Cloning, Forking, and Merging Repositories on GitHub: A Beginners Guide
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This comprehensive guide walks you through the essential GitHub operations of cloning, forking, and merging repositories. Whether youre new to version control or looking to solidify your understanding of GitHub workflows, this tutorial will equip you with the fundamental skills needed to collaborate effectively on coding projects.Understanding GitHub RepositoriesGitHub repositories serve as central storage locations for projects, containing all files, folders, and the complete history of changes. Before diving into specific operations, its important to understand the difference between remote repositories (hosted on GitHub) and local repositories (on your computer). Working with GitHub typically involves creating a local copy of a repository through cloning or forking, making changes, and then integrating those changes through merging.Remote vs. Local RepositoriesRepositories on GitHub are remote repositories. To work with them on your computer, you need to create local copies, which you can do by cloning or forking1. The main differences are:Remote repositories: Hosted on GitHubs servers and accessible to collaboratorsLocal repositories: Exist on your computer, allowing you to work offline and test changes before sharingCloning RepositoriesCloning creates a local copy of a repository on your computer. This is the most direct way to start working with an existing project.What is Cloning?When you clone a repository, you download a complete copy of the repository, including all files and commit history. This creates a connection to the original repository, allowing you to push changes back if you have write permissions.How to Clone Using HTTPSFind the Repository to CloneNavigate to the GitHub repository you want to cloneClick the green Code button above the files listSelect the HTTPS option to get the repository URLClone the Repository Using GitOpen your terminal or command promptNavigate to the directory where you want to store the repositoryType the following command:Press Enter to begin cloningAuthenticate if NecessaryFor private repositories, youll need to authenticateGitHub no longer accepts password authentication for HTTPSUse a Personal Access Token (PAT) instead, which you can generate in GitHub Settings Developer settings Personal access tokensStart Working with the Cloned RepositoryNavigate to the cloned repository directory using:Now you can view, edit, and work with the filesCloning Using GitHub DesktopIf you prefer a graphical interface:In GitHub Desktop, click File Clone RepositorySelect the repository source:Choose from your GitHub repositoriesEnter a URL for any repositoryBrowse for a local repositoryChoose the local path where you want to store the repositoryClick Clone to finalize the processForking RepositoriesForking is creating a personal copy of someone elses repository in your GitHub account, which allows you to freely experiment with changes without affecting the original project.You should fork a repository when:You dont have write access to the original repositoryYou want to contribute to an open-source projectYou want to use someones project as a starting point for your own workThe Complete Forking WorkflowFork the RepositoryNavigate to the repository you want to forkClick the Fork button in the top-right cornerWait a few seconds for GitHub to create the fork in your accountClone Your Forked RepositoryAfter forking, clone the repository to your local machine using the methods described earlierThis creates a local copy of your fork, not the original repositoryMake Changes and Push to Your ForkMake the desired changes to the local copyCommit your changesPush the changes to your forked repositoryCreate a Pull Request (Optional)If you want to contribute back to the original project, create a pull requestThis proposes your changes to the original repositorys ownerUnderstanding the RelationshipWhen you fork a repository:The original repository is called the upstream repositoryYour copy is the forked repositoryThese repositories are separate, allowing independent developmentYou can sync changes from the upstream repository when neededWorking with Your RepositoriesAfter cloning or forking a repository, youll need to make changes, commit them, and push them back to GitHub.Basic Git Commands for Daily WorkCheck Repository StatusCreate a New Branch for Your ChangesAdd Your Changed FilesOr add all changes:Commit Your ChangesPush Your Changes to GitHubMerging Repositories and BranchesMerging is Gits way of integrating changes from one branch or repository into another.Understanding Git MergeGit merge combines multiple sequences of commits into one unified history. In typical scenarios, merging is used to combine two branches. When merging:Git finds a common base commit between the branchesIt creates a new merge commit that combines the changesThis merge commit has two parent commits (unlike regular commits)How to Merge BranchesCheckout the Target BranchEnsure Your Branch is Up-to-DateMerge the Source BranchHandle Any Merge ConflictsIf Git encounters conflicting changes, it will mark them in the affected filesEdit these files to resolve the conflictsAfter resolving, add the files and commit the mergeCreating and Managing Pull RequestsPull requests are the primary way to contribute changes from a fork back to the original repository.Creating a Pull RequestPush Your Changes to Your ForkNavigate to the Original Repository on GitHubClick Pull Requests and then New Pull RequestSelect the Base Repository/Branch and Your Fork/BranchReview Your Changes and Create the Pull RequestAdd a title and descriptionExplain what changes youve made and whyMerging a Pull RequestIf you own the repository or have write access:Review the Pull RequestCheck the code changesRun tests if applicableConsider feedback from other collaboratorsMerge the Pull RequestOn GitHub, navigate to the pull requestClick Merge pull request if everything looks goodFor repositories with merge queues, you can click Merge when readyBest Practices and TipsWorkflow RecommendationsAlways Create Branches for New FeaturesKeep the main branch clean and stableCreate feature branches for new developmentPull Before You PushAlways pull the latest changes before pushing your ownThis reduces merge conflictsWrite Clear Commit MessagesUse descriptive messages that explain why changes were madeFollow the convention of a short title and longer description if neededCommon Pitfalls to AvoidWorking Directly on the Main BranchThis can cause conflicts and confusionAlways create feature branches for new workNot Updating Your Fork RegularlyYour fork can become outdated if the original repository changesLearn how to sync your fork with the upstream repositoryPushing Large Binary Files to GitGit is not optimized for binary filesConsider Git LFS (Large File Storage) for large binary filesConclusionIn this guide, we covered cloning, forking, and merging repositories on GitHub, essential for collaboration and version control. Cloning creates a local copy, forking allows independent development, and merging integrates changes efficiently. Pull requests facilitate structured contributions. Best practices include using feature branches, keeping repositories updated, and writing clear commit messages. By following these workflows, developers can collaborate effectively, reduce conflicts, and manage code efficiently, ensuring smooth project development and contribution to open-source or team-based projects. NikhilNikhil is an intern consultant at Marktechpost. He is pursuing an integrated dual degree in Materials at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. Nikhil is an AI/ML enthusiast who is always researching applications in fields like biomaterials and biomedical science. 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