poisoning involves a significant delay between when the contaminated food is eaten and getting sick. Zimmerman calls this the meal-to-malaise delay.Drinking the Kool-AidFor a closer look at the brain mechanisms behind avoiding certain sickening foods, Zimmerman turned to an item that might be sitting in your kitchen pantrygrape Kool-Aid. The lab mice had never had this specific flavor and were asked to try it.Its a better model for how we actually learn, Zimmerman said. Normally, scientists in the field will use sugar alone, but thats not a normal flavor that you would encounter in a meal. Kool-Aid, while its still not typical, is a little bit closer since it has more dimensions to its flavor profile.The mice eventually learned that poking their nose in a special area of their cage would deliver a drop of Kool-Aid. Thirty minutes after their first taste, the mice received a one-time injection which caused a temporary food poisoning-like illness.When the mice were offered a choice two days later, the mice strongly avoided the once-appealing purple drink and preferred plain water.Into the central amygdalaWhat stuck out to Zimmerman and study co-author and Princeton neuroscientist Ilana Witten is where in the brain this juice/illness association is found: the central amygdala. This small group of cells towards the bottom of the brain is involved in emotion and fear learning. It also processes a great deal of information from our environment, including both smell and taste.If you look across the entire brain, at where novel versus familiar flavors are represented, the amygdala turns out to be a really interesting place because its preferentially activated by novel flavors at every stage in learning, Zimmerman said. Its active when the mouse is drinking, when the mouse is feeling sick later, and then when the mouse retrieves that negative memory days later.According to the team, these results show how critical the central amygdala is at every step along the way of learning.They then traced how illness signals from the gut reach the brain. Using hints from previous research, they identified specialized hindbrain cells that have a specific protein called Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) and is directly connected to the central amygdala. Stimulating these cells 30 minutes after a mouses Kool-Aid experience re-created the same aversion as real food poisoning. Feeling sick also caused the Kool-Aid-activated neurons to reactivate.It was as if the mice were thinking back and remembering the prior experience that caused them to later feel sick, Witten said in a statement. It was very cool to see this unfolding at the level of individual neurons.Leveraging memory recallThe team suspects that new flavors may tag certain brain cells to stay sensitive to illness signals for hours after eating. This tag allows those cells to be specifically reactivated by sickness and connect a cause and effect despite the time delay.According to the team, this type of research opens up new ways of understanding how the brain forms connections between a variety of distant events.Often when we learn in the real world, theres a long delay between whatever choice weve made and the outcome. But thats not typically studied in the lab, so we dont really understand the neural mechanisms that support this kind of long delay learning, Zimmerman said. Our hope is that these findings will provide a framework for thinking about how the brain might leverage memory recall to solve this learning problem in other situations.

TL;DR: A calming, Montessori-inspired app that makes screen time smarterGet a lifetime subscription to Pok Pok for 76% offScreen time isnt going anywhere. But not all screen time has to mean loud noises, flashing lights, or kids glued to an iPad watching cartoons. Pok Pok is an award-winning app made by parents, for parentsand its designed actually to help your child grow while they play.Instead of games that hype kids up or frustrate them when they lose, Pok Pok takes a Montessori-based approach. That means kids lead the way, learning through curiosity and problem-solving instead of points, prizes, or timers. Its screen time that feels more like playtimejust quiet, thoughtful, and educational.Why parents love Pok PokNo ads, no stress: There are zero ads and nothing to buy in the app, so your child wont get tricked into clicking anything they shouldntLow-stimulation design: Hand-drawn art and calm sound effects make it peacefulno loud music, jump cuts, or fast-paced actionNo levels or scores: Kids arent pressured to win or beat the app. They explore at their own pace and build confidence naturallyOffline play: Download games ahead of time so kids can play without Wi-Fi; perfect for travel or quiet moments at homeNew content all the time: Regular updates add new toys and activities so the app grows with your childScience-backed learning: Based on Montessori education, which has been shown to support creativity, focus, independence, and lifelong learning skillsWhether youre traveling, working from home, or need a quieter moment than thirty minutes of Paw Patrol can provide, Pok Pok offers screen time you can feel good aboutand your kid will love.Get lifetime access to Pok Pok for $59.99 (Reg. $250) and help your child play smarter, not louder.StackSocial prices subject to change.Pok Pok: Lifetime Subscription $59.99See Deal

Home printers and scanners had their momentaround the same time flip phones did. But in 2025, nobodys dragging out a giant machine just to digitize a couple forms. Instead, theyre swapping out those dusty relics for a powerful little app called iScanner.This mobile document scanner fits in your pocket, fires up instantly, and doesnt charge you monthly. Even better? You can grab lifetime access for just $24.99 with code SCAN at checkout while codes last (reg. $39.99). Last time we ran this deal, they sold out within the dayso act fast if youre interested.Point, shoot, and scaniScanner turns your iPhone or iPad into a fast, accurate scanner with tools that detect page edges, fix angles, and flatten curves automatically. Honestly, it puts your old scanner to shame.This mobile scanner app only takes three simple steps to digitize any document, receipt, ID card, or contract:Hold your device above the paperThe app automatically grabs a captureAI tools give you a perfect scan every timeEdit PDFs on the goIts the most wonderful time of the year (not): tax season. Youve probably already found yourself needing a mobile PDF editor for tax forms, and now youll always have one. Or, when you get sent a contract to sign, you can do it right from your iPhoneno matter where you are.iScanner also has the unique ability to solve math problems, measure object length, or calculate the area of rooms, only by capturing or uploading photos. Its like having a mini know-it-all in your back pocket.Use code SCAN to get an iScanner lifetime subscription for $24.99 before were sold out of codes (reg. $39.99). Remember: we expect these to sell out fast.StackSocial prices subject to change.iScanner App: Lifetime SubscriptionSee Deal

The names for two internet-famous eagle chicks have officially been announced. The eaglet formerly known as Bigger Chick is named Sunny and Smaller Chick is now Gizmo. Sunny and Gizmo joined mom Jackie and dad Shadow on their nest overlooking Big Bear Lake in the San Bernardino mountains east of Los Angeles, California in March. The nest is monitored by cameras 24/7 by nonprofit organization Friends of Big Bear Valley (FOBBV).According to FOBBV, over 54,000 names were submitted. The third, fourth, and fifth grade classes at Big Bear Valley elementary schools voted on the new names on April 1. They chose from 31 names including Skye, Crackle, Talon, Blaze, and Bell. In 2022, Jackie and Shadows chick named Spirit from the 10,000 names that were submitted. The tradition of having these youngsters choose the name goes back to Jackies parents Ricky and Lucy.The third graders always study eagles, FOBBV executive director Sandy Steers tells Popular Science. A biologist who has since retired, but was at the Forest Service, was talking about eagles with the third graders. She had that connection and put this in place.The eaglets are starting to grow into their feathers. CREDIT: FOBBV. According to FOBBV, a DNA test is the only way to positively determine the sex in bald eagles. The team may or may not guess at the sex when the eaglets are 10 weeks of old based on their size, vocal pitch, and other visual characteristics.Eagle parents Jackie and Shadow tending to their new chicks. CREDIT: FOBBV. For the tens of thousands of viewers who have been following this journey via a 24-hour livecam, its been an emotional rollercoaster. After three eggs failed to hatch in 2024, three eggs appeared in the nest. Chick 1 hatched late on March 3, followed by Chick 2 early on March 4, and Chick 3 hatched on March 8. On the evening of March 13, a snowstorm hit the area dumping up to two feet of snow and pummeling the nest with strong winds. On the morning of March 14, only two of the chicks were visible on the live cam. FOBBV later confirmed the passing of one of the chicks.FOBBV believes that Chick 1 died based on foot size and the amount of thermal down feathers in the other two eaglets. The deceased chick has since been named Misty in honor of Kathi Misterly, an FOBBV volunteer who passed away after a battle with cancer.The post Jackie and Shadows eaglets officially named. Meet Sunny and Gizmo. appeared first on Popular Science.

Forget the crouch! Staying outdoors during a thunderstorm only prolongs your risk of being struck by lightning. The best plan of action is to move as fast as you can to a safer place when thunderstorm conditions are present. CREDIT: National Lighting Safety Council and Deposit Photos. As storm season gets underway in much of the United States, the National Lighting Safety Council is spreading awareness about some outdated safety information. The crouchwhere you sit in a crouched squatting position with your hands over your headis not the best course of action during a thunder and lightning storm.If youre caught outside during a thunderstorm, the best plan of action is to move as fast as you can to a safer place, John Jensenius, a lightning safety specialist with the National Lightning Safety Council, said in a statement. The sooner you get to a safe place, the less risk youll face. Crouching only prolongs the risk of being struck. The best plan of action is to move as fast as you can to a safer place when thunderstorm conditions are present. CREDIT: National Lighting Safety Council. A 2008 analysis from the National Weather Service and National Lighting Safety Council found that the crouch had no effect in preventing injuries from lightning strikes. The updated guidance is simply When thunder roars, go indoors!When it comes down to it, practicing lightning safety is a minor inconvenience that just might save your life, said Jensenius.According to NOAA, there can be as many as 2,000 thunderstorms occurring across the globe at any given time. This translates to more than 14.5 million storms each year and NASA satellite data indicates that these storms produce lightning flashes about 40 times per second. Lightning kills 20 to 30 people on average and injures hundreds more every year in the US. A total of 12 fatalities were reported to the National Lighting Safety Council in 2024.Some other important safety measures include monitoring weather conditions, planning outdoor events around storms, and getting to a safe place before the weather becomes threatening. Hard topped vehicles and substantial buildings are safe options. Small sheds, rain shelters, and vehicles with open tops are not considered safe.Get the Popular Science newsletter Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy.If your hair starts to stand up, shows signs of static electricity, or you feel a tingling sensation on your skin, it is a sign that an electrical charge is building and to seek shelter immediately. Other signs that lightning is near is the sound of thunder, a metallic smell in the air, and dark clouds.Once inside, dont touch anything that is plugged into an electrical outlet, plumbing, and corded phones. Stay away from outside doors and windows and do not lie on the floor of a garage.

We may earn revenue from the products available on this page and participate in affiliate programs. Learn more Finding the right pair of sunglasses isnt just about styleespecially for seniors. As we age, our eyes become increasingly susceptible to UV damage, glare, and other vision challenges. According to Dr. William McLaughlin, an optometrist at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, UV protection is most helpful in reducing the contributing effects on cataract formation and macular degeneration. This makes choosing the best sunglasses essential for maintaining eye health.Choosing accessories for seniors, from smartwatches to sunglasses, requires considering certain factors. Whether youre selecting sunglasses for yourself or as a gift for a parent, this guide will walk you through the most important features, including UV protection, lens types, frame styles, comfort and coatings, and budget. With the right pair, like our best overall, the Kaenon Truckee ULTRA Glass Polarized Sunglasses, seniors can protect their vision while staying stylish and comfortable in any outdoor setting.Best overall: Kaenon Truckee ULTRA Glass Polarized SunglassesBest budget: TAC Polarized Lens Fit Over SunglassesBest splurge: Flynn by American OpticalBest for sport: Oakley Sutro S SunglassesHow we chose the best sunglasses for seniorsOur best sunglasses for seniors recommendations are based on extensive research. We spoke with eye care experts Dr. William McLaughlin, an optometrist at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, and Dr. Esther Ko, an associate optometrist at Walmart in Philadelphia, Pa., to get their recommendations and advice on choosing the best sunglasses for seniors. We then surveyed peer recommendations, reviews, and user impressions to create a list of contenders and put them through their paces. Read on to find the best sunglasses for seniors that offer comfort, UV protection, and affordability for clear vision and eye health.The best sunglasses for seniors: Reviews & RecommendationsPeople often think about sunscreen as the weather warms, but sun damage happens to your eyes, too. Thats why looking for the perfect pair of sunglasses for comfort and eye protection as you age is vital. Weve got you covered with top-rated options specifically for seniors. Let our comprehensive suggestions help you find the best fit for style, UV protection, and all-day wear, tailored to the unique needs of aging eyes.Best overall: Kaenon Truckee ULTRA Glass Polarized SunglassesKaenon ProsComfortable wraparound design with corrosion-resistant spring hingesPolarized glass lenses for enhanced eye protectionDurable and ideal for outdoor activities like boating and beach daysConsDesigned primarily for larger face sizesGlass lenses may be heavier than other materialsSpecsPolarized: YesLens Tints: Ultra Gray 12Lens Material: GlassWhy it made the cut: The Truckee sunglasses offer comfort, durability, and polarized lenses, making them ideal for senior outdoor activities.Our top-rated choice for sunglasses for seniors is the Kaenon Truckee ULTRA Glass Polarized Sunglasses. These stylish frames are handmade in Japan and offer premium comfort and clear vision, thanks to the hyper-clear polarized lenses. They can be worn on any occasion and help eliminate glare to provide unparalleled visual clarity. The lightweight yet durable design ensures all-day comfort, while the wraparound style offers enhanced protection from UV rays. Whether youre driving, enjoying outdoor activities, or simply running errands, these sunglasses deliver top-tier performance with a sleek look.You can choose between blue, green, and gray tints for crystal-clear vision. Different tint colors can enhance vision in various ways, including:GrayMaintains true color perception and reduces overall brightness.Brown/AmberEnhances contrast and depth perception, great for outdoor activities like golfing and fishing.Yellow/GoldImproves contrast in low-light or foggy conditions, often used for driving or sports.GreenEnhances contrast while maintaining some color accuracy, good for general outdoor use.Blue/PurpleReduces glare and enhances contours, often chosen for style.Rose/RedImproves contrast and depth perception, sometimes used for snow sports.However, Dr. Ko reminds us that tints alone do not provide UV protection so, when in doubt, always select sunglasses with UV protection.These frames are on the larger size and may overwhelm people with smaller faces, including some women. Still, they remain the best value for their comfort, durability, polarized lenses, and design.Best budget: TAC Polarized Lens Fit Over SunglassesTAC ProsPolarized lenses and UV protectionLightweight and impact-resistantAffordable price with soft pouch includedConsHave to carry two pairs of glassesFit-over design might not suit all styles or preferencesSpecsPolarized: YesUV Protection: UV 400 ProtectionLens Material: PolycarbonateWhy it made the cut: The TAC Polarized Fit Over Sunglasses offer convenient UV protection, clarity, and durability at a very affordable price.Simply slide these fit over sunglasses on top of your regular eyeglasses, and youll have sun protection and clear vision from your prescription lenses in what Dr. Ko describes as an affordable and flexible option. This allows you to wear your doctor-recommended lenses and still have sun protection without having to purchase expensive prescription sunglasses or photochromic lenses (transition lenses) that automatically darken when exposed to sunlight and return to clear indoors.Another benefit is that they cover a wider part of your eye, which Dr. McLaughlin says is crucial: Seniors should consider a frame style that covers not only the eye but most of the surrounding orbital area to protect the skin from sun damage.As the price point is so low (under $20), you could even stash a pair in the car and another at home to make sure you always have sun protection for your eyes. However, remember that fit-over sunglasses are often seen as practical but bulky, with a design that some may perceive as outdated or less stylish.Best splurge: Flynn by American OpticalAmerican Opticals ProsAO Polarized lensesLightweight and impact-resistantConsHigher price point compared to other sunglassesSpecsPolarized: YesUV Protection: 100% UVA/UVB protectionLens Tints: True-Color GrayWhy it made the cut: These Flynn sunglasses combine classic style with modern technology, offering polarized lenses and superior eye protection.These sunglasses are inspired by U.S. military pilot designs but offer a more modern, youthful look compared to many styles made specifically for older adults. The acetate side shield helps to block the sun from all angles, offering sun protection and clear vision even in very bright conditions. Additionally, the gray tint helps to reduce eye fatigue and features anti-reflective and anti-smudge technology.You can choose these glasses in either non-polarized or for $40 more opt for polarized lenses, which could be worth the investment as, according to Dr. Ko, Polarized lenses are a great addition to reduce glare, especially near water, and pavement, snow, sand, and other highly reflective surfaces. She cautions that polarization does not provide UV protection, so double-checking labels is essential. Weve done that for you with this choice, which at $260 offers 100% UVA/UVB protection in a high-quality pair of sunglasses that will last and are sure to be complimented.Best for sport: Oakley Sutro S SunglassesOakley ProsExtra-large lenses provide optimized peripheral vision and full coverageLightweight frameConsHigher price point for sports eyewearCasual, larger frame style may not appeal to everyoneSpecsPolarized: Oakley Prizm lensesUV Protection: 100% UVA/UVB protectionLens Material: PolycarbonateWhy it made the cut: Specifically designed for sports, the Oakley Sutro S sunglasses offer superior coverage, comfort, and enhanced visual clarity.These sunglasses are made for active lifestyles and offer great eye protection and clear vision while biking, golfing, hiking, and living your outdoor adventures. They are lightweight and exceptionally comfortable, featuring specially designed nose pads that provide a more secure grip as perspiration increases. Dr. Esther Ko explains, Large, wraparound sunglasses offer the most UV protection by covering more of the eyes and face. Lightweight materials help enhance comfort for extended wear, while nose pads ensure a customized fit.You can choose from seven different colored tints, each with Prizm lens technology that promises to enhance color, contrast, and details. Dr. McLaughlin notes, An amber tint is ideal for enhancing contrast while golfing, while a yellow tint, which boosts contrast, is sometimes recommended for shooters.The lenses are highly durable, essential during sports and outdoor adventures. While no glasses are indestructible, polycarbonate plastic lenses are highly impact-resistant over glass which can shatter, says Dr. Ko.However, these sunglasses have a distinctive oversized, sporty look that will not suit everyone or be appropriate for all outdoor occasions.What to consider when choosing sunglasses for seniorsDr. Esther Ko, an associate optometrist at Walmart in Philadelphia, Pa., reemphasizes the importance of UV protection, recommending that seniors choose sunglasses with a UV400 rating or labeled as 100% UV protection. Sunglasses block harmful UV rays and minimize risk factors for ocular diseases such as cataracts, pterygiums, and macular degeneration. The Glaucoma Research Foundation states that many people over 60 have glaucoma or cataracts and that long-term exposure to UV rays can damage the eyes surface and internal structures, sometimes contributing to cataracts and macular degeneration.Experts also recommend that seniors choose wraparound sunglasses with anti-reflective coatings and amber-tinted lenses to help reduce glare. Additionally, the American Academy of Ophthalmology notes that yellow-tinted lenses may improve contrast sensitivity for individuals with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), making it easier to distinguish between colors. However, they caution against wearing tinted lenses at night or in low-light conditions as they can reduce overall visibility.Comfort and durability matter, too. Wraparound styles give the best UV protection by covering more of your face, while lightweight materials and adjustable nose pads help keep them comfy for long wear. Clip-ons, fit-over sunglasses, or prescription shades are all great options for extra convenience and protection if you wear prescription glasses.UV protectionLook for sunglasses with 100% UV protection to shield eyes from harmful rays and reduce the risk of eye conditions like cataracts.Comfort and fitChoose sunglasses with adjustable nose pads and lightweight frames for all-day comfort. A snug fit is crucial to prevent slippage.Lens typeConsider polarized lenses for enhanced glare reduction and better visual clarity, especially for outdoor activities like driving or walking.Frame styleSelect a frame style that suits the wearers personal taste while providing adequate coverage. Wraparound frames offer extra protection from the suns rays.Prescription compatibilityIf someone wears prescription glasses, look for sunglasses that fit over regular glasses or choose frames that can accommodate prescription lenses.DurabilityChoose durable materials, such as acetate or titanium, to ensure longevity, especially if someone frequently wears sunglasses.FAQsQ: Why is UV protection important for seniors? UV protection helps prevent eye conditions like cataracts and macular degeneration, which are increasingly common with age. Q: What type of lenses are best for reducing glare? Polarized lenses are the best for reducing glare, especially when driving or being outdoors in bright light, providing clearer vision and improved comfort. Q: Can seniors wear prescription glasses with sunglasses? Yes, choose sunglasses that fit over prescription glasses or frames that accommodate prescription lenses. Q: What frame styles are best for seniors? Look for lightweight, comfortable frames with good coverage, such as wraparound styles for added sun protection. Q: What should I consider if buying sunglasses as a gift? Consider comfort, UV protection, and style preferences when selecting sunglasses for a senior as a gift. Final thoughts on the best sunglasses for seniorsBest overall: Kaenon Truckee ULTRA Glass Polarized SunglassesBest budget: TAC Polarized Lens Fit Over SunglassesBest splurge: Flynn by American OpticalBest for sport: Oakley Sutro S SunglassesWeve highlighted sunglasses for seniors that combine lightweight frames and advanced UV protection for improved comfort and safety. Our top pick for overall performance is the Kaenon Truckee ULTRA Glass Polarized Sunglasses, offering an exceptional blend of style, comfort, and protection. These sunglasses stand out for their polarized glass lenses, which provide enhanced eye protection and crystal-clear vision, making them perfect for various outdoor activities like boating, hiking, and beach outings. The lightweight, durable design ensures all-day comfort, while the comfortable wraparound style delivers superior UV protection. Once you consider your specific needs, were confident youll find the perfect pair for yourself or as a thoughtful gift for a loved one.

Graves like this one contained the bodies of sacrificed adolescents in a remote region of Mesopotamia. Credit: Baur Hyk Research Project / Cambridge Archaeological JournalA roughly 4,800-year-old royal Mesopotamian cemetery in eastern Turkey appears to complicate existing theories about how some Bronze Age societies shifted from egalitarianism to more rigid class structures. While more analysis is required, the implications may provide a more nuanced understanding of how social inequality codified among some of the earliest known civilizations. Regardless of the ultimate explanation, one thing appears clear about the new find according to a study published on March 17 in the Cambridge Archeological Journal: human sacrifices were part of it.The recent discoveries were made at Baur Hyk, a Bronze Age settlement dating back to around 3300 BCE and located in present-day Turkeys eastern province of Siirt. Baur Hyk includes what may be some of the regions earliest known royal burial tombs. However, the finds dont make much sense given what experts understand of early Mesopotamia. It all comes down to location. Baur Hyk wasnt a major cultural center; it was located on the Bronze Age societys periphery.Nevertheless, the tombs were filled with dozens of metal items and weapons, including gold and silver jewelry along with bronze daggers and spearheads. These possibly suggest that privileged kingship and warrior aristocracies had access to both resources and technologies in a region that isnt traditionally associated with luxury. But its the biological remains at a palace complex called Arslantepe that provide some of the starkestand violentevidence that supports historical reevaluation.Arslantepe is located on Turkeys Maltya Plain far from lowland Mesopotamias urban centers. In addition to these luxury items, the tomb burial complex also contains evidence of human sacrifices. More specifically, many of the victims appear to be adolescent girls aged 12 to 16 years old and dressed in clothing made from foreign materials. They were also placed in an adjacent room to the main body, indicating some kind of hierarchical arrangement. While it may be tempting for modern minds to leap to certain conclusions, the authors cautioned that there are still numerous unknowns about these Bronze Age cultures.Get the Popular Science newsletter Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy.It is tempting, on this basis, to begin speculating about the existence of male warrior cults or initiation groups at the dawn of the Bronze Age, the team wrote in the study. However, it is important to note that determinations of sex show a mixture of males and females, and perhaps even a preponderance of females in the early phases of the cemetery at Baur Hyk. The authors also added that they have so far found no clear correlation between a victims biological sex and their positioning.One of potentially many alternative lines of thought to consider about Baur Hyk goes into greater detail about the sacrificial victims possible roles in society. In this theory, charismatic kings and dynastic lineages began not with male warrior cults, but in ritual associations of youth among otherwise loosely ranked societal classes. In any case, the authors stressed that its important to resist forcing existing societal models onto an archeological find like Baur Hyk.The new picture is decidedly more complex and suggests that a linear trajectory from small-scale egalitarian to large-scale stratified societies may simply not exist there, they wrote. Instead, the most radical and enduring forms of inequalityincluding charismatic forms of kingshipmay have emerged first on a small scale, only later coming to occupy the civic domain.

There are a ton of great wireless soundbars out there, but the higher-end models can cost as much or even more than your TV itself. The lower-end models often lack the features you want, like Dolby Atmos. I typically recommend people look for a mid-tier model from a previous model year, as theyre usually available at super-low clearance prices. Thats whats happening now at Walmart with this Philips B8905 3.1.2 Channel Soundbar with Wireless Subwoofer. It retails for $449, but its just $98 right now until it sells out.Philips B8905 3.1.2 Channel Soundbar with Wireless Subwoofer $98 (was $449)PhilipsSee ItYoud expect to miss out on some essential features when spending $100 on a soundbar, but this kit has an impressive spec sheet for this clearance price. It comes with a full-sized soundbar with a dedicated center speaker to help emphasize dialogue. The wireless subwoofer connects easily and requires only a power cord to stay synced with the rest of the system. The B8905 supports Dolby Atmos virtual surround sound tech, so youll get an impressively immersive sound without scattering speakers and wires around your room. It has built-in Bluetooth for musical playback and 4K pass-through, as well as eARC HDMI technologies, so its versatile when it comes to customizing your setup. Nobody likes having a ton of remotes around, so you can simply control everything through one device.This isnt an entry-level device; its a mid-tier device at an entry-level price.The post Grab this $449 Philips soundbar with Dolby Atmos for just $98 on clearance at Walmart appeared first on Popular Science.

Dementia affects 1 in 10 Americans over 65.Image: Flavio Coelho/Getty Images Alzheimers diseases impact is growing as our population ages, but much of the diseases pathophysiology remains unclear. A study published last year in the journal Nature revealed a significant new finding about Alzheimers diseaseit could spread between individuals under unusual circumstances. The finding is one of several that link Alzheimers to rare prion diseases, a connection that could change how we prevent and treat dementia.A dangerous donationCraniopharyngioma is a benign brain tumor, meaning it isnt cancerous. However, these small growths, which squat in the base of the brain, still have devastating side effects. They open shop next to the pituitary gland, a source of critical hormones. In adults, this can affect sexual performance or menstrual cycles.Craniopharyngioma, illustration. Credit: VERONIKA ZAKHAROVA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY VERONIKA ZAKHAROVA/SCIENCE PHOTOIn children, the tumor can stunt growth in crucial years of life. Biologists found a breakthrough treatment for these children in the 1950shuman growth hormone. Usually released by the pituitary gland, the scientists found that human growth hormone could be extracted from other people and donated to those with craniopharyngioma. Donors could even give their hormones after death. However, over the 25 years that children received these donations, some patients lives changed for the worse.The problem with the treatment was one missing step. Most of the donation protocols required that clinicians sieve donated brain extract using a technique called size-exclusion chromatography. This separation ensured that large protein aggregates were absent from the final donation. One approach omitted this step, with disastrous consequences. Two hundred children developed Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)a rare prion disease that causes rapid brain damage and dementia. Since the donation protocols had not screened thePrP protein out of the donated samples, some of the patients were sickened.In response, the use of cadaver-derived growth hormone was immediately and permanently suspended. But prion diseases can take decades to emerge, so researchers have monitored affected children throughout the rest of their lives.That explains why it took until 2024 for scientists to realize that prion disease wasnt all that had slipped through the net.Alzheimers can be inducedThe 2024study led by University College London professor John Collinge reported on five growth hormone recipients who had developed Alzheimers disease pathology at incredibly young agesone at just 39 years old. Collinges group had previously reported that some of the growth hormone batches that four members of the group received had been contaminated with amyloid beta and tau, two proteins that are heavily implicated in the onset of Alzheimers disease. Lary Walker, a neurologist and neurodegenerative disease researcher at Emory University, has argued for decades that the way Alzheimers disease spreads in the brain mimics the march of prion proteins. Walker explains to Popular Science that colleagues had often received his experimental work with the same hesitancythat findings in animal models may not be replicable in humans. This new study shows that these findings are replicable, according toWalker. The paper indicates that actual Alzheimers disease can be induced in all of its manifestations in humans, Walker added.Richard Knight, a prion researcher at the University of Edinburgh, explains that prion diseases and other neurodegenerative conditions are linked by shared mechanisms. They all involve the deposition of an abnormally folded normal protein in the tissue, Knight tells Popular Science. The conditions also usually all begin in one specific brain area and spread.But prion diseases differ from other conditions in their aggressiveness. Knight, who worked in the field during the outbreaks of CJD that affected the UK in the 1990s, points out that the disease can progress at a terrifying rate. CJD could begin in the cerebellum, affecting coordination, but then affect the whole brain in weeks. Alzheimers disease might spread over a decade or more, Knight explains.Transmission and transfusionKnight says that the method of transmission that Collinge identified is extremely unusual, and theres no evidence that Alzheimers can spread through medical procedures used today. He also conceded that if Alzheimers could spread more easily, it would be much harder to notice.An exploratory 2023 study published in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine raised the troubling prospect that blood transfusions could possibly transmit the amyloid-linked disease cerebral amyloid angiopathy(CAA). Prion diseases like CJD may also be spread via blood transfusions. The study authors wrote that their results require replication to interpret correctly, but it would be hard to determine if either CAA or Alzheimers disease, can be transmitted this way.Prion disease is incredibly rare. Knight explains that when several blood donors and their recipients both went on to develop prion disease, it quickly became apparent that it was no coincidence. But when 40 percent of people over age 90 have dementia, it becomes much more challenging to work out which cases may have been transmitted via blood, a patients genetics, or environmental factors.Exploring how disease-causing proteins spread is essential work, which could help improve treatments by pointing researchers toward early biomarkers of disease. Understanding these proteins could also answer pressing questions about risk factors for these conditions. While Alzheimers isnt infectious like diseases from avirus or bacteria, establishing how this disease moves can help us stop it altogether in the future.

I carry a portable SSD with me everywhere I go. Its a great way to lug around lots of files without cluttering my laptops built-in drive. Right now, Amazon has a variety of Lexar SSDs and memory cards at deep discounts to make room for new models. The 2TB ES3 for $108 is the stand-out deal, but the rugged Armor series drives are also solidly discounted right now. Go grab one and back up your stuff before the computer gremlins take out your laptop and you lose your precious files.Lexar 2TB ES3 Portable SSD, Up to 1050MB/s Read and 1000 MB/s Write $108 (was $179)LexarSee ItThis compact drive weighs less than four ounces and can fit in basically any pocket or bag. Inside, however, it has the capacity for up to 2TB of files. That likely more than doubles your laptops storage for just over $100. It connects via USB-C, so it allows for fast transfers. If youre shooting photos or videos, you can keep them on the drive and edit straight off the SSD rather than cluttering up your computers built-in drive.This isnt a waterproof drive, but it is drop-proof up to two meters. The case also has advanced heat dispersion tech to keep the drive cool, even when performing large file transfers. At this price, this is an incredible little drive to keep as a backup or even to use as a Time Machine drive for your Mac computer.More Lexar portable SSD dealsLexar 2TB Armor 700 Portable SSD, Up to 2000MB/s, USB 3.2 Gen 22, Rugged, IP66 Water & Dust Resistance $149 (was $215)Lexar 4TB Armor 700 Portable SSD, Up to 2000MB/s, USB 3.2 Gen 22, Rugged, IP66 Water & Dust Resistance $268 (was $365)Lexar 2TB Professional Go Portable SSD w/Hub $224 (was $350)Lexar 1TB Professional Go Portable SSD w/Hub, Supports Apple 4K 60fps ProRes, Up to 1050MB/s $152 (was $239)Lexar portable USB-C hub dealLexar Professional Go Portable Hub, Four Type-C Ports $38 (was $49)Lexar memory card dealsLexar 128GB (2-Pack) Professional Silver Plus microSDXC Memory Card w/SD Adapter $23 (was $45)Lexar 256GB (2-Pack) Professional Silver Plus microSDXC Memory Card w/SD Adapter $37 (was $75)Lexar 1TB Play microSDXC Memory Card $87 (was $125)Lexar 512GB Play microSDXC Memory Card $43 (was $65)Lexar 1TB PLAY microSDXC Memory Card $63 (was $129)Lexar 256GB (2-PK) Professional SILVER PRO SDXC Memory Card $107 (was $140)Lexar 128GB (2-PK) Professional SILVER PRO SDXC Memory Card $56 (was $74)Lexar 128GB Professional SILVER PRO SDXC Memory Card $33 (was $49)Lexar 512GB Professional Silver SDXC Memory Card $51 (was $62)Lexar jump drive dealsLexar 512GB JumpDrive Dual Drive D400 USB 3.2 Type-C & Type-A Flash Drive $45 (was $72)Lexar 256GB JumpDrive Dual Drive D400 USB 3.2 Type-C & Type-A Flash Drive $25 (was $36)Lexar 128GB JumpDrive M400 USB 3.2 Gen 1 Flash Drive $10 (was $18)The post This $179 2TB Lexar portable SSD is just $108 right now at Amazon appeared first on Popular Science.

The Future Circular Collider could be operational by the mid-2040s. Credit: PIXELRISE / CERNThe Large Hadron Collider (LHC) remains one of the pinnacles of scientific and technological innovation, but physicists believe theres room for improvement. And after years of research and development, an international team led by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) has released a blueprint detailing plans for the particle accelerators successorand its size puts the Large in Large Hadron Collider to shame.Since inaugural operations began in 2008, the LHC has allowed researchers to probe some of the universes most profound and mysterious forces. But investigating the deepest questions of modern physics requires a lot of time, energy, and space. The machines logistics are nearly incomprehensible without a degree in quantum physics, but its underlying mechanisms are relatively simple: basically, the LHC consists of a precise network of extremely powerful magnets that rush subatomic particles through a 17-mile-wide circular tunnel buried roughly 574 feet underneath the French-Swiss border near Geneva. The particles then smash into one another at nearly the speed of light, producing conditions approximating some of the universes most powerful interactions.The Future Circular Collider would have a diameter of over 56 miles, compared to the Large Hadron Colliders 17-mile diameter. Credit: CERN In 2013, for example, LHC experiments helped to finally complete the Standard Model of Physics after confirming the existence of the Higgs boson aka God particle. Long theorized but never documented, the Higgs boson helps explain how the very first matter coalesced in the moments after the Big Bang.But even the LHCs capabilities have their limits. At a certain point, any future discoveries would require an even larger particle acceleratorwhich is exactly what CERN hopes to accomplish with a Future Circular Collider (FCC).Ultimately what we would like to do is a collider which will come up with 10 times more energy than what we have today, CERN spokesman Arnaud Marsollier told the Associated Press. When you have more energy, then you can create particles that are heavier.CERN shared its FCC feasibility study findings on March 29 after spending a decade investigating at least 100 scenarios. According to the studys accompanying announcement, experts have settled on a plan that balances physics objectives, geology, civil engineering, technical infrastructure, territorial and environmental dimensions, R&D needs for the accelerators and detectors, socioeconomic benefits, and cost. And that plan requires the construction of an underground facility that would dwarf the LHC.At nearly 56.5 miles across, the FCC would be more than three times the LHCs size while including eight surface laboratory sites overseeing four ongoing experiments. The tunnel itself would be about 16 ft in diameter (compared to the LHC tunnels 12 ft width), and will be buried at an average depth of 656 ft. Get the Popular Science newsletter Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy.CERNs Feasibility Study Report outlines two possible stages for the FCC. The first, an electron-positron collider, would serve as a Higgs, electroweak, and top-quark factory running at different center-of-mass energies. The second stage involves a proton-proton collider capable of generating an unprecedented collision energy of about 100 tera-electronvolts (TeV).The FCC isnt a done deal yet, however. The estimated $16 billion project still requires an independent review, followed by a collective decision from CERNs two dozen member countries in 2028. The FCC will also essentially be a multigenerational project, if greenlit. Researchers estimate the facility wouldnt begin its first operations until the mid-2040s, with a second phase beginning around 2070.Discoveries made during FCC experiments would likely be well worth the wait, and influence far more than just theoretical physics. According to CERN, particle accelerators like the LHC and FCC can contribute to advances in superconducting materials for medical uses, fusion energy research, electricity transmission, as well as many other areas.

Your eyes will thank you. Image: Sandy Nicholson/Getty ImagesIf youve used a dedicated ebook reader, like a Kindle, you know that the display is totally different from the one on your phone or computer. But how is it different, and why might that make it better for reading?Its a good question, and theres actually some pretty interesting science behind it. E-ink devices use electronics and actual ink to mimic the look of ink on a paper page. Its not perfectthe background, generally, isnt quite as white as real paper, and such displays typically have really slow refresh rates. But use an e-ink display for reading and you might notice that its easier on the eyes. I was wondering why that might be, and whether theres any science that shows this is accurate, so I did some digging. Heres what I found.Works better in daylightE-ink devices are generally easier to read in direct sunlight than phones or tablets. Why is that? To understand, we need to talk a bit about how e-ink works.Most displays, to vastly oversimplify, are a bunch of tiny individual lightsone per pixel. This means that when youre using your phone, tablet, computer, or TV youre basically looking directly into thousands of tiny lights. You can demonstrate this by turning the brightness on your device all the way downits almost impossible to see anything, especially in a well lit room. Its also why using a phone or laptop outside on a sunny day can be hard, or at the very least kill your battery quicklythe light on your phone needs to compete with the ambient light.Eink does not work this way. According to E-ink, a leading company in the space whose displays have been used in everything from the Kindle to the reMarkable, these displays use actual ink instead to display text or images.E Inks two particle electronic ink system is made up of millions of tiny microcapsules, each about the diameter of a human hair. Each microcapsule contains negatively charged white particles and positively charged black particles suspended in a clear fluid. When a positive or negative electric field is applied, corresponding particles move to the top of the microcapsule where they become visible to the viewer. This makes the surface appear white or black at that spot.Some e-ink devices have a backlight so that people can read in the dark, but on most devices you can turn this off entirely and still read just fine. Provided, that is, that theres adequate light in the room.Reduced eye strain and fatigueWeve talked about how traditional displays are essentially lights. Every child learns not to stare at the sun, or even lightbulbs. It stands to reason, given this, that e-ink might be easier on the eyes. And theres reason to believe this could be the case: a 2013 study by Universit Paris researchers compared the LCD and e-ink versions of the Kindle to actual print books. Subjects read books on an LCD device, an e-ink device, and a paper book. People reading the LCD display were found to blink more often, a sign of visual fatigue. They also reported feeling more tired. To quote the study:Results from both objective (Blinks per second) and subjective (Visual Fatigue Scale) measures suggested that reading on the LCD (Kindle Fire HD) triggers higher visual fatigue with respect to both the E-ink (Kindle Paperwhite) and the paper book.A 2020 paper by researchers from the Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China compared e-ink displays to more modern OLED displays and found the same thing:Blink rate increased gradually in OLED subgroups during the reading task, whereas no statistically significant difference was observed in the eINK subgroups. Our research suggested that reading on an OLED screen can cause ocular surface disorder and obvious subjective discomfort, whereas reading on an eINK screen can minimize ocular surface disorder in both dark and light environments.This may sound like a slam dunk but its important to keep in mind that these are relatively small studies. Dan Dutton, a blogger who writes a lot about e-ink displays, has a good outline on his website. While the research suggests e-ink and paper cause less eyestrain, there needs to be more research.As a person, though? I subjectively have a much better time reading e-ink devices. Take from that what you will.Improved battery lifeWe talked earlier about how traditional displays are essentially lights, and you probably know that lights require electricity. The interesting thing about e-ink is that, after the page has been drawn on the display, absolutely no electricity is required to keep the image there. This is a huge advantage for things like reading books: the display only uses power when you turn the page. Its a big reason why devices like the Kindle can last for weeks between charges.This is particularly true in sunlight. As I mentioned, traditional displays need to turn up the brightness to compete with ambient light. E-ink devices dont need to do this.Now, the battery life advantages are less clear if youre constantly refreshing the display, which is why e-ink screens arent usually the best devices for anything that requires a lot of scrolling. For reading sequences of single pages, though? Youll end up with much better battery life, particularly if you use a small font so that you turn the page less often.Now, e-ink devices work for more than just books. Theyve even been used to dynamically change a cars color or make tanks invisible. The technology may be more widely used as it improves. For now, though, the best use case is readingand dedicated e-ink devices are the best tool for doing that.

Porch pirates dont take a day offand you cant afford to either when it comes to home security. Keep an eye on your front door, deliveries, and more when you add a Ring doorbell to your home security plans. Youll get instant alerts and live videos from Ring whenever someone approaches the camera, so you can stay on watch even if youre away from home. Save $30 when you get one of the limited-availability doorbells for just $119.99.The all-seeing doorbellRing has some serious visual capabilities for such a small package. It ensures you get crystal clear, hi-def images and videos for your security. The 1536p feed has an expanded head-to-toe view to check for packages on the ground or see your visitors.You can set a motion zone to limit notifications to just your front steps, excluding motion on the sidewalk behind it. When thedoorbell camera detects motion in the specified zone, youll get real-time notifications and be able to send responses to whoever is at your door. Thank the grocery delivery guy or talk to an unknown stranger through the doorbell without opening your door.Setting up your Ring doorbellEven if you cannot answer the door or alerts immediately, you can send pre-selected responses. Navigate the Ring app to check out Live View or enable Two-Way Talk to speak to a visitor at your door. The app can help you customize settings and choose how your data may be used.Get the security performance customers have already rated 4.6 stars on over 10,000 Amazon reviews with Ring doorbell. Connect your Ring camera with smart home devices such as Alexa or other Ring products. You can turn on alerts to your Alexa-enabled devices and phones or tablets to get notified of motion or visitors in multiple ways.Install your doorbell with just a few screws to mount the faceplate. Theres no need to connect hardwired power to the doorbell as it has a quick-release battery that you can remove and recharge.Get a Ring battery doorbell plus for just $119.99 (reg. $149.99)but move faster than a thieving porch pirate because there are only 140 units available.StackSocial prices subject to change.Ring Battery Doorbell Plus: Head-to-Toe HD+ Video, Motion Detection & Alerts, and Two-Way Talk $119.99See Deal

There are few things more frustrating than sitting in traffic, trapped behind someone who thinks a blinker is optional. You know what skips all of that? The Phantom A10 Electric Scooter. Its your personal escape pod from the chaos of the roadand its way more fun than honking at strangers.Packing a 400W brushless motor and maxing out at 15mph, this scooter doesnt just scootit zooms. Its got two speed modes, so you can coast gently on a cruise or kick it into power mode and fly past those walking just a bit too slow. With 10-inch rubber tires and an anti-slip surface, the A10 is built to handle city cracks, rogue pebbles, and whatever else your route throws at you.It also folds in two steps. Just click, bend, and carryno more juggling awkward bike locks or figuring out where to stash your ride. At only 38 pounds, its light enough to bring on the train or store in a closet without needing a full-on garage.Safety? Youre covered. The A10 features a dual braking system (front drum + rear EABS), side reflectors, and a flashy backlight to make sure youre seen even when the sun isnt. Theres even a smart lighting system that kicks on automatically when it gets darklike the Bat-Signal, but for your scooter.Thanks to the smart control app and built-in LED display, you can track your battery, speed, and distance without breaking stride. And with a max range of up to 28 miles per charge, you can use this for your daily commute, weekend errands, or joyrides just because you feel like it.Oh, and it supports up to 265 lbsso yes, its great for older kids, teens, and full-grown adults who want to turn their commute into an action movie scene.Pick up this Phantom A10 Electric Scooter while its on sale for $419.97 with free shipping.StackSocial prices subject to change.Phantom A10 Standing Electric Scooter $419.97Get It HereWhat makes this deal specialAt $419.97, the Phantom A10 delivers serious performance and commuter-friendly convenience for way less than other scooters in its class. With a powerful motor, 28-mile range, fast folding system, and app-enabled smart features, this is a commuters dream at a down-to-earth price. Add in free shipping and UL certification for peace of mind, and youve got a ride thats practical, fun, and ready to turn your daily grind into a breeze.

The Greater mouse-tailed bat flies through the night sky, searching for insects. CREDIT: Jens Rydell.When a colony of bats leaves their cave and takes to the skies at night to hunt, they often do so in such big groups that they almost look like one giant blob. How these winged mammals can achieve such tight densitiessometimes numbering in the hundreds of thousands of batsyet do not crash into one another has puzzled scientists for decades.Now, researchers believe theyve figured out how bats can still hear amidst the din similar to a noisy cocktail party. They appear to change the way they echolocate in order to get a better idea of where exactly the bats closest to them are located. The findings are detailed in a study published March 31 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Get the Popular Science newsletter Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy.The bat cocktail partyLike dolphins, toothed whales, and some birds, many bat species use echolocation to perceive the world around them. They send out a call and listen for the reflected echo. This echo allows them to see what is in front of them.However, if many bats are echolocating at oncelike when an entire colony comes out of a cave in only a few minutesthe noise from others should cover up the critical echoic information that bats need to get around. This loss of acoustic information is referred to as jamming. Bats should collide because of the jamming, but aerial accidents outside of caves are actually quite rare.Youre almost excited when you witness one, Aya Goldshtein, a study co-author and a postdoctoral scholar in animal behavior at the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior in Germany, said in a statement.Scientists have deployed several techniques in the lab to try and figure out how bats can hear around all of this ambient chatterlike the noise inside of a crowded restaurant. Theyve studied how bats echolocate in groups, by seeing how the bats ecolocated at a slightly different frequency. In theory, this should reduce jamming, but the results from previous studies did not provide a strong enough answer as to how or why.No one had looked at this situation from the point of view of an individual bat during emergence. How can we understand a behavior if we dont study it in action? Yossi Yovel, a study co-author and neuroecologist from Tel-Aviv University in Israel, said in a statement.To the caveFor this study, the team studied Greater mouse-tailed bats (Rhinopoma microphyllum) living in Israels Hula Valley and collected data directly from wild bats emerging from a cave at dusk over two years. They tagged several bats in this colony with lightweight trackers that recorded their location every second. Some of the tags were also equipped with ultrasonic microphones that recorded the soundscape from a bats point of view. To study this behavior, they used a new combination of high-resolution tracking, ultrasonic reporting, and sensorimotor computer modeling to observe how the bats sense as they squeezed out of the cave opening.The Greater mouse-tailed bat roosts among thousands in a cave, waiting for nightfall to emerge and feed on insects. CREDIT: Eran Amichai. Eran AmichaiHowever, the tagged bats were released outside the cave and into the emerging colony. meaning that that data taken from the cave opening when the density is highest was missing. To fill this gap, the team used a computational model developed by study co-author Omer Mazar, which simulated emergence. This model used data collected by the trackers and microphones to recreate the full behavioral sequence beginning with the entrance of the cave and wrapping up after the bats had flown 1.2 miles (two kilometers) through the valley.The simulation allows us to verify our assumptions of how bats solve this complex task during emergence, Mazar, a Ph.D student at Tel-Aviv University, said in a statement.A bats POVThe data revealed that when exiting the cave, the bats experience a cacophony of calls. Ninety-four percent of echolocations are jammed, yet the bats significantly reduced the echolocation jamming within five seconds of leaving the cave. The bats were also observed making two important behavioral changes. First, they fanned out from the dense colony core while keeping the group structure. Next, they sent out shorter and weaker calls at higher frequency.Initially, the team suspected that the bats would reduce the jamming by quickly dispersing from the cave. Instead, they appear to change their echolocation to a higher frequency, even though in theory that should only increase the jamming and collision risk. To understand why, the team had to approach this whole scene from a bats point of view.[ Related: What bats and metal vocalists have in common. ]Imagine youre a bat flying through a cluttered space. The most important object you need to know about is the bat directly in front. So you should echolocate in such a way that gives you the most detailed information about only that bat, explained Mazar. Sure, you might miss most of the information available because of jamming, but it doesnt matter because you only need enough detail to avoid crashing into that bat.It appears that the bats change the way they echolocate in order to gain detailed information about their neighbors nearby. This strategy ultimately appears to help them successfully maneuver and avoid bumping into one another.According to the team, this unexpected result for how bats solve this noisy dilemma was made possible by studying bats in their natural environment.Theoretical and lab studies of the past have allowed us to imagine the possibilities, said Goldshtein. But only by putting ourselves, as close as possible, into the shoes of an animal will we ever be able to understand the challenges they face and what they do to solve them.

Mars isn't just covered in rocksit also is blanketed by extremely fine Martian dust. Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / ASU / MSSSA unique set of risks and challenges await the first astronauts on Mars. Deadly solar radiation, nighttime temperatures regularly dropping lower than -100 degrees Fahrenheit, and an unbreathable atmosphere are just a few of the hurdles that require addressing. But recent research suggests yet another worry: toxic Martian dust.Cameras aboard NASAs Mars rovers like PerseveranceCuriosity have extensively documented the planets barren, rocky landscape over the years. However, the image resolution often fails to showcase the massive amounts of powdery dust that also blankets the terrain. These microscopic grainsknown as regolithare much more fine than the standard dust particles found on Earth. Not only that, but previous analysis shows that Martian regolith is more coarse than most Earth particulates. This combination makes it more abrasive and damaging if ingested or inhaled, much like asbestos.In a study published in February in the journal GeoHealth, scientists reviewed existing geological surveys of Mars, while focusing on 10 documented materials already well-known for their health hazards. Naturally occurring chlorine-based chemicals known as perchlorates, for example, can damage thyroid glands and lead to aplastic anemia, in which bone marrow fails to produce new blood cells. Meanwhile, the abundant amounts of silica on Mars are more than enough to cause silicosis, an incurable respiratory disease previously common among stoneworkers. Additional regolith particles include iron oxides and gypsum, as well as trace toxic metals including arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, and chromium. These are collectively associated with a host of other problems such as gastrointestinal inflammation, cancer, and weakened immune systems.A spacesuit will protect astronauts during excursions into the hostile outside environment, but they can only do so much once they return to base. An average speck of Martian dust measures around 3 micrometers (about the size of a mold spore) and rarely exceeds 8 m (10 times smaller than a sugar grain). This makes it much more difficult to clean a spacesuit, much less keep it from piling up in living quarters or back inside a spacecraft.Exposure to martian dust may come from dermal exposure, ocular contact, ingestion, or inhalation through oral and nasal cavities, the study authors wrote.And once ingested, much of that Martian dust wont be going anywhere quickly.The majority of this dust will likely penetrate the physical innate immune defenses of the respiratory tract as mucus in the lungs is not able to expel dust particles that have a diameter of less than 5 m, they explained. Thus, dust on Mars is more likely to cause lung irritation, absorb into the bloodstream, and lead to diseases in astronauts. While some of the predicted effects may remain asymptomatic, many others could become life-threatening. Get the Popular Science newsletter Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy.The makeup of Martian regolith isnt necessarily a dealbreaker for astronauts, however. Speaking with CNN, study co-author and University of Southern California medical student Justin Wang stated his belief that these are solvable problems.While the dust on Mars isnt going to be the most dangerous part of a mission to the Red Planet, its definitely a hazard that can be harmful to astronauts, yet easily avoidable given were properly prepared for it, Wang said.Wang and colleagues suggest that exposure mitigation be prioritized in mission planning, along with the inclusion of supplements to prevent diseases and sufficient treatment regimens for worst-case scenarios. After all, the nearest hospital will likely be around 140 million miles away.

It's not the gadget that's the problem, but how it affects our psychology. Credit: Deposit PhotosBad news for people hoping to solve their workday procrastination by leaving their phone in a desk drawer: new research indicates youll probably still find something to distract you. According to researchers at the London School of Economics, the issue isnt our electronic devices themselves, but the way our usage of gadgets has essentially rewired our brains.In my research I want to shift the discourse beyond device-centric debates. The smartphone itself is not the problem, Maxi Heitmayer, the co-author of a study published March 27 in Frontiers in Computer Science, said in a statement. Its what we do with it and, frankly, the apps that generate and reinforce these habits.To investigate these interrelated issues, Heitmayer and collaborators asked 22 volunteers ranging in age from 2231 to spend two, five-hour work shifts in a private, soundproof room. They were also asked to bring their everyday electronic devices, or at least their laptop and phone. The team didnt request them to change their preferred notification settings on any device. Instead, they instructed participants to place their phone on their desk during one work day, then leave it on a desk about five feet away on the second day. Other than that, the volunteers were tasked with going about their normal work responsibilities. Meanwhile, researchers tallied up the frequency and length of time that participants paused to pursue something unrelated to work on their phones or computers.The teams data was clear: while volunteers looked at their phones less on the day they placed it further away from them, they simply replaced it with screen time on their computers. Regardless of choice of device, participants averaged about 3.5 hours of work versus roughly 1.3 hours of leisure time.The problem is not rooted within the device itself, but in the habits and routines that we have developed with our devices, argued Heitmayer.Increasing evidence indicates the addictive and gamified nature of apps and social media platforms can alter a users neural pathways and influence their overall wellbeing. As the teams study helps illustrate, the ramifications extend beyond when and how often we use these devicesits why we use them. The result, said Heitmayer, is a very unequal battle fought out every single day when we use our phones.The things inside phones that are the biggest attention sinks are developed by large corporations who greatly profit from our failure to resist the temptation to use them, he said. All of this is literally by design. Get the Popular Science newsletter Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy.Unfortunately, there is no single solution for our cultures ongoing distraction dilemma. On a personal level, people can try strategies like scheduling automated routines that silence notifications during specific periods during the day, while also working on being more mindful of how much they use their devices. Heitmayer also believes better regulation and oversight is needed for the app and device makers themselves. This is particularly important when it comes to younger users.These devices are incredibly useful and can facilitate learning and creativity, but they come at a cost that most adults struggle to manage, so we simply cannot ignore this, said Heitmayer.

Whether youre suffering from Adolescence, exploring The Residence, or reconciling Severance, there are always streaming bangers and cliffhangers to catch up on. But before you start Daredevil: Born Again, maybe your setup could use some redemption. Luckily, there are some top-notch lifestyle projectors discounted during the Amazon Big Spring Sale. Just think of all the crunchy snacks you can get with the hundreds you saved. But these prices are only good through the end of today, March 31, so act fast.XGIMI AURA 2 Dolby Vision/IMAX Enhanced 2300 ISO Lumens UST Laser Projector $2,294 (was $2,699)XGIMI Weve big fans of the latest generation of XGIMI projectorsand have been particularly impressed by the flagship ultra-short-throw AURA 2. So we can wholeheartedly recommend picking it up while it enjoys its first-ever discount. If you have a blank wall in a room with low light, the AURA 2s Dual Light 2.0 system (tri-laser + LED) and 2300 ISO Lumens can deliver excellent peak brightness and contrast up to 150 inches of vivid, Dolby Vision/IMAX Enhanced-compatible content with excellent color reproduction and dynamic range, even during the day. (And in a totally dark room, its even better.) The picture is pretty accurate even pre-calibration, and there are many ways to optimize the image for your environment. There are ways to adapt to a walls color and texture, so a screen isnt a must though its always preferable. The projector uses pixel-shifting to upscale content to 4K, but its still crisp and a noticeable improvement over 1080p. Plentiful inputs allow you to use an Apple TV, Kaleidescape, or whatever type of streamer you prefer (delivering enhanced playback and getting around the Netflix limitations, etc. of Android TV). Accompanying the visuals are equally expressive audio, thanks to a 60W four-speaker Harman Kardon system that creates effective ambience. You wont even need some of our favorite speakers for projectors (though theres no shame in wanting the widest soundstage possible to match those cinematic vistas). If youve got a wall, the AURA 2 is a winner thats even sweeter during this salethe last-minute upgrade that brings lasting enjoyment.XGIMI MoGo Pro 3 450 ISO Lumens Outdoor Projector with PowerBase Stand, Licensed Netflix $424 (was $499)XGIMI If youre looking for a portable projector for movie nights in the backyard, the XGIMI MoGo Pro 3 is a perfect companion for a fire pit and smores. Packaged with a PowerBase stand that provides 2.5 hours of battery (and Google TV for Netflix), the MoGo Pro 3 is great for viewing parties with a few friendswhether youre hanging out on a picnic blanket or in the common room. The built-in stand and auto keystone correction of this Stanley Cup-sized projector mean its easy to set up anywhere. You can get a 1080P image up to 120 inches, and dual 5-watt Harman Kardon speakers mean you dont have to bring along a separate speaker (though you could). And its also great for just adding vibe to a house party thanks to its ambient light modes. Other XGIMI projectors on saleXGIMI HORIZON S Max $1,609 (was $1,899)XGIMI HORIZON Ultra $1,349 (was $1,699)XGIMI Elfin Flip $279 (was $399)XGIMI MoGo 2 Pro $275 (was $499)

There are few simple pleasures that hit quite like sitting around a fire pit at home with your friends. Even if you dont have any friends, you can get a roaring blaze going and scroll TikTok until the fire burns down to glowing embers. Right now, Amazon has Tikis smokeless fire pits on sale for up to half-off. Luckily, the biggest discount applies to the most popular model. This is technically part of Amazons Big Spring Sale, which will be over soon, so grab one now before the price goes back up.25-Inch Smokeless Patio Fire Pit, Wood Burning with Removable Ash Pan & Weather-Resistant Cover $198 (was $395)Tiki The exterior of this smokeless fire pit is made of powder-coated, 16-gauge stainless steel for maximum durability. It also looks slick and gives a much different vibe than the bare stainless fire pits that are really common right now. The inside chamber employs a clever air flow system, which prevents smoke from billowing out. As a result, you get the warmth and glow of a fire without the watering eyes and coughs.More importantly, the air flow system makes the pit easy to start. It comes with a package of wood to get you started and a cloth cover for easy storage. The 27.5-inch model is also on sale, and thats great if you have a really big yard or like extra-long sessions around the fire pit. But I personally prefer the slightly smaller 25-inch model as it doesnt require as much fuel and it wont burn for as long once you want to go inside. More Tiki fire pit dealsTiki fire pit bundle dealsIf you want to accessorize your fire pit, Tikis bundles are a great way to do it, especially when theyre up to 40 percent off right now.

This image, made with Multispectral Imaging and processed using the Minimal Noise Fraction method, brings out annotations on the left-hand side which were invisible to the naked eye, including the stamp Huntingfield believed to have been added in the 16th century when the manuscript was repurposed as a binding. Credit: Cambridge University Library / CHILVariations on the classic Merlin and King Arthur legends span hundreds, if not thousands, of retellings. Many are documented within handwritten medieval manuscripts dating back over a milleniabut some editions are far rarer than others. For example, less than 40 copies are known to exist of a once-popular sequel series, the Suite Vulgate du Merlin. In 2019, researchers at the University of Cambridge discovered fragments of one more copy in their collections, tucked inside the recycled binding of a wealthy familys property record from the 16th century. But at the time of discovery, the text was impossible to read.Now after years of painstaking collaborative work with the universitys Cultural Heritage Imaging Laboratory (CHIL), archivists have finally been able to peer inside the obscured textswithout ever needing to physically handle the long-lost pages.The manuscripts outer left cover and extension. Credit: Cambridge University Library / CHIL Experts combined multiple conservation tools and techniques to construct a 3D model of the fragments. These included multispectral imaging (MSI), which creates high-resolution images by scanning an artifact with wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet to infrared light. After borrowing X-ray and CT machines from Cambridges zoology department, the team then examined the parchment layers to map unseen binding structures without the need to deconstruct the delicate material. CT scanning allowed researchers to examine how the pages were stitched together using thin strips of similar parchment.Some of the Merlin texts were unreadable due to being hidden under folds or stitching, so the team also needed to amass hundreds of images from every angle using an array of magnets, prisms, mirrors, and other tools. The combined result is a high-definition, digitized 3D model of the entire relic that unfolds, allowing experts to analyze it as though reviewing the physical manuscript itself.If this had been done 30 years ago, the fragment might have been cut, unfolded, and flattened. But today, preserving it in situ gives us a crucial insight into 16th-century archival practices, as well as access to the medieval story itself, Irne Fabry-Tehranchi, a French specialist in the Cambridge University Librarys collections department who helped oversee the project, said in a statement.The results revealed not just a part of Suite Vulgate du Merlin, but insights into the time period in which it existed. Experts now believe the sections originally belonged to a shortened edition of the tale. Given small typographical errors as well as the red and blue ink used in its handwritten decorated initials, historians traced its origins to sometime between 12751315 CE.Sally Kilby (Conservation Department) and Baej Mikua (CHIL) carefully photograph inside the folds of the manuscript. Credit: Cambridge University Library / Baej Mikua / Amlie Deblauwe The original edition was written in Old French, the language used by the medieval aristocracy and courts of England after the Norman Conquest, while the 16th century binding contains two repurposed sections. Fabry-Tehranchi and colleagues at first believed it to be a 14th century story involving Sir Gawain.Further examination revealed it to be part of the Old French Vulgate Merlin sequel, a different and extremely significant Arthurian text, she said. Get the Popular Science newsletter Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy.The first portion recalls the Christians victory against the Saxons at the Battle of Cambnic, including a fight involving Gauvain, his brothers, and his father King Loth versus the Saxon Kings Brandalus, Dodalis, Moydas, and Oriancs. The second scene is a courtly sequence that takes place during the Feast of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, and includes Merlin appearing in Arthurs court while disguised as a harpist.With the sections translated and digitally preserved, the team hopes the same techniques can be applied to other conservation projects, particularly those involving delicate and obscured artifacts. Recycling older parchment for new books was a common practice during the medieval era, meaning many other invaluable records are still likely hidden in existing archives.This project was not just about unlocking one textit was about developing a methodology that can be used for other manuscripts, said Fabry-Tehranchi. Libraries and archives around the world face similar challenges with fragile fragments embedded in bindings, and our approach provides a model for non-invasive access and study.

Itching to hit the green after a long winter? Were right there with you. But do you remember every bunker, hidden slope, and green undulation on your favorite course? If not, you might be in for an embarrassingly high score. Gaining a competitive edge is as easy as getting this golf smartwatch.Its 1.3-inch TFT-LCD display is basically a GPS of your golf course right on your wrist. Yeah, you know where the holes are, but this gadget gives you precise distances to the greenand hazards to avoid. Get the GOLFBUDDY Aim W10 golf watch here for$99.99 with free shipping (reg. $209.99).A hole-in-one dealImagine strolling onto the course with this savvy watch on your wrist, your golf buddies having no idea theyre about to get their butts whooped. The Aim W10 is preloaded with over 40,000 courses and automatically recognizes which hole youre playing.Before you take each swing, consult your golf GPS watch to make calculations in your head. While it may look like the ground isnt sloped, the watchs green undulation information may reveal that it actually ischanging your shot and score entirely.Another cool feature of the Aim W10 is that it acts as a digital golf scorecard. Yeah, no more carrying around those tiny pencils that just get lost anyway.And remember that this is a smartwatch, so its rechargeable and doesnt require the replacement of expensive, traditional watch batteries. On a full charge, enjoy up to 13 hours of golf mastery.Order this smartwatch for golfers while its only $99.99 with free shipping (reg. $209.99).StackSocial prices subject to change.GOLFBUDDY Aim W10 GPS Golf Watch $99.99See Deal

The Lyrid Meteor Shower is visible with competition from the bright light of the full Pink Moon in Joshua Tree National Park on April 25, 2024. The Lyrids are produced by dust particles left by comet C/1861 G1 Thatcher, and there are roughly 20 meteors per hour during its peak. CREDIT: Allen J. Schaben / Los Angeles Times via Getty ImagesApril 1 and 2Jupiter and the Moon Visible near TaurusApril 4Messier 94 Visible With a TelescopeApril 12Full Pink MicromoonApril 21 through 22Lyrid Meteor Shower Predicted PeakAs spring approaches in the Northern Hemisphere, the nights are getting shorter. This might be good news for early risers, but a bit of bad news for stargazers. Still, April is not without its celestial highlights: it brings the annual Lyrid meteor shower. This first full month of spring also presents a micromoon, a chance to see an iconic (if distant) galaxy, and a very frisky Jupiter.April 1 and 2 Jupiter and the Moon Visit Taurus and the PleiadesThe solar systems large adult son will be particularly bright in early April, blazing in the western sky in close proximity to the waxing crescent moon. Both will be visible in the same region as the constellation Taurus, around 30 from the horizon. On April 1, the moon will hover above the Pleiades, also known as the Seven Sisters in Greek mythology and, in Japan, as Subaru. If youve ever wondered about the provenance of the car company Subarus logo, now you know. Get the Popular Science newsletter Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy.April 4 Messier 94 Visible with a TelescopeThe start of April provides an opportunity to take a look at a galaxy far, far away: Messier 94. It is located about 17 million light years from us in the constellation Canes Venatici. This spiral galaxy is known informally as the Crocs Eye or Cats Eye, for reasons that will become clear if you get out your telescope or a set of good binoculars while its at its highest point in the sky this year.In North America, the galaxy will become visible 41 above the north-eastern horizon at around 8:30 p.m. EDT, and continue rising until its almost directly above around midnight. It will then sink towards the northwestern horizon as the day approaches.The Hubble Space Telescope has taken some spectacular images of Messier 94 over the years. While youre not going to see anything like this from Earth, its still fascinating to be able to see the same object with your own eyes!April 12Full Pink MicromoonTheres nothing quite as dramatic as last months blood moon this time around, but Nick Drake fans can rejoice, because April is the month of the Pink Moon. As per the Farmers Almanac, this months full moon takes its name from the vibrant pink flowers of Phlox subulata, or moss pink, which comes into full bloom this month.[ Related: How the blood moon gets its ghoulish hue. ]Native American culture provides several additional names for Aprils full moon.The Oneida call it Wasakayutese (Its Thundering Moon) and in the language of the Catawba nation its YitAruwakrere Nuti (Bear a Child Moon). The Anishinaabemowin language of the Ojibwe provides multiple monikers, including Bobookwedaagime-giizis (Snowshoe Breaking Moon) and Maango-giizis (Loon Moon).And thats not all! This months full moon is also notable for being a micromoon. The moons elliptical orbit means that its distance from the Earth varies throughout the year.This month finds the moon at its apogee, which means that its as far away from us as it gets. The opposite scenario, when the moon is at its perigee, is called a supermoon.The next supermoon is not until November, so stay patient.April 21 through 22 Lyrids Meteor Shower Predicted PeakIts meteor shower time! The 2025 installment of the annual Lyrid meteor shower is predicted to begin on April 21, peaking in the late afternoon of April 22. This isnt far out from the full moon, which tends to make seeing other celestial objects difficult, so the best time to look for meteors will be when the moons not around. The Adler Planetarium and the Farmers Almanac both suggest the early hours of April 22. The moon rises at 3:32 a.m. CDT that morning, so youll either have to stay up late or get up unconscionably early to catch the show.As always, youll get the best experience if you get away from any sources of light pollutionand you check out our stargazing tips before you head off into the darkness.Until next month!

Along with everything else, tech has gotten expensive. Really expensive. And while new gadgets are shiny and tempting, you dont always need the latest and greatestespecially when a solid, dependable option like this refurbished MacBook Air exists.For just $199.97 (with free shipping, no less), you can snag a piece of Apples famously sleek hardware thats powerful enough for everyday use and priced low enough not to cause a panic attack if it falls off your coffee table.This 13.3 MacBook Air has a 1.8GHz Intel Core i5 processor, 8GB of RAM, and a 128GB SSD. Thats more than enough horsepower for day-to-day computing tasksemailing, browsing, writing, streaming, Zooming, maybe a little light photo editing. It boots up quickly and handles multitasking like a champ.This refurbished Air is the perfect second laptop. Maybe you work from home on a newer machine and just want a couch-friendly companion for winding down. Or maybe youre a frequent traveler who wants a lightweight laptop that wont break your heart (or budget) if it gets scratched up or lost. This MacBook Air weighs just under three pounds and slides into a backpack or tote like it was made for movement.Plus, its ideal for students, teens, retireesreally anyone who wants the Apple experience without the Apple price tag. It has reliable Wi-Fi, Bluetooth for your earbuds or wireless mouse, and enough battery life to keep you productive (or distracted) for hours.Sure, its a few years old. But its been refurbished to grade A or B standards, meaning its fully functional and in great shape with only minor cosmetic wear. It runs macOS, supports essential apps, and gets you online without drama. And unlike flashy new laptops with monthly payments and pricey add-ons, this ones yours for a single, very reasonable payment.Get this quality refurbished MacBook Air from mid-2017 for just $199.97 (reg. $999) with free shipping while you can.StackSocial prices subject to change.Apple MacBook Air 13.3 (2017) 1.8GHz i5 8GB RAM 128GB SSD Silver (Refurbished) $199.97Get It HereWhat makes this deal specialThis refurbished MacBook Air punches way above its price tag. For just $200, youre getting a lightweight, reliable, and road-ready Apple laptop thats perfect as a backup computer, home workstation, or travel buddy. It has solid specs for everyday use, a beautiful display, and Apples signature minimalist design. You wont have to baby it, and at this price, you wont stress over it. Its a smart buy for anyone who values function, portability, and keeping a few hundred bucks in their pocket.

Theres nothing quite like when you finally get that perfect ChatGPT prompt and the little robot starts blasting through your work, only to get the notification that youre out of GPT-4 credits. You could pay for a premium account, but if you do that for every AI tool you rely on, then it starts getting really expensive.The alternative is to switch to a platform that gives you lifetime access to the same AI models youre used to, minus the monthly fee. 1min.AI puts GPT-4.0, Meta AI, Gemini, Midjourney, and more all under one roof, and a lifetime subscription just went on sale for $29.97.No more monthly payments1min.AI is your hub for some of the most popular AI models around. Not only do you get GPT-4 and GPT-4 Turbo for advanced content tasks, but you also get access to Claude 3 from Anthropic, including the Opus, Sonnet, and Haiku versions, which are great for nuanced and creative writing.1min.AI also includes Gemini Pro if the other text generators just arent cutting it.Youll have access to Metas Llama models, including the latest Llama 3. Plus, 1min.AI brings you the creative firepower of Midjourney for stunning image generation, and it doesnt stop there. You can switch between all these models for everything from SEO optimization to content creation, image manipulation, and even audio and video editing.You dont need separate AI subscriptions anymore.March 30 at 11:59 p.m. PT is the deadline to get a 1min.AI lifetime subscription while its on sale for $29.97.StackSocial prices subject to change.1min.AI: Lifetime Subscription $29.97See DealWhat makes this deal specialMany AI tools have free versions, but theyre very limited in scope. Instead of paying monthly for each individual AI tool you rely on, this 1min.AI lets you get all of them for life for a one-time fee.

Part of the appeal of Google Chrome on the desktop is its simple and intuitive interfaceallowing you to focus on the actual webpages youre looking at. But there are ways to give the browser a fresh lick of digital paint, and customize the look to suit your tastes.Youre likely to be spending a lot of time looking at your web browser, so it makes sense to take advantage of the personalization optionssome of which you may not have realized are available inside Chrome. Heres everything you can do in the latest version of Google Chrome for Windows and macOS.Choose a new Chrome themeApplying a new theme can really change the look of Chrome. Screenshot: Google The biggest change you can make to Google Chrome is to change its theme: This covers the colors of the tabs and toolbars, the background images and colors on the new tab page, and the accents used in menus and on dialogs. Open a new Chrome tab, then click Customize Chrome (bottom right) to see some color scheme options (with some themes, the Customize Chrome button is just a pencil icon).Click any color swatch to apply it, and use the Light and Dark options to force Chrome into light or dark mode (the Device setting means Chrome follows the lead of Windows or macOS). If you want to choose your own color, click on the little color picker icon in the bottom-right corner of the grid.To see even more theme options, choose Change theme. This brings you to a gallery of themes created by artists and picked out by Google. Youll notice that these themes often come with attractive background images for the new tab page (use the Refresh daily toggle switch to automatically cycle between themes every day). You can also upload an image of your own, or choose a solid color.Still unable to find something you like? Click the Chrome Web Store link at the bottom of the pop-out panel, and you can browse even more options. Open the Themes tab and you get plenty of choice, including themes developed by Google and themes submitted by other Chrome users. To apply a theme, click on it to see more details, then choose Add to Chrome.The pop-out customization panel also has a Reset to default Chrome if your interface tweaking gets out of hand. Note that this will wipe out any custom themes youve added to the browser, so if you want to get back to them in the future, you might want to bookmark them in the Chrome Web Store.Set other customization optionsYou can find more appearance options inside Chrome Settings. Screenshot: Google Besides theming, you can customize Chrome in a variety of other ways. Click the Customize Chrome button (or the pencil icon) in the bottom-right corner of the new tab page, and if you scroll down youll see you can set the shortcuts that appear when you open a new tab: You can curate your own shortcuts, show shortcuts for sites you visit a lot, or hide the shortcuts altogether.If youre opting to show your own shortcuts, use the Add shortcut button below the search bar to drop in a new web link. Once links are added, you can click and drag their icons to move them around the new tab page, and click the three dots besides an icon and Remove to delete any of your shortcuts.Click Toolbar on the pop-out customization panel, and this gives you access to a few options for the toolbar. Youre able to choose which icons appear on the toolbar (from Home to History), and you can rearrange icons by clicking and dragging them on the toolbar itself.You can find even more options by clicking the three dots in the top-right corner of any Chrome tab, then choosing Settings and Appearance. You can replace the new tab page with a site of your choice from this screen, as well as show or hide the bookmarks bar, customize the fonts used by Chrome, and choose whether the side panel appears on the right or the left.Finally, its well worth browsing through the Chrome Web Store for third-party extensions relating to the user interface. A lot of these extensions enable you to do more with the new tab page and with the way tabs are displayed on screen, though you should be cautious about which extensions you install. To be able to operate effectively and integrate with Chrome, these extensions will need access to data such as your browsing history (each extension comes with user reviews and a privacy policy you can check).

You don't have to share all of your Wi-Fi with visitors. Image: AmazonWe may earn revenue from the products available on this page and participate in affiliate programs. Learn more When you have new visitors to your home, requests for the Wi-Fi password are likely to come in sooner rather than later. Such is the importance of staying online at all times in the modern age.Theres nothing wrong with giving out access to your Wi-Fi network to friends and relatives, but there are reasons to be cautious. It enables your guests to connect to everything else on the network, from printers to security cameras, and it can start to cause congestion for your own devices.This isnt to say your guests are untrustworthy, but its usually best to err on the side of caution when it comes to internet securityespecially if youre hosting a big group of people that includes some you dont know very well.This is where a guest network comes in. Its a separate network, just for guests, and it means your main Wi-Fi network is reserved for your use only. Everyone who visits can get connected to the web, and you dont have to worry about what they might be accessing.Set up a guest network on your routerEero devices let you set up guest networks. Screenshot: Eero Many modern routers and mesh network systems come with guest network capabilities built right in: Theyre smart enough to set up a secondary Wi-Fi network, which appears under a separate name and has a separate password. This network appears alongside the main one whenever a device tries to get online.Every router model handles guest networks differently. We cant go through all of the different variations here, but if the feature is available, you should be able to find the option somewhere prominently in the router settings. Head into the settings through the routers companion app on your phone, or through a web browser (a quick web search or the router documentation should tell you how to do this).As an example, Amazons Eero range of routers and mesh systems offers guest network capabilities. If you open up the Eero app for Android or iOS, then head to the Settings tab, you can tap Guest network to configure it. With Eero devices, you can set up the name and the password for the network, and turn it on and off.The app even comes with options for sharing your guest network Wi-Fi details easilyyou can tap the buttons at the bottom of the configuration screen to send the login information via a message or QR code. Your guests can then connect in just a few seconds.Different routers offer different guest network featuresyou may be able to limit upload and download speeds, for example. As the Eero app explains, your guests will be able to get online, but they wont be able to access your streaming devices, smart speakers, and other connected gadgets.Install a second router for a guest networkYou can invest in an inexpensive secondary router like this Tenda AC1200 model. Image: Tenda If your current router doesnt offer a guest network feature (or even if it does), theres another option. You can plug in an additional router to one of the Ethernet ports on your current router, and use it to set up a secondary Wi-Fi network that operates independently.This is ideal if you have an older router lying around not doing anything, but you can also invest in a new modelit doesnt have to be particularly expensive or capable, because its only for guest use. Something like the Tenda AC1200 Smart Wi-Fi Router ($31) or the TP-Link AC1200 Archer A54 Wi-Fi Router ($35) will do the job without breaking the bank.With the router powered up, connect an Ethernet cable from the internet port on your second router (often labeled WAN or Internet), to a spare wired port on your original router (often labeled LAN). Your original router will automatically handle the job of feeding internet access to the second device, as and when needed.You can then go through the setup process for the second router just as you would if you were setting it up as your main one. This is now usually done through a mobile app; you may well see a QR code for it on the router or in the instructions that came with it.As part of the setup process, youll be asked to specify a name and password for the guest Wi-Fi network youre creating details youll then give out to family and friends. As these visitors wont be on your main Wi-Fi network, which will still run as normal, theyll be more limited in what they can do.