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2025 RAIC Gold Medal: Charting the Course
KPMB is one of Toronto and Canada’s leading design practices, a firm of influence and action. The four founding partners—Bruce Kuwabara, Thomas Payne, Marianne McKenna and Shirley Blumberg—were senior associates in the studio of Barton Myers Associates. In 1984, Myers opened an office in Los Angeles, and in 1987 relocated his practice there to focus on American projects. Remaining in Toronto, the new KPMB partners became the joint venture associates to finish the work begun by Myers on the Art Gallery of Ontario’s Phase 3 expansion, which opened in 1993.
The KPMB founding partners in 2001. Photo by Michael Rafelson
Barton Myers had been a forceful personality and a strong influence during his relatively short interlude as a Canadian architect. After immigrating from the U.S., he first partnered with Jack Diamond from 1968 to 1975, and was known for a strong sense of urban context and activism. These themes endured in KPMB, which from the beginning upheld the importance of cities, often through creative adaptive reuse projects. What set the new firm apart was a finesse in detail and a flair for design innovation. These qualities informed their winning submission in a national design competition for Kitchener City Hall—their first major commission independent of Myers.
Myers’ signature love for overarching roofs with villages of program below and preference for high-tech architectural expression (what Shirley Blumberg calls “Kahnian planning with Eamesian expression”) were soon supplanted by KPMB’s more situational, materially refined design approach. KPMB would quickly develop a reputation for quality with carefully detailed, elegant materials (wood, steel, glass), highly articulated and often sculptural stairs, and strategic transparency to support signature social spaces. These“city rooms” were at the heart of many of their projects, focusing the spirit of a project—and its highest purpose in the city—in a single space.
Shirley Blumberg, Bruce Kuwabara, Thomas Payne, and Marianne McKenna at Woodsworth College in 1993, following the completion of the addition of new facilities and a courtyard to the University of Toronto institution. Photo from KPMB Archives
KPMB’s ascendency as an important design practice in the late 1980s and early 1990s is interesting firstly for its timing: the recession of that period devastated architectural practices across the country. However, early on, KPMB’s win of the Kitchener City Hall competition would allow them to survive and expand against the prevailing economic cycle. The firm was also quick to establish their design credentials by a steady accrual of competition wins and awards that laid the groundwork for a natural expansion into the university and corporate sectors, providing further resiliency.
The firm started out with around 16 people, including the four partners. While with Barton, Shirley had led the firm’s work for Hasbro headquarters; her strong credibility with the client brought its second phase to KPMB. Shortly thereafter, a KPMB team led by Shirley won a competition for the Design Exchange, and after that, the firm clinched a number of “cultural renaissance” projects initiated in Toronto and supported by generous government funding: Canada’s National Ballet School (2005), the Gardiner Museum of Ceramic Art (2006), and the Royal Conservatory of Music (2008).
Shirley Blumberg at the site for the Design Exchange, Canada’s design museum, as showcased in NOW Magazine. Photo by Laurence Acland
Each partner would carve a personalized trajectory based on their connections, talents and affinities. Bruce Kuwabara, a third-generation Japanese Canadian from Hamilton, was a gifted all-rounder with exceptional design skills who quickly insinuated himself into Toronto’s cultural scene. Thomas Payne, hailing from Chatham, Ontario, and a partner until launching his own practice in 2013, brought East Coast academic connections that would translate into a series of notable educational projects. Yale-educated, Montreal-born Marianne McKenna was a natural strategist, comfortable in the complexities of adaptive reuse cultural projects, with a knack for place branding. Shirley Blumberg, whose activist leanings saw her immigrate from Cape Town, South Africa, would pursue and design social justice-inscribed projects.
The ethnic diversity and gender balance of KPMB’s founding partners was a differentiator of their emerging brand, in a time when very few architectural practices were led by women or non-white men. KPMB’s collaborative model was such that individual partner’s design predilections are discernible in their projects, yet a common and identifiable attention to quality and detailing remains a backbone to the practice.
Shirley Blumberg, Thomas Payne, Marianne McKenna, and Bruce Kuwabara gather around a 1988 model of the upcoming renovation and expansion to the Art Gallery of Ontario.
The firm would go on to become one of Canada’s most internationally recognized and widely published architectural practices, earning hundreds of global awards, including 18 Governor General’s Awards in architecture, and delivering more than 31 million square feet in projects that run the gamut from educational, healthcare, and scientific research spaces to arts and culture, government, corporate, hospitality, recreation and mixed-use developments.
Marianne McKenna delivers a keynote address after receiving an honorary doctorate from Swarthmore College. Photo courtesy Swarthmore College
M: Soft Powerbroker
In what may have been an early predictor of the precocious soft power for which she would be known, Marianne McKenna met Barton Myers in 1980 at a lecture in Montreal, and over the dinner that followed, accepted a job offer with one condition: to be made an associate in one year. Seven years later, she became the M in KPMB, one of four scrappy “all for one, one for all” partners sharing an ethos that was entrepreneurial, competitive and grounded in mutual respect.
McKenna remembers hiring young actors to be receptionists to rhyme off the difficult string of names (the brand went by Kuwabara Payne McKenna Blumberg before eventually evolving to its abbreviated KPMB moniker). The dynamic practice would capture the imagination of Toronto mainstream and architectural press alike, with features in magazines like Chatelaine and Toronto Life central to their emerging identity and sense of their own brand. McKenna’s brand-within-the-brand was as a lead-by-example feminist with a gift for strategy, a bottomless work ethic and infinite energy for high-quality design.
The adaptive reuse office conversion for Tudhope Studios was led by Marianne McKenna in 1987. Photo by Wolfgang Hoyt
One of McKenna’s first notable projects was the adaptive reuse office conversion for Tudhope Studios in 1987. This project came about because Tudhope shared office space on the third floor of the same King Street building that was home to KPMB’s studio. KPMB’s work in restoration and adaptive reuse was unusual for the time: it diverged from the typical approaches of either a straight-up conversion of warehouse spaces, or the “facadism” of propping up historic facades and inserting an entirely new building behind them. Instead, it introduced a hybrid of respect for the old and a strong sense of the new—a sophisticated vision of architecture as an extension of brand identity. New stucco panels layered upon the old building and then unified by colour made this project perfect for a highly visual client conscious of brand image, as well as of the importance of design to attract both clients and creatives.
McKenna’s cultural interests aligned well with the “cultural renaissance” projects that were being funded in Toronto in the wake of the recession of the early 1990s. Her design tenacity and unrelenting drive for excellence is perhaps best exemplified in the Royal Conservatory of Music—arguably one of Toronto’s best loved cultural venues. This project would span nearly a decade, and culminate in the addition of two great city rooms to KPMB’s growing list: the delicate strategic renovation of the Conservatory’s Mazzoleni Concert Hall, and the architectural and acoustical virtuosity of the 1,135-seat Michael and Sonja Koerner Hall, beloved by musicians and music lovers alike. For her dedication to the project, Marianne was named an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Conservatory.
For the renewal of the Minnesota Orchestra Hall, in Minneapolis, Marianne McKenna added a new entry and reimagined the lobby, doubling the average floor area for each patron. Photo by Nic Lehoux
She would also steer the design of Orchestra Hall in Minneapolis (2013), a project that has proved a catalyst for local downtown revitalization and the dramatic expansion of the orchestra’s audience. Then in 2015, McKenna was approached to “improve everything, change nothing” at one of Canada’s most storied, revered—and possibly most neglected—performance venues: Toronto’s Massey Hall, originally constructed in 1895. The meticulous renovation of the original performance hall would also see a seven-storey addition of two new venues and suspended exterior walkways that tie them together.
McKenna’s leadership has extended to notable educational projects in the U.S. and Canada, including Concordia University’s competition-winning integrated vertical campus in Montreal (in joint venture with Fichten Soiferman et associés architectes, 2009), the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University (2017), and the restoration and expansion of the Jenny Belzberg Theatre at the Banff Centre For Arts and Creativity (2020).
Several of KPMB’s best known educational projects showcase Marianne’s specialization in restoring urban fabric and her place-branding abilities. This includes The Brearley School in New York, a vertical campus housing a private day school containing academics, performance and science. The School’s generous central space evokes Rome’s Spanish Steps: it’s a natural hybrid of the enigmatic stair and the city room of the KPMB signature.
Greencedar Commons in Toronto’s Woburn neighbourhood is one of many rental residential projects by Kindred Works, the world’s first comprehensive portfolio converting under-utilized properties into an ecosystem of homes across Canada that are attainable and climate-responsive. The portfolio is stewarded by Marianne McKenna. Rendering by Studio Sang
Most recently, McKenna leads Kindred Works, a national multi-residential program with the goal of building beautiful, sustainable and
attainable rental housing, incorporating carbon-reduction features like mass timber, geothermal heating and cooling, and passive solar strategies.
McKenna’s role as a board member for the province of Ontario’s transit agency is a prime example of her powers of architectural persuasion at the scale of the city. Working in a time in which multi-billion-dollar transit investments included UP Express and the Eglinton Crosstown, but had little design ambition, Marianne galvanized the board of directors to create a small but powerful design excellence team. This team—which I headed as its founding Chief Design Excellence Officer—was charged with elevating the level of design and architecture on the customer-facing parts of transit, by focusing the brand and changing underlying determinants of quality, like procurement. The end result saw an unprecedented leap in the quality of design during Marianne’s six-year tenure.
McKenna serves on the advisory board of the McEwen School of Architecture in Sudbury, where she received an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree in 2017. In 2019, she was named one of Canada’s Top 100 Most Powerful Women by the Financial Post and one of Azure’s 30 outstanding women in architecture and design. In 2021, she was named one of Toronto Life’s 50 Most Influential Torontonians, and became the first woman to receive a lifetime achievement award from the Design Futures Council. She continues to lead and provide mentorship on significant projects like Equitable Bank in Toronto, the competition-winning Arts Common Transformation in Calgary, and, coming full circle, her alma mater Yale’s Dramatic Arts Building.
In 2022, Shirley Blumberg participated in the Candian Centre for Architecture’s residency program Find & Tell to explore the architectural practice of John C. Parkinthrough his drawings, photographs and textual records. Photo courtesy Canadian Centre for Architecture
B: Social Justice Leadership
Shirley Blumberg grew up in the apartheid-era culture and politics of Cape Town, having been a youth activist for racial equality. She briefly moved to London, where she married her British boyfriend. At 21, she came to Canada out of a desire to live in a place that was not culturally divided, attracted to what she called “the relatively European culture and diversity of Toronto.”
When she began her architectural degree in South Africa, Shirley’s education had been devoid of professional female role models. She finished her education at the University of Toronto, under the directorship of Peter Pragnell, in an educational milieu little more gender-balanced than the one she had left behind. She was one of five female graduates, and throughout her architectural education there were no female professors, and only one female guest critic. George Baird proved an influential thesis advisor—Shirley’s thesis involved redesigning the Union Station train shed, establishing a lifelong interest in architecture’s capacity to shape public space. Marshall McLuhan acted as a thesis reviewer—his insights into the differences in the Canadian sense of private and public space had a lasting impact on Blumberg’s thinking.
Blumberg saw gender and social justice advocacy as lifelong callings, and this coloured her career as an architect and an influential member of the profession. Social justice causes she has championed range from affordable housing to advocating for the preservation of threatened buildings and sites.
Seeing echoes of the apartheid system she had left behind reflected in residential schools and in the wake of the suicide crisis in Attawapiskat First Nation—which identified housing and overcrowding as a contributory factor—Blumberg joined forces with Two Row Architect to led an Indigenous housing prototype for Fort Severn, the northernmost Indigenous community in Ontario. The team was part of a National Research Council initiative called Path to Healthy Homes that produced a best-practice manual for architects and engineers working with Indigenous communities; KPMB and Two Row focused on a simple, stick-frame duplex designed to foster close extended family structures and to be easily constructible with local building techniques.
In 2014, on the eve of her investment as a Member of the Order of Canada, Blumberg felt compelled to pull together women in the architecture profession for a proactive, networked approach to addressing gender challenges in the architectural profession. While the graduation rate from professional schools had been well over 50% female for several years, the number of female architects was around 23%, with fewer still partners in architectural firms. With a strong cohort of like-minded colleagues, BEAT (Building Equality in Architecture Toronto) was born as a grassroots initiative to promote equality for women in the profession. It focused on activities like organizing industry talks, social events and female-led site visits, supporting symposia at schools, and promoting mentorship and role model opportunities for women in the profession to connect. Today, there are chapters across Canada, and Blumberg continues to sit on the Advisory Board.
After Toronto’s Dominion Foundry was threatened with demolition, Shirley Blumberg was part of a team that put together a design concept for retaining the buildings while adding affordable and market housing to the site. Rendering by Norm Li
Blumberg recently rallied a pro bono effort to defend a significant heritage project threatened with destruction, the Toronto Dominion Foundry complex. Blumberg championed a better idea by donating time and proactive ideas to demonstrate how leading with good design could avert the wholesale destruction of the irreplaceable buildings, and advocacy efforts were able to divert demolition.
Ottawa is a city where Blumberg’s activism and architecture are showcased, both involving sensitive sites close to the parliamentary precinct. The conversion of the former Canadian War Museum on Sussex Drive to the Global Centre for Pluralism—an institution dedicated to advancing respect for diversity worldwide—involved rehabilitating and stabilizing the historical building and carefully revealing the original structure within, with a trademark KPMB “city room” breaking the back wall to establish a link to the Ottawa River.
Ottawa’s Global Centre for Pluralism opened up the former War Museum to connect the city to the Ottawa River. Photo by Adrien Williams
After being invited to be a jury member of a competition for a memorial to the victims of communism in Ottawa, Blumberg resigned from the jury and publicly challenged the politically motivated siting of the monument—part of the Harper government’s ploy to win votes from Polish and Russian voters from western Canada. An influential piece in the New York Times and a legal injunction ensued, leading to the project’s suspension just before the 2015 federal election.
For one of the rare Canadian international competitions of the last decade, Blumberg convened a team for the Holocaust Museum competition in Montreal including renowned Holocaust scholar Robert-Jan van Pelt, urban culture expert Sherry Simon, and joint venture architects Daoust Lestage Lizotte Stecker. Their architectural approach would avoid a literal paradigm of replicating aspects of Auschwitz to instead create a gentle, serene place of rooted materials and choreographed light—an austere transparent ground plane with a solid stone building poised above, quietly defying gravity. Shirley considers the project one of the highlights of the later part of her career.
Led by Shirley Blumberg, the Julis Romo Rabinowitz Building and the Louis A. Simpson International Building saw Princeton University’s former Frick Chemistry Laboratories fully renovated with strategic new additions. Photo by Adrien Williams
Coda
In the family tree of Canadian architecture, KPMB’s dominant design genes carry through into architectural firms its alumni have established. This includes a who’s who of Toronto-based influential female-partner-led firms—Shim-Sutcliffe Architects, Dubbeldam Architecture + Design, Superkül, Gow Hastings Architects, Jill Greaves Design, StudioAC, Akb Architects, Studio VAARO, Deborah Wang—as well as notable Canadian-based firms such as TaylorSmyth Architects, Omar Gandhi Architects, Anthony Provenzano Architects, Drew Mandel Architects, MacKay-Lyons Sweetapple Architects, AXIA Design, and accomplished architecture-adjacents like furniture designer Andrew Jones, visual content expert Norm Li, and designer/artist Michael Awad. Bruce Kuwabara, Marianne McKenna and Shirley Blumberg are all recipients of the Order of Canada.
In 2021, the firm announced an expansion of its leadership team, many of them with multiple decades of experience at KPMB. Kuwabara, McKenna and Blumberg remain active as founding partners. The 143-person studio remains located in Toronto, having expanded to include seven new partners.
As appeared in the 2025 RAIC Gold Medal issue of Canadian Architect magazine (May 2025)
The post 2025 RAIC Gold Medal: Charting the Course appeared first on Canadian Architect.
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