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Boston has notoriously bad traffic, but does it have to be that way? Economists, planners, transit advocates, and politicians in Massachusetts are closely monitoring whats happening in New York, now that congestion pricing has gone into effect. Many view congestion pricing in Boston as a potential panacea for resolving what amounts to the fourth worst traffic problem in the world. Were looking very closely at what New York City is doing with congestion pricing, Brian Kane, executive director of the MBTA Advisory Board, told WBUR this week. Im not saying thats going to happen in Massachusetts any time soon, but I do think we have a real world example of what could potentially happen if its allowed to continue after Inauguration Day, Kane said. That I think will be a good test to see if it could work here.Congestion pricing, or congestion relief, seems to be clearing up Manhattan gridlock, making for a more pleasant pedestrian and cycling (and driving) experience. It will unlock money for capital improvements to the subway. Many New Jersey commuters have come on board: Those who rely on Port Authority Bus Terminal to get to work say commutes have been cut substantially. Could Boston be next? If so, how would congestion pricing work in the City on a Hill?The Wu administration is using the No. 28 bus for a fare-free bus pilot program, which could be expanded with congestion pricing. (IliketrainsR211T/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY 4.0)I think Greater Boston is about ten years from a congestion pricing system, said Chris Dempsey, a Boston planner and partner at Speck Dempsey, who previously helmed Transportation for Massachusetts (T4MA), a local riders alliance. Dempsey also teaches in Harvard GSDs real estate program and prides himself on never having owned a car.I dont think anything is going to happen quickly here, but I do think that the progress, and what I would call success in New York is very helpful and beneficial to the conversation here, Dempsey told AN. All the technology is in place. You could basically snap your fingers and do peak and off-peak pricing overnight, if you wanted to. What were missing is the politics to make it happen. Politics, and other factors, are indeed at play, just like New York. Former Boston City Council President and District2City Councilor Ed Flynn, and others, say the additional tax may be burdensome, especially to the working class and seniors in a city thats already expensive. I think its unfair to have this type of commuting and add a tax to people struggling to make ends meet, Flynn told AN. Congestion pricing is inequitable. It would negatively impact working families and communities of color.Yay or Nay?Theresa Carr, a planner at Nelson\Nygaard with an economics degree, has been studying congestion pricings feasibility in Boston for decades. Previously, Carr has conducted congestion pricing studies for Chicago, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and other cities. She also thinks Boston is ripe for following New Yorks footsteps. Sustainability, equity, climate resiliency, you name it. Congestion pricing pays dividends, Carr said. She alsobelieves congestion pricing in Boston could fill a widening hole in funding for mass transit in the city. As a transit planner, I am always trying to make mass transit competitive with driving, Carr told AN. This is where we need to consider economics, because it ultimately comes down to peoples willingness to pay for that competitiveness, right? Also, the T has a hole in funding, and I know the Millionnaires Tax will help with that, but theres so much more revenue we need to invest in transit. And congestion pricing can help with that enormously. It will benefit drivers, too, because it will make their commutes way more predictable.View of downtown Boston from South Station sidewalk (Sharon Hahn Darlin/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY 2.0)Joe Poirier is an associate of Carr and previously studied congestion pricings feasibility in Seattle. Congestion pricing is such a massive revenue generator, which cannot be understated, Poirier added. Poirier said too that, as many commuters shift over from gas guzzling cars to electric vehicles, and revenue from the gas tax shrinks, congestion pricing can make up for that shortfall. If gas tax revenue keeps falling, he said, theres going to be an even bigger hole in funding for fixing roads. Revenue from congestion pricing can help with that.Flynn, whose district includes Downtown Boston, the South End, Chinatown, South Boston, and other neighborhoods, sees things differently. Many of our commuters are hotel workers, janitors, nurses, and teachers, so I dont think we should make it harder for them, Flynn said. Our city is already facing shortages in public safety and traffic enforcement. Its not hard to imagine the labor and skills well lose if we burden commuters who drive into the city and provide these services, he said. Likewise, Flynn raised concerns about the MBTA, which is riddled with financial problems, and whether or not the T can handle the influx of riders congestion pricing would create. We have a struggling MBTA system. Many people need their cars because the transit system doesnt run 24 hours, Flynn said. Late night train service is non-existent, and bus service is limited and infrequent. Low income workers and first responders that work between midnight and morning have no choice but to drive into Boston so I think wed be hurting them the most. If congestion pricing forces people off roads onto our already fragile public transit system, the T is unlikely to perform effectively.Howd We Get Here?Talks about congestion pricing in Boston date back to the early 2000s, around the time then Mayor Bloomberg and his planning tsar Dan Doctoroff were weighing its application in New York. It was in 2005 when Paul Scapicchio, a former Boston City Councilor who represented East Boston and Chinatown, first floated the idea, which he continuously advocated for.T4MA took the baton from Scapicchio when, around 2017, Dempsey started courting then Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker, who historically had been opposed to congestion pricing. Governor Baker was a skeptic of increased tolling his entire political career, Dempsey said, but he eventually endorsed the concept of high-occupancy toll lanes (HOT), where you pay dynamic prices to move more quickly on free lanes.HOT lanes decreased traffic congestion, and many enjoyed the new capital it brought for infrastructure improvements. Things seemed to be going in the right direction for Bostons pro-congestion pricing bund until COVID-19 happened, when other things took priority for Governor Baker. Our momentum was totally killed by COVID, Dempsey said.South Station is one of the Ts most vital hubs. (IliketrainsR211T/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY 4.0)Incumbent Massachusetts Governor Maura Healey took office in 2023. Healey previously said she opposed congestion pricing but eventually changed her tune in 2024 when she created a task force responsible for generating transit revenue. The T has a $700 million funding gap, and the task forces job was finding ways to rectify that, which put congestion pricing back on the table.Congestion pricing was subsequently endorsed by Boston Mayor Michelle Wu after Healeys announcement, although Wu has concerns thanks to shaky MBTA leadership. Boston City Councilor At-Large Ruthzee Louijeune is also a strong proponent of congestion pricing. In response, Boston Herald pundits dismissed the idea as woke after Wus endorsement, much like what Joe Borelli did in New York.Borelli, a New York City Councilmember from Staten Island, has fought hard against congestion pricing, and continues to fight it hard. (But not as hard as Vickie Paladino, a Queens lawmaker who recently encouraged people to sabotage congestion pricing by aiming lasers at the sensor boxes.) New York conservatives have opined against congestion pricing for the supposed hardship it would mean for motorists. Dempsey however disagrees, and believes motorists have much to gain from the system. Anyone who drives into the city for work actually stands to benefit the most from congestion pricing, Dempsey told AN. Because congestion pricing creates much more predictability in your commute as a motorist. It can literally shave hours from your drive, giving you more time at home and with family.Flynn recognizes the need for reducing traffic but doesnt think congestion pricing is the right solution. Instead of a fee on our drivers I think its critical we invest in a more reliable public transit system, Flynn said, and increase bus routes and frequency to incentivize people to take transit.How Will It Work?On January 14, Governor Healey released a landmark $8-billion transportation plan which is meant to stabilize the MBTAs troubled finances and supercharge other transportation investments. Transit advocates had long awaited the plan because, previously, Healey said she may include resources in the budget for planners to study congestion pricings implementation in Boston, although the eventual budget inevitably had no such language.Like New York, it seems that constraints at the state level hinder congestion pricings employment in Massachusetts. In many ways, Boston could easily copy New York Citys playbook, Dempsey said, precisely because both cities are tightly governed at the state level, but there would need to be some differences in approach.Dempsey noted that there are two types of congestion pricing: Theres whats called cordon pricing and corridor pricing. Cordon pricing is what New York implemented, where 60th Street became a line, or a cordon, where tolls are extracted using sensor boxes (designed by Dattner Architects). Corridor pricing is a bit different, Dempsey said, and is probably the kind of system that would work best in Boston, which has a different urban layout than New York. Corridor pricing would mean sensor boxes installed above lanes on key arteries which feed into Bostons CBD like the Tobin Bridge, as opposed to a line like Manhattans 60th Street, although Dempsey said the project isnt advanced enough yet to know what the boundary would be, or where exactly the tolls should go.Moreover, Bostons subway system isnt as robust as say New Yorks, so instead of moving people onto trains, many Boston commuters would take bus service to avoid tolls. The added revenue congestion pricing unlocks could help Mayor Wu expand her fare-free bus pilot program, which is currently underway in Roxbury, among other benefits. Urban design aside, however, political bottlenecks are the real issue at hand.View of downtown Boston (SounderBruce/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 4.0)As a planning consultant, I can confidently say Mayor Wu is the best transportation mayor in the entire country, Dempsey said. She is a transit rider herself, and she understands how important transportation is for equity. But ultimately, I do really think that this is going to require state leadership. Because today, the city does not have the power to do tolling itself, right? And so the state, at a minimum, would have to give the city power to do this. And I just dont see that happening right now. Nevertheless, Dempsey remains optimistic. I get why people are skeptical in Greater Boston, Dempsey said, but polls show that approval for congestion pricing is always very low before its implemented, just like what we saw in New York. Dempsey pointed to a similar instance that occurred in Stockholm when the Swedish government held a referendum on keeping congestion pricingthe public voted overwhelmingly to retain it because of the capital improvements it untapped, and better commutes.For now, it seems as though congestion pricing is on the Massachusetts Governors backburner, but that could change after a positive phone call with the New York Governor. So for many, now is a good time to start thinking about congestion pricings feasibility in Boston, and whether or not its a good fit. The Massachusetts Governor is waiting to see what happens in New York, Dempsey said, and to gauge the political temperature from Governor Hochul.
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