This story was originally published by Grist and is reproduced here as part of the Climate Desk collaboration. In 2007, the Supreme Court ruled that the Environmental Protection Agency has the authority to regulate greenhouse gases, because they meet the Clean Air Acts definition of air pollutants. It was a pivotal moment for climate regulation in the United States. That ruling led the EPA to find that six key greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, endanger public health and welfare.The agency then utilized this so-called endangerment finding to issue rules limiting tailpipe emissions from vehicles during the Obama and Biden administrations a key tool for reducing the nearly 30 percent of US emissions attributable to transportation. Over the years, the EPA has depended on its endangerment finding to regulate climate-warming gases from coal plants, aircraft, and other industrial sources.The finding, which underpins several major EPA rules, is now at risk. According to reporting by the Washington Post, EPA administrator Lee Zeldin has recommended that the White House strike down the endangerment finding. Trump officials do not appear to have made a decision, but the move has long been on Republicans wish list. Project 2025, an initiative led by the conservative Heritage Foundation to outline policies for the second Trump administration, suggests establishing a system to update the 2009 endangerment finding. But experts told Grist that such a dramatic policy shift will not be easy, given that the finding is grounded in laws passed by Congress and has been upheld by courts on numerous occasions.Environmental Protection Agency administrator Lee Zeldin. Rebecca Droke / Getty Images via GristIt would be very difficult for the EPA to reverse that finding, said Romany Webb, deputy director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia University. There is a huge body of scientific evidence that demonstrates that greenhouse gas emissions contribute to climate change, and that climate change endangers public health and welfare, which is the test under the statute.A Trump attempt to reverse the finding will itself almost certainly be challenged in court. Litigants could point to legislation passed in 2022, when Congress took steps to cement the endangerment finding in law. The Inflation Reduction Act, the landmark law expected to reduce carbon emissions by roughly a third by 2030, included provisions that amended the Clean Air Act to explicitly define carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases as air pollutants. The fact that Congress has specified in such a recent statute that greenhouse gases qualify as air pollutants under the Clean Air Act further adds to the difficulty that EPA would face in revoking the endangerment finding, Webb said.The finding has also been cemented in case law. Over the last 15 years, industry groups and climate skeptics have filed numerous challenges against the endangerment finding. None have succeeded. The courts have repeatedly reaffirmed the EPAs authority to regulate greenhouse gases. If new litigation were to be filed, it would likely end up before the DC Circuit Court of Appeals, which typically hears cases related to federal policymaking. That court upheld the agencys authority in 2012, noting that its interpretation of the law is unambiguously correct. As recently as December 2023, the Supreme Court declined to hear a case challenging the finding.During Trumps first term, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank, and three other groups petitioned the EPA to reconsider the endangerment finding. But the Trump EPA declined to do so on its last day in office, noting that several EPA rules including some issued by the Trump administration depended on the finding.If the White House does direct the EPA to reverse the endangerment finding and if Congress moves to repeal provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act that codify the finding it would set the stage for the Trump administration to unravel several key climate regulations. It would be doing so at a time when the effects of climate change are hard to ignore. Americans are already suffering devastating impacts from the climate pollution that is fueling worsening disasters like heat waves and floods, more intense fires and hurricanes, and dangerous smog levels, Vickie Patton, general counsel at the nonprofit Environmental Defense Fund, said in a statement. Such an effort would be reckless, unlawful, and ignore EPAs fundamental responsibility to protect Americans from destructive climate pollution.Editors note: Environmental Defense Fund is an advertiser with Grist. Advertisers play no role in Grists editorial decisions.See More:

By Isaac Schultz Published February 27, 2025 | Comments (0) | Earth (right) and the Milky Way (left). Image: NASA/Don Pettit An astronaut recently captured an image of Earth from the International Space Station that offers an entirely different view of our world and what lies beyond. Astronaut Don Pettit captured the image when the ISS was about 265 miles above the Pacific Ocean on January 29, 2025. The image was taken just before sunrise, so the parts of the world visible in the photo are still cloaked in darkness. In the background, the gassy, oblong Milky Way is visible. The Milky Way is seen edge-on, meaning that the photo looks across the galaxys diameter. The photo was taken with a camera using low light and long duration settings, helping Pettit capture the blur of Earths rotation against a focused backdrop of Milky Way stars. The photo is peculiar in that our planetso famously blue and green with wisps of white cloudsis instead a mossy green hue. A thin band of white delineates the edge of the planets atmosphere and the boundary between our world and space.Pettit is part of NASAs Expedition 72 crew, a group that includes astronauts Suni Williams, Butch Wilmore, and Nick Hague. Williams and Wilmore have featured prominently in recent headlines because they have been stuck in space.Their situation recently became a flash point when SpaceX owner Elon Musk claimed the astronauts were left stranded for political reasons, and traded barbs with a former ISS commander who insisted otherwise. Williams and Wilmore are currently expected to return to Earth in March on a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft. The day after this photo was taken, Williams and Wilmore conducted a 5.5-hour spacewalk. In doing so, Williams broke the record for the total spacewalk time by a woman, bringing her total to 62 hours and 6 minutessurpassing the previous record of 60 hours and 21 minutes. So its not like the astronauts are wasting their time in the ISS as they await their return.Meanwhile, Pettits photo enters a unique pantheon of images of our planet taken from orbit. Pettit also authored a remarkable shot of Earth with two satellite galaxies in the background back in December. As Pettit reported on X (formerly Twitter), he took the photo using a home-made tracking device that allows time exposures required to photograph star fields, and to stay tuned for more photos like this. By the looks of it, the recent surreal shot of Earth made use of the same technology. Pettit was able to capture a clear view of the stars from low-Earth orbit. Pettit also made headlines recently for sharing a video in which he jumped into his pants two legs at a time. For the record, I can do that too. And I dont need zero gravity to make it happenjust ask my three pairs of torn pants.Daily NewsletterYou May Also Like By Passant Rabie Published February 10, 2025 By Isaac Schultz Published January 28, 2025 By Isaac Schultz Published January 13, 2025 By Isaac Schultz Published December 11, 2024 By Passant Rabie Published December 10, 2024 By Sherri L Smith Published December 9, 2024

After six seasons of action-packed, nostalgic karate action, its easy to see why Cobra Kai worked. But nine years ago, when word of the show first broke, even the biggest fanssuch as mewere skeptical. Really? A Karate Kid TV show? Arent those guys like 60? Imagine how an executive must have felt when Jon Hurwitz, Hayden Schlossberg, and Josh Heald stepped into their offices with the idea to continue to this beloved 1980s franchise as a streaming show. Of course, though, it ended up working out. YouTube Red made the show and eventually Netflix took it over. But to get over that initial hump, the creators put together a pitch trailer using footage from a ton of old movies to explain the tone of the show. A trailer that, until today, had never been made public. Hurwitz just posted the trailer, edited by Muppets Mayhems Jeff Yorkes, and its so awesome, Im ready to take the whole ride again. As you can read in the longer post there, the pitch trailer is set to AC/DCs hit song, Thunderstruck. Its a song the team long wanted to use on the show but was deemed too expensive. However, by season six, they finally got it into the final set of episodes. It worked already but now knowing how it ties back here is an even better, full-circle moment.Its also fun to see how the show evolved a bit from these early ideas. Here Daniel LaRusso is portrayed as some big-time Los Angeles millionaire living a swanky, lavish lifestyle. On the show, Daniel is certainly very well off, but hes much, much more grounded than it seems was initially thought. You have to wonder how much that was Ralph Macchio himself shaping the character ever so slightly. Either way, it worked out. Six seasons and 65 episodes later, Cobra Kai did things no sequel as ever done before. We wrote about that here. So its very, very cool to see where it all began. Want more io9 news? Check out when to expect the latest Marvel, Star Wars, and Star Trek releases, whats next for the DC Universe on film and TV, and everything you need to know about the future of Doctor Who.

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We spent the day with Mo Gawdat before recording our podcast episode.Watch our full conversation with @MoGawdatOfficial :https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfPeP0s8EKU Join our discord server:https://discord.gg/zwycgqezfD If you wanna see our daily life:Instagram:https://www.instagram.com/badxstudio/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/badxstudio TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@badxstudio LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/badxstudio Bad Decisions Audio Podcast :https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/badxstudio Our personal handles: (if you wanna stalk us) https://www.instagram.com/farhad_baddecisions/ https://www.instagram.com/faraz_baddecisions/ https://twitter.com/Farhads__ https://twitter.com/farazshababi https://www.linkedin.com/in/farhadshababi/ https://www.linkedin.com/in/farazshababi/

Prospecting for eggshells in Utah, 2020. (Credit: Lindsay Zanno, CC-BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), image is cropped to fit website dimensions)NewsletterSign up for our email newsletter for the latest science newsEggshells found in Utah fill a 30-million-year fossil record gap and provide a snapshot of a time when dinosaurs were migrating from Asia to North America via a land bridge, according to a paper in PLOS ONE.The fossils include eggshells from three feathered bird-like dinosaurs, two plant-eating dinosaurs, and one crocodile-like species. It is also the first new dinosaur eggshell discovery from the region in 50 years, as well as the first evidence of a crocodilian species outside of Europe.The collection of shells from Utahs Cedar Mountain from three different kinds of animals represents a wide range of creatures one of the best-preserved records of paleobiodiversity in the early Late Cretaceous worldwide, the paper says.Dinosaurs Migrating WestThat period was a particularly busy time for dinosaurs. Many species were migrating westward, via a land bridge connecting present-day Russia to Canada. The dinosaurs were possible pioneers in going West, because early humans may have crossed into North America in a similar manner millions of years later. This period of dinosaur dynamism has been labeled the Early Cretaceous Laurasian Interchange Event (EKLInE).Previous research shows that the new arrivals from Asia eventually pushed out some North American natives. Which dinosaurs appeared where and when is an important part of paleontology. At some point, dinosaur diversity peaked, but began to decline for at least two million years before the creatures went extinct. Filling in the GapsThe story the shells tell fills in a 20-million-year gap of when the egg thief oviraptorosaurs arrived in North America and a 15-million-year hole in the arrival of crocodile-like species to the continent.Eggshell data are particularly crucial to understanding broader paleoenvironmental questions, according to the paper. They provide data points beyond body fossils alone and a fascinating window into the behavioral ecology of these taxa.There is a wide diversity of dinosaur eggs, which vary by shape, size, texture, and color. One species was found to have laid 35 presumably to foil predators. The more eggs one lays, the better chance that at least one offspring will survive. Dinosaur eggs also vary in shape, size, and color. And the largest dinosaurs dont necessarily lay the biggest eggs. Examining fossilized dinosaur eggshells can help us piece together more information about the extinct creatures.Article SourcesOur writers at Discovermagazine.com use peer-reviewed studies and high-quality sources for our articles, and our editors review for scientific accuracy and editorial standards. Review the sources used below for this article:Before joining Discover Magazine, Paul Smaglik spent over 20 years as a science journalist, specializing in U.S. life science policy and global scientific career issues. He began his career in newspapers, but switched to scientific magazines. His work has appeared in publications including Science News, Science, Nature, and Scientific American.1 free article leftWant More? Get unlimited access for as low as $1.99/monthSubscribeAlready a subscriber?Register or Log In1 free articleSubscribeWant more?Keep reading for as low as $1.99!SubscribeAlready a subscriber?Register or Log In

You may think of Vikings as warriors raiding and ransacking Medieval European villages. But this image of Viking hordes embarking on sea voyages with the sole purpose of pillaging is changing with new discoveries that reveal extensive trade networks spanning Europe and beyond.Experts are revealing entirely different relationships built on the exchange of a wide variety of goods from far away places for Viking society.Archaeological evidence reveals that materially, the Viking world was like that of the Iron Age, says Sren Michael Sindbk, an archaeologist as Aarhus University in Denmark. Despite that, it was also quite globalized, he says, with ships and traders sourcing goods from far and wide.Famous Viking PillagingThe Viking age commonly spans the 8th century to the 11th century. Raiding clearly was an important part of Viking relations with other peoples, and it became highly profitable and organized over time.Famously, the Viking period is usually marked by the raid on Lindisfarne, a small island off the northeastern coast of England, in 793. But evidence shows that decades before this violent encounter, the Vikings travelled extensively to procure valuable trade goods in the East, including silver and worked beads.With global ships and traders though, this creates a funny paradox of well-evidenced long-distance journeys in the 11th century contrasted with Viking society that was predominantly comprised of a world of villages that are spread out and not very well connected, he adds.Trading and SettlementsDuring the Viking period, raiders and traders set sail, founding numerous trading hubs and settlements across Europe. These towns became focal points for trade networks spanning many thousands of kilometres.A paper published last year, for example, suggested that Norsemen who settled on Iceland and Greenland ventured to the High Arctic in the search for valuable walrus ivory. That meant possible substantive interactions with Thule Inuit peoples as far as Canada, long before the discovery of North America by Christopher Columbus.What really surprised us was that much of the walrus ivory exported back to Europe was originating in very remote hunting grounds located deep into the High Arctic. Previously, it has always been assumed that the Norse simply hunted walrus close to their main settlements in southwest Greenland, Peter Jordan, professor of archaeology at Lund University, said in a statement.Another study, published in 2023, revealed how the important trade hub of Hedeby, in Germany, linked up with the far north of Scandinavia, bringing vast quantities of reindeer antler there as early as A.D. 800.Viking Connections Across EuropeWorkers crafted reindeer antler into goods such as combs, which were essential items during Medieval Europe, Sindbk explains. Those trade networks likely connected Viking peoples in modern countries such as Norway where reindeer dwelled in remote areas with a far larger market.There's an element of car boot sales in the Viking trade, he says. Lots of people can participate and they can bring something which is unique to their area and participate in a much wider pool of material commodities.Viking peoples also traded many other goods, including textiles woven by women, horses, pottery, silks, spices, and other items like jewelery. Their role in transporting captured and enslaved peoples from across Europe is, of course, highly distasteful in our modern age, says Sindbk.But it doesn't seem that people in the Viking period really struggled with the fact that you can trade people like you can trade livestock, says Sindbk.Viking DiplomacyThough raiding remained commonplace, so too was establishing peaceful relations to foster and maintain trade. On that front, on several occasions Viking leaders engaged in diplomatic efforts to enable trade to flourish.In fact, researchers believe that trade, not warfare, was the initial trigger behind the Viking Age.The chronology is now teaching us that we can see contacts emerging between North and Central Scandinavia and South Scandinavia and the southern North Sea area in the eighth century, says Sindbk. Today, we can sustain a narrative where the capacity to use maritime vessels to engage in long-distance trading relationships emerged first and then became a vehicle for the raids and military operations.There is still much to be discovered about the trade networks of the Viking Age. Sindbk says that for some time a focus on the luxury goods such as silver and ivory has removed attention from everyday staple items, like grain or dried cod, that medieval peoples depended on. Evidence suggests that Nordic peoples suppled cod to Europe for centuries, a practice kickstarted during the Viking Age.I think that whole middle group of lots of different materials, which were extraordinarily useful to people, but in relatively confined quantities, is where the exciting research is taking place right now, he says.Article SourcesOur writers at Discovermagazine.com use peer-reviewed studies and high-quality sources for our articles, and our editors review for scientific accuracy and editorial standards. Review the sources used below for this article:English Heritage. The Viking Raid on LindisfarneScience Daily. The Vikings were part of a global network trading in ivory from GreenlandMuseum Lolland-Falster. Traders and marketsSlavery & Abolition. The slave markets of the Viking world: comparative perspectives on an invisible archaeologyThe Viking Herald. Free trade in the Viking Age: Diplomacy and trade agreementsUniversity of Cambridge. DNA from Viking cod bones suggests 1,000 years of European fish tradeSean Mowbray is a freelance writer based in Scotland. He covers the environment, archaeology, and general science topics. His work has also appeared in outlets such as Mongabay, New Scientist, Hakai Magazine, Ancient History Magazine, and others.

Nature, Published online: 26 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08613-yThe identification of tools dated to the time of Homo sapiens associated with microfloral evidence of wet tropical forests indicates that West African forests were occupied by humans much earlier in human evolution than previously thought.