Building with Communities: Rural Schools That Integrate Local Techniques and Materials in Latin AmericaSave this picture!Jerusalén de Miñaro Primary School / Semillas. Image © Eleazar CuadrosIn an effort to foster a sense of belonging among its inhabitants, to value ancestral cultures, and to preserve identity, the Latin American region embraces an architecture rich in nuances and regional characteristics. The use of local materials and construction techniques, or the dialogue between modular and vernacular approaches, among other aspects, reflect the intention to promote the involvement of native communities, students and their families, Iindigenous peoples, and local builders in the design and construction processes of a wide variety of rural schools throughout Latin America.According to the World Bank report, "Indigenous Latin America in the Twenty-First Century", it is estimated that around 42 million people belonging to indigenous communities live in Latin America. Mexico, Guatemala, Peru, and Bolivia are among the countries with the largest Indigenous populations, together accounting for over 80% of the regional total. From an architectural perspective, maintaining a dialogue that understands and respects the cultural and spiritual particularities of Indigenous peoples enables projects that preserve their identity and reflect their cultural heritage. La Piedra School by Correa 3 Arquitectos in Chile, for example, is designed for the Mapuche community of Galvarino, incorporating elements such as the circle, the cardinal points, and orthogonality, along with the integration of the sun, moon, and earth, and a space dedicated to ceremonies with the sacred Canelo tree. Beyond fulfilling educational needs, the aim is to promote equality and a connection with nature and spirituality, reflected in the circular arrangement of the classrooms and the admission of the first ray of sunlight. In this way, the fundamental elements of their worldview are embedded in the project's conception. Save this picture!Continuing within the educational context, practices such as the Semillas association in the Peruvian jungle combine community engagement and participation with the implementation of bioclimatic strategies and the use of local resources, aiming to create an architecture that is connected to its natural environment and cultural history. Understanding the role of educational infrastructure as more than just school buildings, but as versatile and multifunctional spaces with a meaningful impact on community learning and development, collective collaboration practices seek to transmit concepts and knowledge about vernacular architecture while also meeting essential needs. The use of earth, wood, bamboo, brick, caña brava, and other materials reflects the diversity of construction methods and local identities found throughout Latin America’s varied geographies. Related Article Inhabited Landscapes: 20 Cultural and Community Centers in Rural Areas Save this picture!Below, discover a selection of six rural schools located in Mexico, Peru, and Brazil that have developed initiatives to involve local communities, along with their students and families, at different stages of the design and construction process. Lightweight structures, sloped roofs, flexible enclosures, and open-plan layouts are common elements shared among these six case studies, which demonstrate a broad range of community-driven responses and interventions suited to different conditions and environments. In fact, the use of wood and bamboo stands out in both interior and exterior spaces for its application in structures, furnishings, and finishes.Rural School in Oaxaca / Territorio EstudioSan Andrés Huayapam, MexicoSave this picture!After reflecting on the nature of contemporary educational spaces, the Rural School in Oaxaca uses recycled construction materials or materials sourced from within the local community in an effort to strengthen the bond between students, their environment, and the surrounding landscape. Additionally, the program becomes entirely educational by involving students in the regenerative processes taking place in the school’s open areas, such as a wetland for water treatment, a community garden, composting, and enclosures for sheep and chickens, all of which are part of the educational approach. In this way, the mostly local teaching staff aims to promote a closer social relationship between the local population and the school space.Save this picture!El Huabo Primary and Secondary School / SemillasPeruSave this picture!In the jungle of northern Peru, the primary and secondary school for the village of El Huabo was developed through a participatory design and construction process involving the community and students. Through a carpentry workshop, students built school furniture during “Education for Work” classes (a course in the national curriculum), while landscaping workshops were held to improve the school gardens in cooperation with the La Agencia Agraria de San Ignacio. Moreover, an educational coffee farm was established thanks to collaboration with the company Volcafe. All these actions enabled multiple educational projects to run in parallel with the school’s construction, resulting in what the project team calls a “living school,” where the beneficiaries are also the creators.Save this picture!Ecoara Waldorf School / Shieh Arquitetos AssociadosValinhos, BrazilSave this picture!The Waldorf Ecoara School is an associative school where parents play an active role. As a result, a construction activity was created to foster a sense of belonging within the group. The walls were built using the traditional taipa de mão technique, which involves weaving vertical and horizontal wooden slats into the main structure to form large panels that are then filled with compacted clay. This activity, carried out by both parents and children, was both playful and symbolic. In addition, specialists in rammed earth provided hands-on training for the Ecoara community and construction workers. The idea was to promote the use of this technique, largely forgotten in its traditional form and still rarely used in its modern variant, while incorporating appropriate technological controls for the material mix.Save this picture!Jerusalén de Miñaro Primary School / SemillasSan Martín de Pangoa, PeruSave this picture!In the district of Pangoa, the project proposes an integrated work methodology involving cooperation among various national and international institutions and the community’s participation in every phase. During the diagnostic and design stages, workshops were held with students, parents, and teachers to identify the community’s needs, daily dynamics, and aspirations for the future school. Construction was guided by master builders and local workers, enabling the transfer of knowledge through on-site experience as well as training workshops throughout the process. In this way, the project initiates processes that foster knowledge exchange, revalue local material and human resources, and promote flexible spaces aligned with new educational approaches.Save this picture!Grow your School / Lucila Aguilar ArquitectosTuzantán, Chiapas, MexicoSave this picture!Aiming to improve the conditions of a school in the Unión Mexicana community in Tuzantán, Chiapas, the project combined pre-existing elements with new additions. Community volunteer participation was fundamental, as many of the construction tasks were carried out by locals. Children also took part in the rehabilitation activities by painting a mural on one of the facades. The goal was to nurture the children’s potential while fostering a sense of unity among community members, who were actively involved from the planning phase through to construction.Save this picture!Children Village / Rosenbaum + Aleph ZeroFormoso do Araguaia, BrazilSave this picture!The Children Village project advances efforts toward transformation, cultural preservation, the promotion of local building techniques, Indigenous beauty and knowledge, and the construction of a sense of belonging, vital for the development of the children at the Canuanã School. Interactive spaces such as a TV room, reading areas, balconies, patios, and hammocks make up the complementary facilities co-designed with the students to enhance quality of life and strengthen their connection to the school. In addition to housing more children, the new “villages” aim to boost the children’s self-esteem through the use of local techniques, building a bridge between vernacular methods and a new model of sustainable living.Save this picture! This article is part of an ArchDaily curated series that focuses on built projects from our database grouped under specific themes related to cities, typologies, materials, or programs. Every month, we will highlight a collection of structures that find a common thread between previously uncommon contexts, unpacking the depths of influence on our built environments. As always, at ArchDaily, we highly appreciate the input of our readers. If you think we should mention specific ideas, please submit your suggestions. Image gallerySee allShow less About this authorAgustina IñiguezAuthor••• Cite: Iñiguez, Agustina. "Building with Communities: Rural Schools That Integrate Local Techniques and Materials in Latin America" [Construir con las comunidades: escuelas rurales que integran técnicas y materiales locales en Latinoamérica] 24 May 2025. ArchDaily. (Trans. Piñeiro, Antonia ) Accessed . <https://www.archdaily.com/1030260/building-with-communities-rural-schools-that-integrate-local-techniques-and-materials-in-latin-america&gt ISSN 0719-8884Save世界上最受欢迎的建筑网站现已推出你的母语版本!想浏览ArchDaily中国吗?是否 You've started following your first account!Did you know?You'll now receive updates based on what you follow! Personalize your stream and start following your favorite authors, offices and users.Go to my stream

Slather on that SPF, slip into that bathing suit, and pack your beverage of choice in that insulated Yeti of yours. We're going to the beach! While I'd argue that the beach is best when you leave your tech behind, or, as Lorde did, throw your cellular device in the water, there are a few gadgets you can pack along to elevate the relaxing experience. As you head to the beach for memorial Day to soak up some sun and relax, I encourage you to bring along a few of my favorite gadgets. From a portable, waterproof Bluetooth speaker for listening to your beachy playlist to a handy electric fan for when it gets too hot, I rounded up a few gadgets I'm bringing to the beach this summer -- and I highly recommend that you follow suit. Keep reading for more.  Sony Ult Field 1 portable speaker Nina Raemont/ZDNET Let's talk tunes: This speaker from Sony is my favorite one to listen to at the beach, in the park, or at home in my bedroom. I've used the speaker to play music during dinner parties, and even amid a group of 15 friends all sat around the table, the sound was clear and strong. It gets plenty loud and offers crystal-clear sound. It's also waterproof, dustproof, and rustproof, so you can splash water on it or kick sand onto it without a problem. The speaker comes with a handy little carrying strap for maximum portability and a 12-hour battery life that should last you an entire day of tomfoolery by the water. What I also love about this speaker is how much quality Sony packs into a fairly affordable Bluetooth speaker with great sound. You're getting a high-quality speaker that punches well above its price point. For summer beach days, I can't recommend the Ult Field 1 enough and am looking forward to blasting my favorite songs on it as I hang in the sand this season. Right now, select colorways of the speaker are discounted by $40, bringing the price of this speaker down to $88.  Show more View now at Amazon Handheld mini fan and portable charger Nina Raemont/ZDNET If the ocean breeze isn't cutting it and you're needing some additional cool air on your face, this handheld mini fan is about to be your best friend. My friend who brought this to the beach last summer to cool herself off told me that she still carries the fan everywhere, thanks to its compact size and easy portability. Even better: Not only is this a fan, but it's also a flashlight and a power bank, so you can plug a charger into it to give your phone some extra juice at the end of the day. The mini fan has over 50,000 ratings on Amazon, and customers compliment its sweet design and functionality. It's great for any breeze-less and sweltering summer day, whether on the beach, at a packed outdoor concert venue, queueing up in lines at an amusement park, or braving the sweaty subway.  Show more View now at Amazon Kindle Paperwhite Nina Raemont/ZDNET If you don't have any more space for a book in that beach bag of yours, might I suggest a Kindle instead? I know that an e-reader is not the same as a paperback, but there are some instances when an e-reader, like the Kindle Paperwhite, simply works better than a physical book. The beach is one of those instances for a few reasons: the first is that the Kindle is waterproof and will survive splashes and sand, unlike a soggy paperback book. The second is its slim build and portability -- you don't have to choose between titles with a Kindle; bring them all to the beach instead and have space in your beach bag to spare. The Paperwhite offers an adjustable warm light and a glare-free display, so you can read e-books in direct sunlight without a problem. If you've got a laundry list of books to read this summer and are planning on knocking a few of those titles off while lounging on the beach, this Kindle could keep your reading goals on track.  Show more View now at Amazon Hanging on the beach all day is bound to drain your various devices' batteries. Bring a portable charger along, like this Anker PowerCore, to boost them back up. This PowerCore charger is lightweight, small enough to throw in a bag, and boasts a USB-A and USB-C port. ZDNET's Adrian Kingsley Hughes says he uses these constantly to power up his action cameras and devices on the go. While the chargers aren't disposable, Kingsley-Hughes says he likes that its affordable price makes it easy to replace if it gets lost. "If they get damaged, lost (or, as one did, fall off a cliff), I'm not out that much money," he writes.  Show more View now at Amazon Why should you trust me? While thinking about the best gadgets to bring to the beach, I kept in mind two essential things: usefulness and portability. I tried to choose tech gadgets that a regular person would actually use and reap the benefits of while they're passing the day by the water. If you're anything like me, and your closest beach is a 50-minute subway ride away, you know that that beach bag you're lugging around gets heavy, quickly. I tried to choose products that lighten the heavy load of your beach bag or relieve you from the hot weather. I test and report on tech products for a living, so I chose products that my colleagues and I can vouch for, many of which we have reviewed ourselves.  Show more Why does my phone's battery drain quickly in the sun? Hot temperatures can drain a phone's battery, fast. That's because heat speeds up chemical reactions in the battery. To keep my phone battery strong while I'm on the beach, I like to wrap it in a towel and hide it from direct sunlight. I also will only try to use it when necessary.  Show more What other beach essentials should I bring? There are the classic beach bag essentials, like a beach towel (I like to bring one towel for sitting on and one for drying myself off), sunscreen, sunglasses, a water bottle, and a cooler with drinks and snacks in it. I also love bringing earbuds with me, so as to not bother my friends while I listen to my favorite tunes on the water.  Show more Other beach-friendly tech 

The Victorian era brought us many things—floral motifs, linen trimmed in lace, and some of the best ruffled bedding history has ever witnessed. Two centuries later, frills and flounces are back in style on the heels of the cottagecore bedding scene, allowing your bedscape to embrace its softer side.The beauty of frills lies in its delicate silhouette that pairs equally well with gingham bedding as it does with florals or simple solid colors. In fact, an all-white ruffled bedding set or a frilly decorative pillow is all you need to lighten the mood in a room. Extra pomp doesn’t have to skew antiquated, either, as several modern variations from upscale brands like Sferra and Annie Selke illustrate. Below, some of the finest ruffled bedding around the web for creating the frothy bedscape of your daydreams.Our Top Picks for the Best Ruffled BeddingBest Ruffled Duvet: Lulu and Georgia Charlie Linen Duvet by Pom Pom at Home, $701, $561Best Ruffled Bed Sheets: West Elm European Flax Linen Ruffle Sheet Set, $279Best Ruffled Bedroom Decor: Lulu and Georgia Westmont Platform Bed, $1,798 $1,438Best Ruffled Quilt Set: Serena & Lily Nantucket Stripe Linen Quilt,$478 $358Best Ruffle Duvet Cover: GreenRow Linen Ruffle Crochet Duvet Cover, $319Pom Pom at Home Charlie Linen DuvetThe Lulu and Georgia Charlie duvet cover is 100% linen with a shell-button closure that wraps up your comforter in a layer of light, frothy goodness. A four-inch ruffle adds inconspicuous detail to an otherwise, uh, no-frills design. While it only comes in flax and white colorways, muted simplicity is actually the goal here.West Elm European Flax Linen Ruffle Sheet SetEmploying the teeniest of ruffles, this West Elm sheet set features just a hint of twee detailing, almost like a playful coquette. The bedding is all-linen, lending it an even softer, lived-in feel. The brick colorway is especially dreamy, a mix of terracotta and mocha that feels both moody and soothing at the same time.Lulu and Georgia Westmont Platform BedIt doesn’t get much more charming than this ruffled Lulu and Georgia Westmont platform bed with the lushest of velveteen frills. The gingham print seen here screams “cottagecore” for a B&B in the woods feel. It even comes with a matching headboard that continues the storybook style above your head as you snooze.Serena & Lily Nantucket Stripe Linen QuiltSeersucker is officially in season, whether you’re heading to the Nantucket coast or not this year. You can certainly embody the same coastal vibe anywhere around the country with one of Serena & Lily’s quintessentially beachy linens, like this quilt with a four-inch ruffle flange that calls to mind sea air, hydrangea bushes, and lively tennis matches. It’s made in Portugal, and the linen itself is woven from premium flax sourced from Belgium and France. The diamond pattern lends the quilt some structure and you can even make it an entire set with matching shams and sheets.GreenRow Linen Ruffle Crochet Duvet CoverIf you’re leaning into period piece vibes in your bedroom, start with this romantic GreenRow duvet cover that’s both Oeko-Tex– and Fair Trade–certified. The European flax bedding comes embellished with a crocheted seam just above the ruffled edge and looks like it was plucked right out of a Victorian trousseau. In an all-white set, it reads as clean and unfettered. Other colorways such as dusty rose, pale blue, and marigold yellow embody the same vintage style but with more saturation involved.Other Ruffled Bedding We LikeUrban Outfitters Cleo Ruffle Skirt Rohini Daybed CushionTransform a regular bench into a dreamy daybed seat with an Urban Outfitters ruffle skirt cushion. It comes in olive green and striped cream colorways—both highly adaptable to any bedroom decor. The top is tufted, and the slightly pleated skirt gives it just enough charm without treading into childish territory.Sferra Giotto Bed SkirtLeave it up to Sferra to render the traditional ruffled bedskirt in a rich, luxurious way. In the Giotto bed skirt, folds don’t just ripple so much as elegantly undulate, glistening with the kind of delicate sheen that only sateen and silk can accomplish. Consider it for the kind of evergreen upgrade that will subtly transform your bedroom for years and years to come.Biselina Linen Ruffled Duvet Cover SetFor those looking for extra color choices—rust, purple, and green—consider Biselina’s ruffle duvet cover and shams. Unlike other more flouncy options, the ruffle detail here is shrunken down for some elegant, but not over-the-top character. The Oeko-Tex certified linen set includes shams, all for less than $150.Piglet In Bed Gingham Linen Bed SkirtFor all things gingham and linen, make a pit stop at Piglet in Bed, which specializes in both. Their gingham bed skirt features a 15-inch drop and lightly drapes to cover up dust bunnies and other unmentionables you’ve stuffed under the bed. In a breathable cotton blend made of 55% European linen, the splashy dust ruffle has an overall youthful, laid-back effect.Peri Home Rene Ruffle Duvet Cover and Shams SetIf you’re piling on the charm, top off those ruffles with some scalloped trim. Peri Home’s Rene bedding set tows the line between cottagecore and antique aesthetics with this quilted texture that feels like an heirloom passed down from a wiser relative. Pair it with similarly palate-cleansing pastels or employ some pattern clashing with stripes and prints for a more artful bedscape.Taylor Linens Farmhouse Stripe Bed SkirtTight pinstripes give your bedding a more buttoned-up feel, like you’ve dressed your bed in office-friendly attire, especially when they appear on a bedskirt like this one from Taylor Linens. The subtle pleat pattern gives the ruffle a refined character that pairs exceptionally well with quilts and starchy white duvet covers.Maeve Cotton Striped Ruffle Printed Duvet CoverCandy stripers are a relic of the past, but the same retro red-and-white wardrobe has a different appeal when seen in a bedding setting. This Maeve organic cotton piece looks like something Dorothy Draper would select, and comes in a wide range of sizing (from twin to California King beds) so everyone can add this bold bedding to their cart.Annie Selke Wilton BedspreadOf all the bedding on this list, this gathered bedspread has the longest drop (30 inches!) for a flowing waterfall effect. The cotton-blend fabric, a hybrid that contains some linen for added breathability and texture, has just the right weight to feel structured but relaxed.Lush Decor Garden of Flowers Ruffle Sheet SetLush Decor specializes in the kind of posies you’re likely to find in a spring garden: Take this sheet set that would feel right at home in a nursery or romantic guest bedroom. The four-inch ruffled edge supersizes the romantic detailing, but won’t interfere with dressing your bed.GreenRow Lillian Velvet Ruffle Standard ShamAnd if you want to leave the ruffles to your bedding accents, GreenRow makes just the sort of velvet ruffle shams to round out your search. The heavy plush poly-velvet cover is finished off with a lightweight Tencel ruffle that drapes beautifully, like butterflies aflutter on your bed.

As businesses increasingly integrate AI assistants, assessing how effectively these systems perform real-world tasks, particularly through voice-based interactions, is essential. Existing evaluation methods concentrate on broad conversational skills or limited, task-specific tool usage. However, these benchmarks fall short when measuring an AI agent’s ability to manage complex, specialized workflows across various domains. This gap highlights the need for more comprehensive evaluation frameworks that reflect the challenges AI assistants face in practical enterprise settings, ensuring they can truly support intricate, voice-driven operations in real-world environments.  To address the limitations of existing benchmarks, Salesforce AI Research & Engineering developed a robust evaluation system tailored to assess AI agents in complex enterprise tasks across both text and voice interfaces. This internal tool supports the development of products like Agentforce. It offers a standardized framework to evaluate AI assistant performance in four key business areas: managing healthcare appointments, handling financial transactions, processing inbound sales, and fulfilling e-commerce orders. Using carefully curated, human-verified test cases, the benchmark requires agents to complete multi-step operations, use domain-specific tools, and adhere to strict security protocols across both communication modes.  Traditional AI benchmarks often focus on general knowledge or basic instructions, but enterprise settings require more advanced capabilities. AI agents in these contexts must integrate with multiple tools and systems, follow strict security and compliance procedures, and understand specialized terms and workflows. Voice-based interactions add another layer of complexity due to potential speech recognition and synthesis errors, especially in multi-step tasks. Addressing these needs, the benchmark guides AI development toward more dependable and effective assistants tailored for enterprise use. Salesforce’s benchmark uses a modular framework with four key components: domain-specific environments, predefined tasks with clear goals, simulated interactions that reflect real-world conversations, and measurable performance metrics. It evaluates AI across four enterprise domains: healthcare appointment management, financial services, sales, and e-commerce. Tasks range from simple requests to complex operations involving conditional logic and multiple system calls. With human-verified test cases, the benchmark ensures realistic challenges that test an agent’s reasoning, precision, and tool handling in both text and voice interfaces.  The evaluation framework measures AI agent performance based on two main criteria: accuracy, how correctly the agent completes the task, and efficiency, which are evaluated through conversational length and token usage. Both text and voice interactions are assessed, with the option to add audio noise to test system resilience. Implemented in Python, the modular benchmark supports realistic client-agent dialogues, multiple AI model providers, and configurable voice processing using built-in speech-to-text and text-to-speech components. An open-source release is planned, enabling developers to extend the framework to new use cases and communication formats. Initial testing across top models like GPT-4 variants and Llama showed that financial tasks were the most error-prone due to strict verification requirements. Voice-based tasks also saw a 5–8% drop in performance compared to text. Accuracy declined further on multi-step tasks, especially those requiring conditional logic. These findings highlight ongoing challenges in tool-use chaining, protocol compliance, and speech processing. While robust, the benchmark lacks personalization, real-world user behavior diversity, and multilingual capabilities. Future work will address these gaps by expanding domains, introducing user modeling, and incorporating more subjective and cross-lingual evaluations.  Check out the Technical details. All credit for this research goes to the researchers of this project. Also, feel free to follow us on Twitter and don’t forget to join our 95k+ ML SubReddit and Subscribe to our Newsletter. Sana HassanSana Hassan, a consulting intern at Marktechpost and dual-degree student at IIT Madras, is passionate about applying technology and AI to address real-world challenges. With a keen interest in solving practical problems, he brings a fresh perspective to the intersection of AI and real-life solutions.Sana Hassanhttps://www.marktechpost.com/author/sana-hassan/Beyond Aha Moments: Structuring Reasoning in Large Language ModelsSana Hassanhttps://www.marktechpost.com/author/sana-hassan/RXTX: A Machine Learning-Guided Algorithm for Efficient Structured Matrix MultiplicationSana Hassanhttps://www.marktechpost.com/author/sana-hassan/From Protocol to Production: How Model Context Protocol (MCP) Gateways Enable Secure, Scalable, and Seamless AI Integrations Across EnterprisesSana Hassanhttps://www.marktechpost.com/author/sana-hassan/Researchers from Renmin University and Huawei Propose MemEngine: A Unified Modular AI Library for Customizing Memory in LLM-Based Agents

In a move Democrats warned would have disastrous consequences for the economy, the environment, and public health, the Republican-led Senate Thursday voted to block California’s electric-vehicle mandates, revoking the state’s right to implement the nation’s toughest emissions standards.    Republicans used the Congressional Review Act, or CRA, to overturn California’s long-standing authority under the Clean Air Act to request waivers from the Environmental Protection Agency to pass emissions standards stricter than federal rules and protect residents from dangerous air pollution. The move affects 17 other states and Washington, D.C., which have voluntarily adopted one or more of California’s stricter standards.  The CRA allows Congress to quickly rescind a rule within a limited time after it’s issued by a federal agency, allowing a simple majority vote rather than the 60 votes needed to advance legislation under the filibuster rule.  An aerial view of traffic on a smoggy day in Los Angeles in January 1985. [Photo: Ernst Haas/Getty Images] But both the Senate parliamentarian, the chamber’s official nonpartisan adviser, and the Government Accountability Office, the nonpartisan congressional referee, said the waivers are not rules and so are not subject to the Congressional Review Act. In defying the Senate parliamentarian, Democrats charged, the vote endangers not just the health of children and the climate but also decades of legal precedent and the integrity of the Senate itself. “Today, the Senate has done something unprecedented,” said Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse of Rhode Island late Wednesday night, after he and his Democratic colleagues spent the past several days urging Republicans to respect not just California’s authority under the law, but also Senate rules.  “Our actions and the ones that will follow from the procedural steps taken here today, over the next day or so will change the Clean Air Act, will change the Congressional Review Act, will change the rules of the Senate, and will do so by overruling the parliamentarian and breaking the filibuster—in effect, going nuclear,” Whitehouse said, referring to attempts to subvert the filibuster. “This isn’t just about California’s climate policies, and this isn’t just about the scope of the Congressional Review Act, and this isn’t just about eliminating the legislative filibuster,” said California Sen. Alex Padilla on the Senate floor Tuesday. The Trump administration’s EPA submitted California’s waivers for review by Congress “with full knowledge that they are not actually rules” subject to the CRA, Padilla said, opening the door for any agency to ask Congress to revoke regulations a new administration doesn’t like.  By mid-afternoon Thursday, Republicans moved to overturn California’s waivers through a procedural maneuver—giving the Senate the authority to determine what constitutes a rule for fast-track voting. They overturned waivers behind California’s rules to reduce tailpipe emissions from passenger vehicles and trucks, those regulating medium- and heavy-duty trucks, and the rule for heavy-duty smog-producing diesel and gas trucks. Senate Majority Leader John Thune (R-SD) mocked Democrats’ objections to using the CRA, saying they were “throwing a tantrum over a supposed procedural problem.”Thune insisted that having a waiver submitted to Congress “is all that Congress has ever needed to decide to consider something under the Congressional Review Act.” He called the GAO’s ruling that the waiver is not a rule “an extraordinary deviation from precedent,” saying it was the first time the office “has decided to insert itself into the process and affirmatively declare that an agency rule submitted to Congress as a rule is not a rule.”  Despite Thune’s claim, since the CRA was passed in 1996 the GAO has offered 26 legal opinions about whether an agency action was a rule in response to inquiries from members of Congress. And EPA never submitted California Clean Air Act waivers to Congress before the Trump administration, Padilla and his Democratic colleagues say. They contend that Republicans chose this route because they don’t have the votes to withdraw the waivers through legislation. “The CRA has never been used to go after emission waivers like the ones in question today,” Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York said on the floor Tuesday. “The waiver is so important to the health of our country, and particularly to our children; to go nuclear on something as significant as this and to do the bidding of the fossil fuel industry is outrageous.” The first waiver was granted to California on July 11, 1968, Whitehouse told his colleagues in a last-ditch effort to change their minds late Wednesday night. Waivers have either been granted or amended or modified repeatedly since then, he said. “The score on whether the California clean air rule is treated by EPA as a waiver or a rule? It’s 131 to zero.” The use of the Congressional Review Act resolution is inconsistent with past precedent and violates the plain language of the act itself, said John Swanton, a spokesperson for California’s Air Resources Board, which regulates emissions.  “The vote does not change CARB’s authority,” Swanton said, adding that the agency will continue its mission to protect the public health of Californians impacted by harmful air pollution. Ten million Californians live in areas that are under distinct, elevated threats from air pollution, said Adam Schiff, California’s junior senator. That has led to higher rates of respiratory issues like asthma and chronic lung disease, and increased the risk of heart disease, cancer, chronic headaches, and immune system issues, he said.  Sen. Adam Schiff (D-CA) speaks about the importance of the Clean Air Act in California during a Senate meeting on May 8. [Image: U.S. Senate floor webcast] “And that is multiplied by us living now on the front lines of the climate crisis. We have devastating and year-round fire dangers that put millions of other pollutants into our air,” Schiff said. “We need, deserve, and reserve the right as Californians to do something about our air.” Yet earlier this month, House Republicans, joined by 35 Democrats, including two from California, voted to rescind the waivers, sending the issue to the Senate. A “Compelling and Extraordinary” Need California’s legal authority to implement stricter air quality standards than federal rules comes from having already implemented its own tailpipe-emission regulations before Congress passed national standards in 1967. California officials developed the regulations to deal with the “compelling and extraordinary” air-pollution problems caused by the Golden State’s unique geography, climate, and abundance of people and vehicles. Recognizing these unique conditions, Congress gave California the authority to ask the Environmental Protection Agency for a waiver from rules barring states from passing air and climate pollution rules that are more protective than federal rules.  Only one waiver was denied, an action that was quickly reversed, according to CARB. And though the Trump administration in 2019 withdrew a waiver, a move legal scholars say has no basis in the law, the Biden administration restored the state’s authority to set its own vehicle-emission standards within a few years. Republicans argued that California’s rules amount to de facto national standards, given the state’s size and the fact that other states have signed on.  But California can’t force its emission standards on other states, Padilla said. “Yes, over a dozen other states have voluntarily followed in California’s footsteps, not because they were forced to, but because they chose to, in order to protect their constituents, their residents, and protect our planet.” California’s standards also represent ambitious but achievable steps to cut carbon emissions and fight the climate crisis, Padilla said. “Transportation is the single largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and California has been proud to set the example for other states who may choose to follow suit.” Sen. Alex Padilla (D-CA) told his Republican colleagues late Wednesday night why his state’s unique geography and climate create particularly hazardous air-quality problems. [Image: U.S. Senate floor webcast] Padilla, who grew up in California’s chronically polluted San Fernando Valley, recalled being sent home from grade school “on a pretty regular basis” when throat-burning smog settled over the valley. “It appears that Republicans want to overturn half a century of precedent in order to undermine California’s ability to protect the health of our residents,” Padilla said. “Republicans seem to be putting the wealth of the big oil industry over the health of our constituents.” “For Their Fossil Fuel Donors” Rhode Island’s Whitehouse, who has long schooled his colleagues on the perils of carbon pollution, took to the floor Tuesday to school them on the Congressional Review Act. Under the American legal system, administrative agencies can make rules through “a very robust process” that follows the Administrative Procedure Act, Whitehouse said. A rule could be contested in court, but years ago Congress decided there also could be a period of review when congressional members could reject the rule.  And for all the decades since the CRA was passed, he said, it’s been used to address rules under the APA within the specified 60 days.Other states, including Rhode Island, follow California’s emissions standards because it’s good for public health to have clean air, Whitehouse said. “Efficient cars may mean lower cost for consumers, but those lower costs for consumers are lower sales for the fossil fuel industry.” Whitehouse told his colleagues they had legitimate pathways to change laws they didn’t like. They could pass a joint resolution or a simple Senate resolution. But those approaches would require 60 votes to end debate. “They don’t want to do that,” he said. “They want to ram this thing through for their fossil fuel donors.” Republicans, by contrast, argued they had the authority to protect consumers from what they call California’s “electric vehicle mandate,” which they say would endanger consumers, the economy, and the nation’s energy supply. “And our already shaky electric grid would quickly face huge new burdens from the surge in new electric vehicles,” argued Thune.  Congress had approved $5 billion to build electric vehicle charging infrastructure across the country, but the Trump administration withheld that funding, triggering a lawsuit from a coalition of attorneys to reverse what they said was a clearly illegal action. Republicans’ attacks on electric vehicles could disrupt a burgeoning industry built around the transition to renewable energy. “The repeal of these waivers will dramatically destabilize the regulatory landscape at a time when industry needs certainty to invest in the future and compete on a global scale,” said Jamie Hall, policy director for EV Realty, which develops EV-charging hubs. Thune also argued that California’s waiver rules are an improper expansion of a limited Clean Air Act authority, echoing an argument in Project 2025, a policy blueprint for the second Trump administration produced by the conservative Heritage Foundation, which has long battled efforts to combat climate change. In a chapter on transportation asserts, Project 2025 claims that California has no valid basis under the Clean Air Act to claim an extraordinary or unique air quality impact from carbon dioxide emissions. Its recommendation? “Revoke the special waiver granted to California by the Biden administration.” On Wednesday, a clearly frustrated Whitehouse argued that Republicans were helping the fossil fuel industry create a shortcut for itself so it can sell more gasoline and ignore all the states that joined California to demand cleaner air for their constituents. “The fossil fuel industry essentially runs the Republican Party right now,” he said. Last year, the oil and gas industry spent more than $153 million on lobbying, led by the American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers, which spent $27.6 million to influence Congress on bills including those designed to repeal vehicle-emission standards. The trade group also donated $178,750 to congressional candidates, 96% of which went to Republicans.  The American Petroleum Institute, the largest U.S. oil and gas industry trade association, spent $6.25 million on lobbying last year to influence some of the same bills. Of nearly $400,000 donated to congressional candidates last year, 78% went to Republicans.  Ninety-five percent of the $21,000 the Heritage Foundation donated to congressional candidates last year went to Republicans. “We Believe That You Can Do It” The week before Donald Trump returned to office, the American Petroleum Institute held its biggest annual meeting in Washington, D.C. API promoted the event as an opportunity to urge the incoming Trump administration and Congress to “seize the American energy opportunity” by advancing commonsense energy policies. Thune joined API Chief Executive Mike Sommers onstage, where they reminisced about starting their careers in adjacent offices in the same congressional office building 30 years ago.  “It is a huge opportunity, having an administration that actually is pro-energy development working with the Congress,” Thune told his old friend. “We want to be supportive in any way that we can in ensuring that the president and his team have success in making America energy dominant.” Sommers suggested that one of the “big, powerful tools” Congress can use when one party controls both chambers is the Congressional Review Act, which he said offers fast-track authority to reverse “midnight regulations” passed by the Biden administration. Thune said he wouldn’t be able to use the CRA for one of California’s tailpipe emissions standards because it doesn’t fit within the required time window. But he was arguing with the parliamentarian and others, he said, “about the whole California waiver issue and how to reverse that because that was such a radical regulatory overreach.”Both California’s Clean Cars and Clean Trucks rules require an increasing percentage of vehicles sold in the state to be zero-emissions by 2035, with the cars rule, the so-called “EV mandate,” requiring that 100% of passenger cars and trucks be zero emissions by that date. “What California did was completely radical,” Sommers said at the meeting. “The fact that 17 other states who’ve waived into this are going to be subject to it could completely change the vehicle market.” “So we would highly encourage you to look at that as an option for the CRA,” Sommers told Thune. “And we believe that you can do it.” Thune assured Sommers that his committee chairs and team were looking at ways to fit repeal of California’s waivers “within the parameters of a CRA action” to fix what they saw as a shared problem. The oil and gas industry appreciated the efforts of Thune; John Barrasso of Wyoming, the Senate Majority Whip; and West Virginia Sen. Shelley Moore Capito, who pledged to overturn California’s clean cars rule and introduced the measure to do so last month.  “Today, the United States Senate delivered a victory for American consumers, manufacturers, and U.S. energy security by voting to overturn the prior administration’s EPA rule authorizing California’s gas car ban and preventing its spread across our country,” said the American Petroleum Institute and the American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers in a joint statement. “We cannot thank Senators John Barrasso, Shelley Moore Capito, and Leader John Thune enough for their leadership on this important issue.” Back on the Senate floor, Democrats warned their Republican colleagues that they may live to regret their decision to override the parliamentarian and flout legislative rules. “It won’t be long before Democrats are once again in the driver’s seat here, in the majority once again,” Padilla said. When that happens, he warned, every agency action that Democrats don’t like, whether it’s a rule or not, and no matter how much time has passed, would be fair game with this new precedent.  “I suggest that we all think long and hard and be very careful about this,” he implored, in vain. “I would urge my colleagues, all my colleagues, to join me, not just in defending California’s rights to protect the health of our residents, not just in combating the existential threat of climate change, but in maintaining order in this chamber.” This article originally appeared on Inside Climate News. It is republished with permission. Sign up for their newsletter here.

If you have experience with object-oriented programming languages, then you’ve likely heard of the SOLID principles, MVP, singleton, factory, and observer patterns. Our new e-book highlights best practices for using these principles and patterns to create scalable game code architecture in your Unity project.For every software design issue you encounter, a thousand developers have been there before. Though you can’t always ask them directly for advice, you can learn from their decisions through design patterns.By implementing common, game programming design patterns in your Unity project, you can efficiently build and maintain a clean, organized, and readable codebase, which in turn, creates a solid foundation for scaling your game, development team, and business.In our community, we often hear that it can be intimidating to learn how to incorporate design patterns and principles, such as SOLID and KISS, into daily development. That’s why our free e-book, Level up your code with game programming patterns, explains well-known design patterns and shares practical examples for using them in your Unity project.Written by internal and external Unity experts, the e-book is a resource that can help expand your developer’s toolbox and accelerate your project’s success. Read on for a preview of what the guide entails.Design patterns are general solutions to common problems found in software engineering. These aren’t finished solutions you can copy and paste into your code, but extra tools that can help you build larger, scalable applications when used correctly.By integrating patterns consistently into your project, you can improve code readability and make your codebase cleaner. Design patterns not only reduce refactoring and the time spent testing, they speed up onboarding and development processes.However, every design pattern comes with tradeoffs, whether that means additional structures to maintain or more setup at the beginning. You’ll need to do a cost-benefit assessment to determine if the advantage justifies the extra work required. Of course, this assessment will vary based on your project.KISS stands for “keep it simple, stupid.” The aim of this principle is to avoid unnecessary complexity in a system, as simplicity helps drive greater levels of user acceptance and interaction.Note that “simple” does not equate to “easy.” Making something simple means making it focused. While you can create the same functionality without the patterns (and often more quickly), something fast and easy doesn’t necessarily result in something simple.If you’re unsure whether a pattern applies to your particular issue, you might hold off until it feels like a more natural fit. Don’t use a pattern because it’s new or novel to you. Use it when you need it.It’s in this spirit that the e-book was created. Keep the guide handy as a source of inspiration for new ways of organizing your code – not as a strict set of rules for you to follow.Now, let’s turn to some of the key software design principles.SOLID is a mnemonic acronym for five core fundamentals of software design. You can think of them as five basic rules to keep in mind while coding, to ensure that object-oriented designs remain flexible and maintainable.The SOLID principles were first introduced by Robert C. Martin in the paper, Design Principles and Design Patterns. First published in 2000, the principles described are still applicable today, and to C# scripting in Unity:Single responsibility states that each module, class, or function is responsible for one thing and encapsulates only that part of the logic.Open-closed states that classes must be open for extension but closed for modification; that means structuring your classes to create new behavior without modifying the original code.Liskov substitution states that derived classes must be substitutable for their base class when using inheritance.Interface segregation states that no client should be forced to depend on methods it does not use. Clients should only implement what they need.Dependency inversion states that high-level modules should not import anything directly from low-level modules. Both should depend on abstractions.In the e-book, we provide illustrated examples of each principle with clear explanations for using them in Unity. In some cases, adhering to SOLID can result in additional work up front. You may need to refactor some of your functionality into abstractions or interfaces, but there is often a payoff in long-term savings.The principles have dominated software design for nearly two decades at the enterprise level because they’re so well-suited to large applications that scale. If you’re unsure about how to use them, refer back to the KISS principle. Keep it simple, and don’t try to force the principles into your scripts just for the sake of doing so. Let them organically work themselves into place through necessity.If you’re interested in learning more, check out the SOLID presentation from Unite Austin 2017 by Dan Sagmiller of Productive Edge.What’s the difference between a design principle and a design pattern? One way to answer that question is to consider SOLID as a framework for, or a foundational approach to, writing object-oriented code. While design patterns are solutions or tools you can implement to avoid everyday software problems, remember that they’re not off-the-shelf recipes – or for that matter, algorithms with specific steps for achieving specific results.A design pattern can be thought of as a blueprint. It’s a general plan that leaves the actual construction up to you. For instance, two programs can follow the same pattern but involve very different code.When developers encounter the same problem in the wild, many of them will inevitably come up with similar solutions. Once a solution is repeated enough times, someone might “discover” a pattern and formally give it a name.Many of today’s software design patterns stem from the seminal work, Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides. This book unpacks 23 such patterns identified in a variety of day-to-day applications.The original authors are often referred to as the “Gang of Four” (GoF),and you’ll also hear the original patterns dubbed the GoF patterns. While the examples cited are mostly in C++ (and Smalltalk), you can apply their ideas to any object-oriented language, such as C#.Since the Gang of Four originally published Design Patterns in 1994, developers have since established dozens more object-oriented patterns in a variety of fields, including game development.While you can work as a game programmer without studying design patterns, learning them will help you become a better developer. After all, design patterns are labeled as such because they’re common solutions to well-known problems.Software engineers rediscover them all the time in the normal course of development. You may have already implemented some of these patterns unwittingly.Train yourself to look for them. Doing this can help you:Learn object-oriented programming: Design patterns aren’t secrets buried in an esoteric StackOverflow post. They are common ways to overcome everyday hurdles in development. They can inform you of how many other developers have approached the same issue – remember, even if you’re not using patterns, someone else is.Talk to other developers: Patterns can serve as a shorthand when trying to communicate as a team. Mention the “command pattern” or “object pool” and experienced Unity developers will know what you’re trying to implement.Explore new frameworks:When you import a built-in package or something from the Asset Store, inevitably you’ll stumble onto one or more patterns discussed here. Recognizing design patterns will help you understand how a new framework operates, as well as the thought process involved in its creation.As indicated earlier, not all design patterns apply to every game application. Don’t go looking for them with Maslow’s hammer; otherwise, you might only find nails.Like any other tool, a design pattern’s usefulness depends on context. Each one provides a benefit in certain situations and also comes with its share of drawbacks. Every decision in software development comes with compromises.Are you generating a lot of GameObjects on the fly? Does it impact your performance? Can restructuring your code fix that? Be aware of these design patterns, and when the time is right, pull them from your gamedev bag of tricks to solve the problem at hand.In addition to the Gang of Four’s Design Patterns, Game Programming Patterns by Robert Nystrom is another standout resource, currently available for free as a web-based edition. The author details a variety of software patterns in a no-nonsense manner.In our new e-book, you can dive into the sections that explain common design patterns, such as factory, object pool, singleton, command, state, and observer patterns, plus the Model View Presenter (MVP), among others. Each section explains the pattern along with its pros and cons, and provides an example of how to implement it in Unity so you can optimize its usage in your project.Unity already implements several established gamedev patterns, saving you the trouble of writing them yourself. These include:Game loop: At the core of all games is an infinite loop that must function independently of clock speed, since the hardware that powers a game application can vary greatly. To account for computers of different speeds, game developers often need to use a fixed timestep (with a set frames-per-second) and a variable timestep where the engine measures how much time has passed since the previous frame. Unity takes care of this, so you don’t have to implement it yourself. You only need to manage gameplay using MonoBehaviour methods like Update, LateUpdate, and FixedUpdate. Update: In your game application, you’ll often update each object’s behavior one frame at a time. While you can manually recreate this in Unity, the MonoBehaviour class does this automatically. Use the appropriate Update, LateUpdate, or FixedUpdate methods to modify your GameObjects and components to one tick of the game clock.Prototype: Often you need to copy objects without affecting the original. This creational pattern solves the problem of duplicating and cloning an object to make other objects similar to itself. This way you avoid defining a separate class to spawn every type of object in your game. Unity’s Prefab system implements a form of prototyping for GameObjects. This allows you to duplicate a template object complete with its components. Override specific properties to create Prefab Variants or nest Prefabs inside other Prefabs to create hierarchies. Use a special Prefab editing mode to edit Prefabs in isolation or in context. Component:Most people working in Unity know this pattern. Instead of creating large classes with multiple responsibilities, build smaller components that each do one thing. If you use composition to pick and choose components, you can combine them for complex behavior. Add Rigidbody and Collider components for physics, or a MeshFilter and MeshRenderer for 3D geometry. Each GameObject is only as rich and unique as its collection of components.Both the e-book and a sample project on the use of design patterns are available now to download for free. Review the examples and decide which design pattern best suits your project. As you gain experience with them, you’ll recognize how and when they can enhance your development process. As always, we encourage you to visit the forum thread and let us know what you think of the e-book and sample.

Start SlideshowStart SlideshowScreenshot: Cilvanis / YouTube, Naughty Dog / Kotaku, Ubisoft / Kotaku, Epic / Lucasfilm / Kotaku, Image: Atlus, Wizkids / Reddit / Larian Studios, The Pokémon Company / Kotaku, CD Projekt RED, Sandfall Interactive, GameStop / KotakuThis week saw Fortnite targeted by SAG-AFTRA for its use of an AI-powered Darth Vader voice that mimics that of the late James Earl Jones. Also, the folks behind Assassin’s Creed Shadows told us why they opted not to let you kill animals in the open-world adventure, fans of Clair Obscur react to the trollish behavior of the game’s enemies, and Neil Druckmann is once again explaining stuff about the world of The Last of Us that some fans, at least—our writer included--think would be better left ambiguous.Previous SlideNext SlideList slidesPlayers Are Obsessed With How Clair Obscur: Expedition 33's Enemies Keep Trolling ThemScreenshot: Cilvanis / YouTubeOne of Clair Obscur: Expedition 33's big innovations is adding a dodge, parry, and counter system to its otherwise traditional turn-based battles. It’s a clever tweak that helps keep combat engrossing for its 30+ hour journey and also an incredible opportunity for the game’s developers to troll the crap out of players. - Ethan Gach Read MorePrevious SlideNext SlideList slidesI Wish Neil Druckmann Would Stop Confirming Things About The Last Of UsScreenshot: Naughty Dog / KotakuYou might not know it based on my scathing recaps of The Last of Us’ second season, but I love this series. I love the moral conundrums it presents, the violent grief it depicts, and the games’ excellent writing that poignantly brings all of those complicated emotions to the surface. What I don’t like is listening to pretty much any of the creative team talk about the series, especially when it comes to weighing in on decade-long discourse around its complex storylines. Even when I agree with series director Neil Druckmann’s interpretation of something, we’d all rather he just let bad readings fester in the corners of the internet than tell us exactly what something means. Nevertheless, he continues to do so in interviews. - Kenneth Shepard Read MorePrevious SlideNext SlideList slidesUbisoft Explains Why You Can’t Kill Animals In Assassin’s Creed ShadowsScreenshot: Ubisoft / KotakuAssassin’s Creed Shadows is a very good game that animal lovers can enjoy because there’s no way to harm a single creature in the game (except for people, of course). That’s a first for the franchise and I wanted to learn why Ubisoft went this route for its latest open-world adventure. - Zack Zwiezen Read MorePrevious SlideNext SlideList slidesXbox Game Pass Is Getting Too Many Cool Games This MonthImage: AtlusXbox Game Pass has been killing it this year and May is especially packed. The subscription library is getting a load of cool indies as well as 2024 GOTY contender Metaphor: ReFantazio. That’s on top of all of the heavy hitters that already arrived earlier in the month. There is, quiet simply, no time to play them all. - Ethan Gach Read MorePrevious SlideNext SlideList slidesBaldur’s Gate 3 Figures Are So Ugly Fans Are Getting Full RefundsImage: Wizkids / Reddit / Larian Studios WizKids announced a new collection of Baldur’s Gate 3 miniatures last fall that featured Karlach, Gale, Shadowheart, and other memorably party members from the hit 2023 Dungeon & Dragons-based RPG. The $50 box set has since been released and the figurines look so bad fans are being promised their money back. - Ethan Gach Read MorePrevious SlideNext SlideList slidesThere’s Something Very Suspicious About These New Pokémon PlushiesImage: The Pokémon Company / KotakuRefreshing the Pokémon Center to see what new items have been added each day has become something of an obsession for me. The site adds new stock so incredibly frequently as to be constantly astonishing, and today is no different. The latest arrivals on the store are a new collection of plushies that feature Ditto in 22 new disguises. And they are adorable. - John Walker Read MorePrevious SlideNext SlideList slidesFortnite In Legal Trouble After Adding AI Darth VaderScreenshot: Epic / Lucasfilm / KotakuSAG-AFTRA, the massive actors and media union with over 160,000 members, has filed an unfair labor practice charge with the National Labor Relations Board against Epic Games over its inclusion of an AI-powered Darth Vader in a recent Fortnite update. - Zack Zwiezen Read MorePrevious SlideNext SlideList slidesCyberpunk 2077’s Sequel Will Return To Night City, As Well As Take Us Somewhere NewImage: CD Projekt REDWe still don’t know much about the Cyberpunk 2077 sequel currently in the works at CD Projekt Red. Development on the RPG, code-named “Orion,” is in full swing after the studio wrapped support for the original game last year, but the team is still keeping most details about it under wraps, other than a few informal quotes here and there about the vibe it’s trying to capture. However, Mike Pondsmith, the creator of the Cyberpunk tabletop roleplaying game, which first debuted in 1988, has revealed a pretty important piece of information: Alongside returning to the capitalist hellscape of Night City, the sequel will take us to another city as well. - Kenneth Shepard Read MorePrevious SlideNext SlideList slidesClair Obscur: Expedition 33 Promises Fresh Round Of Collector’s Editions As Originals Resell For Over $800Image: Sandfall InteractiveRPG fans love their Collector’s Editions, but few guessed just how big or good Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 would turn out to be, including its own developers. The result was that a very limited set of physical releases, including Collector’s Editions exclusive to certain retailers, immediately vanished from store shelves. People are now trying to resell them for as much as $1,500 on eBay, but fortunately developer Sandfall Interactive has just announced it’s making more. - Ethan Gach Read MorePrevious SlideNext SlideList slidesGameStop Is Selling A Ton Of Big Games For Just $15Image: GameStop / KotakuGameStop must be trying to clear out some space, because the national video game retailer is selling a huge assortment of AAA games, remakes, and recent releases for $15 and $30 as part of a new sale. So why not take advantage of this corporate clean-up and grab some big games for less than half the normal price? - Zack Zwiezen Read More

A hot potato: Although Nvidia has caught the most flak for continuing to sell mid-range $400+ graphics cards with just 8GB of VRAM, AMD has also persisted with this approach in the budget-performance segment. Although independent benchmark data reveals the ongoing quality and performance sacrifices associated with smaller VRAM pools, Team Red continues to defend its lower-tier products with statements that, while technically accurate, obscure the true value propositions of modern GPUs. AMD's Frank Azor recently defended the company's decision to sell an 8GB variant of the Radeon RX 9060 XT amid growing criticism of mid-range and mainstream graphics cards featuring limited VRAM. While Nvidia is more frequently guilty of this trend and AMD cards often offer more memory, the most affordable and popular products from both companies suffer from the same issue. Following a Computex unveiling of the RX 9060 XT, which offers 8GB and 16GB configurations, Azor responded to a question regarding the cheaper version by claiming 8GB of VRAM is sufficient for 1080p, the most popular PC gaming resolution. Our reviews of similar GPUs like Nvidia's RTX 5060 Ti 8GB and 5060 reveal that, while this is true, low VRAM significantly handicaps cards compared to similar hardware with more memory. While virtually any title in 2025 is playable with 8GB of VRAM at the right graphics settings, the size of the VRAM pool can still significantly impact the user experience. Comparing the 8GB and 16GB versions of the RTX 5060 Ti reveals that while average frame rates are often similar, running out of memory can dramatically worsen one-percent lows, leading to noticeable stuttering. Some games perform worse overall on the 8GB model, and others – like Indiana Jones and the Great Circle – crash at settings where the 16GB GPU runs smoothly. // Related Stories Warhammer 40,000: Space Marine 2 highlights a different issue. Both cards deliver nearly identical frame rates at ultra settings with the 4K texture pack enabled, but the 8GB version struggles to render high-resolution textures. In another benchmark, the 8GB RTX 5060 Ti even falls behind Intel's Arc B580 – a 12GB card that costs over $100 less and targets a lower performance tier. These issues can arise even at 1080p, a resolution still used by 55% of surveyed Steam users. Azor also noted that the mainstream GPU market is aimed largely at esports players, who likely represent the largest segment of users. Steam's most popular games – esports titles like Counter-Strike 2, Marvel Rivals, Dota 2, and Apex Legends – can still achieve high frame rates on 8GB cards. Related reading: 4GB vs. 8GB: How Have VRAM Requirements Evolved? However, as GPUs become more expensive, many users are turning to budget hardware for playing demanding AAA titles, which benchmarks show they can handle surprisingly well. With sufficient VRAM and upscaling technology, mainstream GPUs are perfectly capable of 4K gaming. Nvidia's approach to reviews of 8GB GPUs also suggests manufacturers are aware of the shortcomings. The company withheld 8GB RTX 5060 Ti review units from independent outlets and restricted access to RTX 5060 drivers for reviewers unwilling to benchmark the card under favorable conditions. One such condition was enabling quadruple frame generation, a feature that distorts raw performance metrics and consumes additional VRAM. Meanwhile, ray tracing – a feature Nvidia frequently markets as a core benefit – is notably memory-intensive. AMD's first 8GB card, the Radeon RX 480, launched nearly nine years ago at $229. It's remarkable that manufacturers still sell GPUs with the same VRAM capacity for over $300. Outside of esports, these products are likely to age poorly, especially if next-generation consoles, which are expected to feature more than 20GB of memory, launch within these cards' life spans. How much VRAM do you have?

On the right bank of the Naviglio Grande, a canal that runs through Italy’s Lombardy region some 20 miles from Milan, the landscape alternates between industrial warehouses and cultivated fields. Along the historic waterway system which dates from the 12th century, there are a series of patrician residences, pleasure villas, and elegant rural farmhouses that still stand, along with what remains of their parks and gardens, side-by-side with more recent houses.The entrance gate of Villa Clari-Monzini, the oldest and largest of the villas on the right bank of the Naviglio canal, to which it was once connected via a tree-lined avenue that continued on the opposite side of the waterway to the nearby Piazza del Teatro. Arriving in Cassinetta di Lugagnano after traveling along the Naviglio bike path, one finds one of the richest towns in the region in terms of its architectural legacy. When the Barlaam family made that same journey, they couldn’t help but notice the Villa Clari-Monzini: “It was in very bad condition, but it was still beautiful and shortly thereafter it was renovated and divided into apartments. We decided to move there, to the main floor of the villa, far from the stress and hassles of the big city,” says Riccardo, Simone’s father. The younger Barlaam is a Paralympic swimming champion who won four gold medals between the recent games in Tokyo and Paris.Cosmos coffee table by Jeffrey Bernett (B&B Italia). Logo lamp, a Chinese checkers board by Joe, and Lawrence ottoman (all Armani/Casa). Simone Barlaam leans against a handcrafted crystal table in the living room of his home. Clothes by Armani. “I grew up here, among the frescoed walls and coffered ceilings of the large ballroom that has become our living room, and ever since I was a child I’ve always felt this house was welcoming. When we lived in Milan I might have dared to scribble on the walls—I was a creative kid—but here I was never tempted to do so,” says Simone, who returns here on weekends to recharge.In the living room, LC4 chaise longue by Le Corbusier (Cassina), handcrafted crystal table, Plywood chairs by Charles and Ray Eames (Vitra). Taraxacum 88 chandelier by Achille Castiglioni (Flos). “When the world shuts down, I find some quiet time to draw. It’s something I do for myself, which makes me feel similar to how I do when I’m in the water.”—Simone BarlaamLate at night, Barlaam invents his alternative heroes inspired by the art he is surrounded by and the Italian comic books by his side during childhood, from Diabolik to Zerocalcare. “When the world shuts down, I find some quiet time to draw. It’s something I do for myself, which makes me feel similar to how I do when I’m in the water when I’m training. It’s an isolation that makes me focus on my body, on lightness, on harmony; I always feel a bit awkward on dry land but in the water I become agile and graceful,” Barlaam says.Dozens and dozens of sheets of paper can be found in the family’s home, essential material for this self-taught drawing talent. Illustrations from the Italian children’s story “Road to Cortina” can also be found in the flat. “In high school I reproduced one of the frescoes in the villa. I recreated it in color, although I usually prefer to work in black and white.” It’s part of his effort to engage an ever-growing audience, and to recount his journey to the 2026 Winter Olympics.Snow, the family’s Samoyed. The kitchen is by Binova, with Corian countertop. Venetian terrazzo floor. In one of the rooms, a reclaimed wood door. Rondò armchair (Armani/Casa). Beside the fireplace, double Parentesi lamp by Achille Castiglioni and Pio Manzù (Flos). Outside, evening descends over the Lombardy countryside and the beautiful back garden. The floors inside of the 17th-century villa are now a light, uniform Venetian terrazzo that highlights the thresholds of doors with a slightly darker hue. (The villa once operated as a spinning mill which irreparably damaged its original floors.) The doors themselves were recovered from the middle of fields where they had been discarded, covered with several layers of varnish. They have now been cleaned and left unfinished, beyond a light wax treatment, giving them their original appearance.

A full year of Peacock Premium is on sale right now for $25 as part of a Memorial Day promotion. This is $55 off the typical price of $80. Just enter SPRINGSAVINGS at checkout. The promotion is live until May 30. This is the ad-supported version. Peacock is a decent platform and made our list of the best streaming services. It doesn't get the attention of Netflix or Disney+, but it's home to several nifty original shows. There's the AI-adjacent tomfoolery of Mrs. Davis and the Rian Johnson-made whodunnit Poker Face. It also airs several video game adaptations, like Knuckles and the surprisingly-decent Twisted Metal. The big draw here, however, is likely the long-awaited spinoff of The Office, which is called The Paper. That one premieres in September and is a Peacock exclusive. The platform also signed an 11-year agreement with the NBA and that goes into effect this fall. The mobile app could be getting minigames and short-form vertical videos (like TikTok) in the near future. There's one caveat. This subscription will automatically renew for $80 after the year runs out. Stay on top of scheduling if you want to cancel before then. The Scranton documentary crew is heading to Toledo. #ThePaper arrives this September on Peacock. pic.twitter.com/Mzmbw7TBzF— Peacock (@peacock) May 12, 2025 Check out our coverage of the best streaming deals for more discounts, and follow @EngadgetDeals on X for the latest tech deals and buying advice.This article originally appeared on Engadget at https://www.engadget.com/deals/get-peacock-premium-for-one-year-for-only-25-163231269.html?src=rss