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AD Classics: Nordic Pavilion, Venice / Sverre FehnSave this picture!The Nordic Pavilion (Giardini, Venice). Image ke E:son LindmanPavilionVenice, ItalyArchitects: Sverre FehnYearCompletion year of this architecture project Year: 1962 PhotographsPhotographs:ke E:son LindmanAs a result of the ideas competition organized by the governments of Sweden, Finland, and Norway in 1958, Sverre Fehn's Nordic Pavilion won first prize, becoming one of the most significant works of his career and one of the most outstanding Scandinavian architectural achievements during the mid-20th century. Designed to create a space at the Venice Biennale for the biennial exhibitions of these countries, Fehn's proposal addressed several key architectural challengesranging from its integration with the site and incorporation of pre-existing elements to the handling of physical boundaries and uniform natural lighting. His design explored the interaction between architecture and trees, the flexibility in the exhibition space, the filtering of light, the connection between interior and exterior, the concept of movement through space, and the display of artworks.Save this picture!In June 1958, the Finnish architectural duo Reima and Raili Pietil, Swedish architect Klas Anshelm, and Norwegian architect Sverre Fehn were invited to participate in the competition to design the Nordic Pavilion within the Venice Biennale grounds. As outlined in Mara Dolores Snchez Moya's doctoral thesis, the competition aimed to address the need for exhibition flexibility while preserving existing site conditions. Given the nature of the location, the Biennale's administration required that a certain distance be maintained from the Danish pavilion to ensure pedestrian flow and to preserve as many trees as possible. Additionally, the competition rules stipulated that the pavilion should include an exhibition space of 400 square meters for paintings, sculptures, and graphic works, along with a space of at least 15 square meters for storage and maintenance. Each country needed to have the option of organizing its exhibitions independently or collectively, making spatial flexibility a crucial design consideration.Save this picture!Since its first edition in 1895, the Venice Biennale has been held in the "Giardini di Castello", located at the eastern end of the island of Venice. Densely populated with trees and shrubs, the site designated for the Nordic Pavilion imposed restrictions on tree removal. However, Fehn was already deeply interested in trees and made them an integral part of his design. His proposal stood out for how it was positioned within the landscape, its seamless integration of trees, and its relationship with the surroundings. His use of a light-permeable roof provided more exhibition space than the other competing designs. Related Article Spotlight: Sverre Fehn Save this picture!Situated between Denmark's pavilion and the U.S. pavilion, along Trento Avenue, the site was not flat but rather sloped, with a gradient running along its length, dividing it into two platforms. Beneath the tree canopies, the pavilion's space was formed through the layering of different densities, allowing light to filter through into the interior. While the layout was determined by the exhibition program, the way light entered the space shaped the section.Save this picture!Every design decision responded to three key objectives: preserving the site's trees, achieving uniform natural lighting within the exhibition space, and allowing for seamless movement between the interior and exterior. As Mara Dolores Snchez Moya's thesis states, the project can be seen as the creation of a new context that incorporates the pre-existing elementsthe trees and pathways. Fehn designed an open and transparent floor plan to maximize exhibition flexibility, concentrating the structural support in two concrete walls that formed the pavilion's enclosed angle, along with a single pillar.Save this picture!"I didn't want barriers between the park, the stage, and the works of art" Fehn once said. His architecture was deeply metaphorical, seeking to tell stories through space. The exhibition area was enclosed on one side by concrete walls, creating a visual boundary, while large sliding glass doors opened it toward the plaza and the main avenue. The roof extended beyond the mobile enclosure, effectively blending the interior exhibition with the outdoor space. While the jury recognized the pavilion's connection to the surrounding park's greenery, concerns were raised about the durability and maintenance of the roof, leading Fehn to make some adjustments and modifications.Save this picture!By minimizing spatial hierarchy, Fehn designed a flexible layout suited to different types of artworks and installations. The pavilion's rectangular shape and its placement within the site's topography resulted in a building with both a distinct front and back. It combined an open floor plan free of interior supports, even lighting throughout, and an absence of fixed entry and exit points. The vertical structure was concentrated in the L-shaped concrete wall and a single supporting pillar at the opposite corner, enabling a fluid and adaptable exhibition space without the need for perimeter columns.Save this picture!From the outset of the project, controlling natural light was a fundamental consideration. Designed as a continuous plane of illumination intersected by the existing vegetation, the pavilion's overhead lighting ensured uniform brightness throughout, reinforcing the sense of a cohesive and uninterrupted exhibition space. Since natural light is subject to unpredictable variations as it passes through different atmospheric layers, Venice's geographic location influences the quality of its daylight. The omnipresence of water affects atmospheric stability and the high relative humidity results in a diffuse light that defines the city's atmosphere. Consequently, the pavilion's roof structure was designed to block direct sunlight, providing a soft and even illumination across the space. This not only protected the artworks from the harsh summer light but also enhanced the viewing experience. The layering of beams shielded the interior from direct sunlight, allowing shadows to soften and blur at certain times of the day and year, dissolving the pavilion's fragile boundary. Thanks to the filtering capacity of the roof and the orthogonal arrangement of the beams, all artworks could be appreciated under the same lighting conditions, regardless of their location.Save this picture! The second challenge, which was very interesting, was to create shade. You cannot allow the Venetian sun to penetrate the interior space. The sun in Venice has a specific angle, so we designed the beams with enough depth to block direct sunlight. This way, the exhibition hall received uniform lighting. Between the beams, transparent drip edges were incorporated to channel water away. Sverre Fehn in the video for the traveling exhibition "Architect Sverre Fehn, Intuition, Reflection, Construction", Oslo, Nasjonal Museet for Kunst, Arkitektur og Design, 2008. Save this picture!The roof became the defining element of the space, though the presence, opacity, and positioning of the lintel also played a crucial role in shaping spatial perception. From inside the pavilion, the treetops remain unseen, emphasizing the horizontal nature of the space and reinforcing the continuity of the floor plane. The total thickness of the roof measures 2 meters, while the interior space beneath it has a free height of 4.3 meters. However, proportions within the pavilion are not solely dictated by light; there is also an underlying pattern of human scale. The angle of sunlight68.5 relative to the horizontal during the summer solstice in Venicedetermined the design of the roof, which consists of both longitudinal and transverse beams. Arranging them in a 1:2 proportion between their height and spacing produces a diffused light of uniform intensity throughout the pavilion, functioning as a brise-soleil system. Sverre Fehn in the competition submission report. Save this picture!Ultimately, the pavilion stands as an example of the relationship between space and construction. It employs a structural system where concrete elements define and enclose the space, integrating both structure and enclosure into a single, cohesive system. Built from five materialsreinforced concrete for the structure, wood, and glass for the enclosure, slate stone for the floors, and plastic for the roof coveringit embodies an architecture without additional finishes, allowing each material to express its natural color and texture without being coated or disguised.Save this picture!In fact, when Fehn chose to use white concrete to enhance the diffusion of light, the effect was achieved not through artificial coloring but through the selection of light-colored aggregates and white cement. True to his architectural philosophy, Fehn avoided concealing the inherent qualities of materials, instead emphasizing their expressive and evocative nature. He sought to reveal the sensory richness of materials, engaging not only their visual and tactile qualities but also their origins, and interaction with light, temperature, and sound. For Fehn, the combination of these elements created a language that could be perceived through touch, hearing, and sight.Save this picture!The Nordic Pavilion represents a masterful orchestration of spatial ideas and atmospheric intentions, bringing together walls, floors, steps, roof, landscape, light, and interstitial spaces. Its design is inextricably linked to the topography of the site, framing its surroundings through a delicate interplay of built form and natural elements.Project gallerySee allShow lessAbout this officeSverre FehnOfficeMaterialConcreteMaterials and TagsPublished on April 01, 2025Cite: Agustina Iiguez. "AD Classics: Nordic Pavilion, Venice / Sverre Fehn" 01 Apr 2025. ArchDaily. 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