What just happened? The Hanover Administrative Court has issued a ruling that sharpens digital privacy protections in Germany. The decision requires websites to offer users a clear, easy, and genuine choice on cookie consent. Manipulative consent banners that push users toward accepting cookies are not just unfair – they violate German and European data protection laws. Lower Saxony Data Protection Officer Denis Lehmkemper has won a legal battle in his push for fairer digital privacy practices in Germany. The Hanover Administrative Court ruled that websites must display a clearly visible "reject all" button on cookie banners if they offer an "accept all" option. The recently unsealed March 19 decision aims to curb manipulative designs that pressure users into consenting to cookies and reinforces the principle that users deserve a clear, genuine choice. The case that led to this landmark decision centered on the Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung (NOZ), a major media company in Lower Saxony. Lehmkemper's office ordered NOZ to redesign its cookie banner, arguing it failed to obtain valid, informed, and voluntary user consent before placing cookies and processing personal data. NOZ challenged the order, insisting its consent process was effective, did not involve personal data processing, and that cookie compliance was outside the data protection authority's jurisdiction. After reviewing the case, the court sided with the data protection authority. Judges ruled that NOZ's cookie banner made rejecting cookies significantly harder than accepting them. Users faced repeated consent prompts, and the banner's language – such as the headline "optimal user experience" and the "accept and close" button – misled users. It omitted any mention of the word "consent," and buried information about third-party partners and cross-border data transfers behind scrolling. The court concluded that NOZ failed to obtain the informed, voluntary, and unambiguous consent required under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It ruled that consent secured through manipulative design is invalid, violating both the Telecommunications Digital Services Data Protection Act and the GDPR. The judgment reinforces that websites must not nudge users into agreeing to cookies or make refusal unnecessarily difficult. Instead, the option to reject all must be as prominent and accessible as "accept all." Lehmkemper welcomed the court's ruling, hoping it would set a precedent for other website operators. He acknowledged that many find cookie banners frustrating but emphasized their importance in safeguarding online privacy. The decision should prompt more providers to adopt consent solutions that comply with data protection standards. // Related Stories Recent audits by data protection authorities, such as the Bavarian State Office for Data Protection Supervision, found many websites still use cookie banners that fall short of legal standards, often making it easier to accept cookies than to reject them. The Hanover court's ruling should push website operators to improve consent mechanisms and uphold online privacy rights.

Over the past few weeks, a once-obscure manga has been making headlines in Japan and overseas. In “The Future I Saw” (Watashi ga Mita Mirai), author Ryo Tatsuki claims that Japan will be hit by a massive natural disaster in July 2025. This prediction has been cited as a reason some holiday-makers are abandoning their summer plans to travel to Japan, and has exploded across Japanese social media platforms. Why are some people apparently believing Tatsuki’s predictions? And how has an upcoming Japanese horror movie become mixed up in this panic?Ryo Tatsuki’s manga “The Future I Saw” was first published in 1999. It features Tatsuki as a character and is based on the dream diaries she has been keeping since 1985. The cover of the 1999 edition shows Tatsuki’s character with a hand up to one eye, the postcards above her head referencing various “visions” she claims to have seen. One of them reads “March 2011: A Great Disaster.” After the devastating Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami which hit Japan in March 2011, Tatsuki’s manga was rediscovered, with the resulting attention causing copies of the out-of-print book to command high prices on auction sites.People pray as they take part in a minute's silence to remember the victims on the 14th anniversary of the 2011 earthquake, tsunami and nuclear disaster. Photo by STR/JIJI PRESS/AFP via Getty Images.In 2021, a newer version of Tatsuki’s manga was published, “The Future I Saw: Complete Edition.” In this printing, Tatsuki added another premonition: that in July 2025 an even bigger natural disaster will occur. According to her, a tsunami triple the size of the March 2011 one will hit Japan. With Tatsuki’s previous prediction about March 2011 being “right,” information about her July 2025 forewarning quickly spread across social media in Japan.As reported by other media outlets, it seems that Tatsuki’s July 2025 prediction may have also caused some superstitious people to avoid travelling to Japan this summer. However the scale of this drop in numbers is unclear and seems to be most prominent in Hong Kong, where the manga is available in translation. According to the Sankei Shimbun and CNN, Hong Kong based fortune-teller and TV personality Master Seven has added to Tatsuki’s prediction, claiming that Japan’s earthquake risk will be higher between June and August this year.Japan’s domestic TV reporting on this has centred on Hong Kong-based airlines’ responses to these premonitions. As reported by ANN News and other TV stations earlier this month, Hong Kong Airlines has cancelled its three weekly flights to the Japanese city of Sendai, which was greatly impacted by the March 2011 earthquake. Likewise, Greater Bay Airlines is reducing its direct flights from Hong Kong to the Japanese cities of Sendai and Tokushima between May and October, citing a sudden decline in demand for travel to Japan. Proposed reasons for this include the July disaster predictions and growing economic uncertainty. In a press conference at the end of April, Yoshihiro Murai, the governor of Miyagi Prefecture (where Sendai is located) commented on the “unscientific foundations” of the disaster predictions spreading on social media and urged holiday-makers to ignore them.Naturally, this increased mainstream media coverage of “The Future I Saw” and its alleged impact on tourism has brought the manga into the spotlight again. On May 23, it was reported that the Complete Edition has sold over 1 million copies. This increased interest also coincides with an upcoming movie called “July 5 2025, 4:18 AM," which starts screening in Japanese theaters on June 27. Strange things start happening to the main character in the movie, who has her birthday on July 5, and the film uses the July 2025 earthquake prediction from “The Future I Saw” as inspiration. All this media coverage of the manga and its disaster prediction are likely helping draw attention to the film.However, some of the Japanese social media discourse and video content created about Tatsuki’s premonition misreport that the movie title refers to the date that the disaster is predicted to happen, and blend scientific information about earthquakes with alarmist warnings. This caused the publisher Asuka Shinsha to issue a clarifying statement: “We would like to emphasize once again that the author (Tatsuki) did not refer to the specific date and time mentioned in the movie title. We would appreciate it if people could take care not to be misled by fragmented information in the press and on social media etc.”From earthquakes and tsunamis to floods and landslides, natural disasters frequently occur in Japan. Although it may be unscientific, Tatsuki’s premonition and its coverage taps into a bigger, science-backed fear. According to seismologists, there’s a 70-80% chance that a Nankai Trough megaquake will hit Japan in the next 30 years (sources: Asahi News, Kobe University). This has also been back in the Japanese news again this year, as the government published revisions to its projected death toll for such a quake at the end of March 2025. A Nankai Trough megaquake could hit a huge area of Japan, impacting many major cities and resulting in around 300,000 fatalities. It also has the potential to generate huge tsunamis, hence why fear-stirring posts and content combine Tatsuki’s premonition with scientific estimates about worst-case scenario Nankai Trough quakes. However, it is currently not possible to accurately predict the exact date and location of a major earthquake and tsunami ahead of time- and the Japan Meteorological Agency refers to such predictions as “hoaxes” on its homepage. It seems that with Japan being such a natural disaster-prone country, Tatsuki may have gotten lucky with her March 2011 premonition matching up.Over the past few weeks, many Japanese-speaking commenters on X have been critical of the media coverage and panic surrounding Tatsuki’s prediction. “It’s stupid to believe in disaster predictions from a manga. The Nankai Trough quake could happen today or tomorrow.” said one user. Tatsuki herself has responded to the attention, saying that while she is pleased if interest in her manga has increased peoples’ disaster preparedness, she urges people not to be “overly influenced” by her premonition and to “act appropriately based on expert opinions” (Mainichi Shimbun).Photo by STR/JIJI PRESS/AFP via Getty Images.Verity Townsend is a Japan-based freelance writer who previously served as editor, contributor and translator for the game news site Automaton West. She has also written about Japanese culture and movies for various publications.

A five-year court battle between tech titans Apple and Epic Games may finally be coming to a close.After months of explosive back-and-forth that went as high as the Supreme Court, Apple has reinstated Epic Games' landmark game, Fortnite, back onto its App Store.Fortnite — a free-to-play game which makes money from gamers spending cash on flashy cosmetics — began prompting users to bypass Apple's iOS payment system and pay Epic directly back in August, 2020. The move helped Epic get around Apple's 30 percent fee, a flat tax it charged all developers for selling on the App Store.Apple didn't like that, as Fortnite had over 116 million downloads through the App Store at the time. Apple argued Epic's payment portal violated the App Store's terms of service, and took the massively popular game off its platform.In response, Epic filed suit against Apple on antitrust grounds, launching an admittedly corny "Free Fortnite" campaign, which nonetheless posed a serious question: does Apple have the right to restrict developers' access to the billions of devices that exclusively use the iOS App Store?It's a question that took years to answer, and more twists and turns than a viral Fortnite dance. Apple countersued Epic, seeking damages from Epic's terms of service violation. In September 2021, Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers issued a split decision, ruling with Apple on nine of ten counts, but awarding Epic a crucial injunction ordering Apple to allow apps to link to external payment platforms.Notably, Gonzalez Rogers found that Apple wasn't a monopoly, but rather a duopoly alongside Google, which was engaged in a similar legal battle with Epic over the Google Play store. She likewise ordered Epic to pay Apple $3.6 million in damages.Unhappy with the decision, both companies appealed, eventually escalating the issue to the Supreme Court, which declined to hear either appeal. Forced to allow developers to bypass Apple Pay, the company begrudgingly complied, but with on caveat. Apple now required developers to fork over 27 percent of the revenue made this way within 7 days of each transaction — a tactic known as malicious compliance.That, of course, spawned another series of lawsuits in March 2024, as Epic vowed to continue the fight and prove that Apple was acting in bad faith.Though Apple put on a cooperative face as the next phase kicked off, it would later emerge that the company's execs withheld documents, delayed proceedings, misled the court, and lied under oath.On the final day of that trial, Epic introduced a series of messages between senior PR executives at Apple, showing the tech giant's frustration at having to follow the law."How is this still going," wrote Apple corporate communications worker Hannah Smith during an earlier day of trial."I have no idea. I am stunned," replied Marni Goldberg, Apple's director of public affairs, and former press secretary for Senator Joe Manchin. "It's our F****ING STORE," she roared in a message minutes later. "This is very much pissing me off."Now knowing exactly who she was dealing with, Judge Gonzalez Rogers issued her scathing ruling on April 30, 2025, finding Apple "in willful violation" of the court's earlier decisions."In stark contrast to Apple’s initial in-court testimony... documents reveal that Apple knew exactly what it was doing and at every turn chose the most anticompetitive option," Gonzalez Rogers wrote."To hide the truth, Vice-President of Finance, Alex Roman, outright lied under oath," the judge found. Though Roman testified that Apple decided on the 27 percent fee in January 2024 — a split-second decision made after the Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal — other records prove the tech giant was plotting it as early as July 2023.The ruling found that the decision to ignore the injunction went as high as Apple CEO Tim Cook, who ignored advice to follow the court's decision, and instead went with his "finance team," which convinced him to go through with the 27 percent fee.  As Gonzalez Rogers wrote: "Cook choseSomehow, that wasn't enough hot water. After the April 30 decision, Apple began quickly approving updates to apps linking to third-party payment platforms, according to antitrust journalist Matt Stoller. However, there was one exception: Epic's Fortnite, which Apple had "determined not to take action on the Fortnite app submission" until after all lingering legal appeals were done.Presumably at her wit's end, Gonzalez Rogers issued a brutal one-page order, demanding Apple either make amends with Epic, or else sacrifice an Apple executive to the full wrath of the law."Obviously, Apple is fully capable of resolving this issue without further briefing or a hearing," the judge raged. "However, if the parties do not file a joint notice that this issue is resolved, and this Court’s intervention is required, the Apple official who is personally responsible for ensuring compliance shall personally appear at the hearing."Within a day of that final order, Apple folded, and has officially allowed Fortnite back on the app store (it's now estimated that the five year legal battle cost Apple $1 billion in lost revenue and legal fees.) Though the appeals battle still rages with Google, this one's a major win for software developers, publishers, and phone gamers everywhere.More on Apple: Tim Cook Has a Strange ObsessionShare This Article

A lawsuit against Google and companion chatbot service Character AI — which is accused of contributing to the death of a teenager — can move forward, ruled a Florida judge. In a decision filed today, Judge Anne Conway said that an attempted First Amendment defense wasn’t enough to get the lawsuit thrown out. Conway determined that, despite some similarities to videogames and other expressive mediums, she is “not prepared to hold that Character AI’s output is speech.”The ruling is a relatively early indicator of the kinds of treatment that AI language models could receive in court. It stems from a suit filed by the family of Sewell Setzer III, a 14-year-old who died by suicide after allegedly becoming obsessed with a chatbot that encouraged his suicidal ideation. Character AI and Google (which is closely tied to the chatbot company) argued that the service is akin to talking with a video game non-player character or joining a social network, something that would grant it the expansive legal protections that the First Amendment offers and likely dramatically lower a liability lawsuit’s chances of success. Conway, however, was skeptical.While the companies “rest their conclusion primarily on analogy” with those examples, they “do not meaningfully advance their analogies,” the judge said. The court’s decision “does not turn on whether Character AI is similar to other mediums that have received First Amendment protections; rather, the decision turns on how Character AI is similar to the other mediums” — in other words whether Character AI is similar to things like video games because it, too, communicates ideas that would count as speech. Those similarities will be debated as the case proceeds.While Google doesn’t own Character AI, it will remain a defendant in the suit thanks to its links with the company and product; the company’s founders Noam Shazeer and Daniel De Freitas, who are separately included in the suit, worked on the platform as Google employees before leaving to launch it and were later rehired there. Character AI is also facing a separate lawsuit alleging it harmed another young user’s mental health, and a handful of state lawmakers have pushed regulation for “companion chatbots” that simulate relationships with users — including one bill, the LEAD Act, that would prohibit them for children’s use in California. If passed, the rules are likely to be fought in court at least partially based on companion chatbots’ First Amendment status.This case’s outcome will depend largely on whether Character AI is legally a “product” that is harmfully defective. The ruling notes that “courts generally do not categorize ideas, images, information, words, expressions, or concepts as products,” including many conventional video games — it cites, for instance, a ruling that found Mortal Kombat’s producers couldn’t be held liable for “addicting” players and inspiring them to kill. (The Character AI suit also accuses the platform of addictive design.) Systems like Character AI, however, aren’t authored as directly as most videogame character dialogue; instead, they produce automated text that’s determined heavily by reacting to and mirroring user inputs.“These are genuinely tough issues and new ones that courts are going to have to deal with.”Conway also noted that the plaintiffs took Character AI to task for failing to confirm users’ ages and not letting users meaningfully “exclude indecent content,” among other allegedly defective features that go beyond direct interactions with the chatbots themselves.Beyond discussing the platform’s First Amendment protections, the judge allowed Setzer’s family to proceed with claims of deceptive trade practices, including that the company “misled users to believe Character AI Characters were real persons, some of which were licensed mental health professionals” and that Setzer was “aggrieved by [Character AI’s] anthropomorphic design decisions.” (Character AI bots will often describe themselves as real people in text, despite a warning to the contrary in its interface, and therapy bots are common on the platform.) She also allowed a claim that Character AI negligently violated a rule meant to prevent adults from communicating sexually with minors online, saying the complaint “highlights several interactions of a sexual nature between Sewell and Character AI Characters.” Character AI has said it’s implemented additional safeguards since Setzer’s death, including a more heavily guardrailed model for teens.Becca Branum, deputy director of the Center for Democracy and Technology’s Free Expression Project, called the judge’s First Amendment analysis “pretty thin” — though, since it’s a very preliminary decision, there’s lots of room for future debate. “If we’re thinking about the whole realm of things that could be output by AI, those types of chatbot outputs are themselves quite expressive, [and] also reflect the editorial discretion and protected expression of the model designer,” Branum told The Verge. But “in everyone’s defense, this stuff is really novel,” she added. “These are genuinely tough issues and new ones that courts are going to have to deal with.”See More:

When it comes to efficiently detecting memory issues and optimizing performance, the information shown on the Memory Profiler, as well as the information’s precision, is key. We’re investing significant effort in this area. In two recent blogs, members of my team introduced Memory Profiler 1.0.0 and shared five key workflows to diagnose and examine memory-related issues in your game.Soon, we will be releasing Memory Profiler 1.1 (an experimental version is available now), which includes updated labels and descriptions to explain how memory works and how application memory footprint is calculated.Since memory footprint continues to be a hot topic in our conversations with developers, I’m here to answer your frequently asked questions – specifically, to cover these three topics:What resident memory isHow application memory footprint is calculatedHow to analyze memory footprintLet’s drill into memory allocation in Unity. When the engine allocates memory, it first reserves multiple memory pages in the virtual address space that can fit the requested allocation. Pages are the smallest units of memory management. Virtual address space and physical storage are each organized into pages, and the page size depends on the platform used. For example, on x86 computers a page size is 4 KB.After the engine has reserved enough pages, it asks the operating system (OS) to “commit” physical storage to memory. This is why allocated memory is often referred to as “committed.” Next, the OS registers that the pages now have physical storage assigned and they can be accessed. Your application-reported “total committed memory” will then increase. However, the physical memory footprint of your application stays the same.The footprint stays the same because, even though you’ve committed your region to physical storage, most OSs are lazy and thrifty, so there’s no assignment of a specific physical storage location. As an example, let’s say you decide to write something in the committed region. There is not yet any physical memory underneath the region, so accessing it will incur a page fault. In response, the OS’s memory manager will allocate a previously available physical page in order to complete your operation. Because all operations are performed with page-size granularity, unaccessed pages of the region will remain empty and without physical memory assigned. Similarly, your application’s resident memory size will increase by the total size of all physical memory pages allocated to complete your operation.If a page has not been accessed for a while or demand for physical memory is high, an OS might offload some pages from your allocated region either to compressed memory or a page swap file, depending on what is supported on your platform.In this case, your application’s reported allocated memory will stay the same but resident memory size will decrease.As you might have already realized, if you only look at allocated memory you may be misled by which allocation consumes your physical memory, which can trick you into optimizing something that isn’t a problem. Not only does this waste your valuable time, you don’t see any difference in your application performance and stability.Overall, your application memory state can be described by this diagram:In summary, here’s how the memory footprint is calculated:Physical memory footprint = Application resident memory + Application compressed memory pagesIn Memory Profiler 1.1, the Summary, Unity Objects, and All Of Memory views will not only show Allocated memory size but also provide information about Resident memory. However, this information will only be shown if the Memory Profiler snapshot is made with Unity 2023.1 or newer. With older snapshots, you’ll still see updated UI and breakdown views, but without information on Resident memory.TheSummary view provides a general overview and an essential metric: Total Resident on Device. If your application needs to run on a platform with limited memory, Total Resident on Device is critical for reviewing low memory warnings and out-of-memory evictions. As a rule of thumb, you shouldn’t go over 70% of the total physical memory available on a device.For detailed analysis, you can use Unity Objects andAll of Memory views. You’ll need to select Resident on Device or Allocated and Resident on Device from the dropdown menu and sort by Resident size to see objects that contribute most to the total physical memory used.When analyzing resident memory usage, remember:Managed memory will be dominantly resident. Mono Heap and Boehm Garbage Collector regularly access objects and make them resident.Graphics memory (estimated) is shown as estimated. On most platforms, we don’t have access to information on the exact whereabouts of the graphics resources, so we estimate size based on available information like width, height, depth, pixel format, and so on. This also means we don’t have information about graphics resources’ residency status. For usability reasons, all graphics objects are shown only in the Allocated view mode.Untracked is all memory reported by the OS as allocated by the application, but which lacks solid information on the source of the allocation. It could be native plugins, OS libraries, thread stacks, etc. On some platforms, we provide additional insights into who might have allocated that memory in the group breakdown.When analyzing Native memory, which contains all Unity non-managed allocations used by objects, you’ll see the Reserved memory item. This is memory allocated by Unity Memory Manager but not used by any Unity object during capture. Here’s some helpful information:Reserved memory can be resident, which means that there might have been an object that was recently deleted.You can access additional information about Reserved breakdown by going to the Memory Profiler settings and enabling the “Show reserved memory breakdown” checkbox. By default, this is disabled, as Reserved breakdown doesn’t always contain enough actionable information and requires a deep understanding of how Unity Memory Manager works.You can learn more about Unity Memory Manager and allocation strategies in the allocators setup documentation.On some platforms, we show additional platform-specific groups if they’re of significant size, like Android Runtime on Android. Here are some notes on Android Runtime:On some versions, Android Runtime tends to preallocate a significant amount of memory but never use it. In that case, allocated memory doesn’t add to the application memory footprint and only the resident part of it needs to be considered.If the Android Runtime resident part is taking up a significant amount of the application memory footprint, use the Android Studio profiler to analyze allocations done in Java.Although Android doesn’t have a page file or memory compression by default, the Linux kernel allows applications to overcommit and allocate more memory than is physically available.When capturing, make sure you understand the device you’re using. Some vendors supply the Android Linux kernel with memory compression (zRAM) or vendor-custom page swap file tools.We hope this overview of what to expect in Memory Profiler 1.1 (experimental version available now) and exploration of various topics around memory footprint have been helpful.My team and I plan to continue improving the Memory Profiler to provide more precise and targeted information, as well as warn you about potential out-of-memory situations and how close they might be. Follow the progress on our product roadmap and tell us what you think.Share your feedback with us in the forums. Be sure to watch for new technical blogs from other Unity developers as part of the ongoing Tech from the Trenches series.

A conservation program in Kenya that tech companies like Netflix and Meta rely on for carbon credits is in conflict with local herders, according to a report from The Wall Street Journal. The issue led to the program run by The Northern Kenya Rangelands Carbon Project to be put on hold, and could ultimately invalidate credits the organization has already sold. This specific carbon capture program uses grass spread across 4.7 million acres of land communally owned by groups like the Maasai, to trap carbon in the soil. The project gets to use the land, and in exchange, the herders get a portion of the revenue from carbon credit sales. The issue that's put the whole program at risk is a conflict over the herders' farming practices. The local agricultural community has used the same grazing techniques for generations without issue, but the Northern Kenya Rangelands Carbon Project wants them to "rotate livestock grazing so grasses can recover and lock more carbon into the soil," The Wall Street Journal writes. Some herders frustrated with the rules have gone as far as to claim that they were misled when they originally agreed to participate in the conservation program. Many tech companies rely on purchasing carbon credits to help offset the negative environmental impacts of rapid technological development. You don't get to run servers streaming movies or training AI models 24 hours a day without consuming a lot of electricity and water. Carbon offset projects plant trees or run agricultural programs like the one in Kenya to pull carbon from the atmosphere, selling credits to companies to absolve them of their sins.  Clearly, these carbon projects haven't always been actually beneficial for the people who live on the land they impact. The Wall Street Journal report is worth a read and gets into what the fallout of all of this could be, but at the very least, tech companies' branding themselves as "carbon neutral" seems like its going to get trickier.This article originally appeared on Engadget at https://www.engadget.com/big-tech/one-of-the-tech-industrys-sources-of-carbon-credits-is-in-conflict-with-kenyan-herders-201056081.html?src=rss

During an excavation, amidst the Patagonian winds and hard rock, a fossil began to turn green. It was an unexpected reaction: the adhesive applied to protect the bones, fragile after millions of years beneath the ice, had interacted with plant matter trapped in the rock’s cracks. This greenish hue earned the fossil the nickname Fiona, like the ogre from Shrek.But Fionais much more than a ogre-themed name. It is the first complete ichthyosaur ever excavated in Chile and, even more remarkably, the only known pregnant female from the Hauterivian — a stage of the Early Cretaceous dating back 131 million years. Her skeleton, discovered at the edge of the Tyndall Glacier in Torres del Paine National Park — an area increasingly exposed by glacial retreat — belongs to the species Myobradypterygius hauthali, originally described in Argentina from fragmentary remains.The discovery, led by Judith Pardo-Pérez, a researcher at the University of Magallanes and the Cabo de Hornos International Center (CHIC), and published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, offers an unprecedented glimpse into ancient marine life — from how these majestic reptiles reproduced to how they adapted to oceans vastly different from those of today.An Ichthyosaur Maternity Ward in Patagonia(Image Courtesy of Irene Viscor)So far, 88 ichthyosaurs have been found on the Tyndall Glacier. Most of them are adults and newborns. Two key facts stand out: food was abundant, and no other predators were competing with them.Fiona, who measures nearly 13 feet long, is still encased in five blocks of rock. Despite the challenge, she was transported to a local clinic, where CT scans allowed researchers to study her skull and body. Her species was identified thanks to one of her fins. “There’s no other like it in the world,” says Pardo-Pérez. The limbs were remarkably elongated, suggesting this animal was built for long-distance swimming.Inside her, there were more surprises. One of them was her stomach contents, which revealed what may have been her last meal: tiny fish vertebrae. But the most striking find was a fetus, about 20 inches long, already in a position to be born.“We believe these animals came to Magallanes — the southern tip of Chilean Patagonia — from time to time to give birth, because it was a safe refuge,” Pardo-Pérez says. “We don't know how long they stayed, but we do know that mortality was high during the first few days of life.”One of the big unanswered questions is where they went next, as there are no records of Myobradypterygius hauthali, apart from a piece of fin found in Argentina. The most abundant remains come from southern Germany, but those date back to the Jurassic period, meaning they’re older.Palaeontologist Erin Maxwell suggests, “In many modern ecosystems, species migrate to higher latitudes during the summer to take advantage of seasonally abundant resources and then move to lower latitudes in winter to avoid harsh conditions,” she explains. “We believe Mesozoic marine reptiles may have followed similar seasonal patterns.”Sea Dragon GraveyardThe environment where Fiona was discovered — dubbed the "sea dragon graveyard" — also has much to reveal.According to geologist Matthew Malkowski of the University of Texas at Austin, the Hauterivian age is particularly intriguing because it coincided with major planetary changes: the breakup of continents, intense volcanic episodes, and phenomena known as "oceanic anoxic events," during which vast areas of the ocean were depleted of dissolved oxygen for hundreds of thousands of years.One such poorly understood event, the Pharaonic Anoxic Event, occurred around 131 million years ago, near the end of the Hauterivian, and still raises questions about its true impact on marine life. “We don't have a firm grasp of how significant these events were for marine vertebrates, and geological records like that of the Tyndall Glacier allow us to explore the relationship between life, the environment, and Earth’s past conditions,” Malkowski notes.Evolution of IchthyosaursReconstruction of Fiona. (Image Courtesy of Mauricio Álvarez)Don't be misled by their body shape. “Ichthyosaurs are not related to dolphins,” clarifies Pardo-Pérez. Although their hydrodynamic silhouettes may look nearly identical, the former were marine reptiles, while the latter are mammals. This resemblance results from a phenomenon known as convergent evolution: when species from different lineages develop similar anatomical features to adapt to the same environment.Ichthyosaurs evolved from terrestrial reptiles that, in response to ecological and climatic changes, began spending more time in the water until they fully adapted to a marine lifestyle. However, they retained traces of their land-dwelling ancestry, such as a pair of hind flippers — absent in dolphins — passed down from their walking forebears. They lived and thrived in prehistoric oceans for about 180 million years, giving them ample time to refine a highly specialized body: their forelimbs and hindlimbs transformed into flippers; they developed a crescent-shaped tail for propulsion, a dorsal fin for stability, and a streamlined body to reduce drag in the water. Remarkably, like whales and dolphins, “ichthyosaurs had a thick layer of blubber as insulation to maintain a higher body temperature than the surrounding seawater and gave birth to live young, which meant they didn’t need to leave the water to reproduce,” explains Maxwell.Whales and dolphins also descend from land-dwelling ancestors, but their transition happened over a comparatively short evolutionary timespan, especially when measured against the long reign of the ichthyosaurs. “Their evolution hasn't had as much time as that of ichthyosaurs,” notes Pardo-Pérez. “And yet, they look so similar. That’s the wonderful thing about evolution.”Read More: Did a Swimming Reptile Predate the Dinosaurs?Fossils on the Verge of DisappearanceOne of the key factors behind the remarkable preservation of the fossils found in the Tyndall Glacier is the way they were buried. According to Malkowski, Fiona and her contemporaries were either trapped or swiftly covered by underwater landslides and turbidity currents — geological processes that led to their sudden entombment.But the good fortune that protected them for millions of years may now be running out. As the glacier retreats, exposing fossils that were once unreachable, those same remains are now vulnerable to wind, rain, and freeze-thaw cycles, which crack the surrounding rock. As vegetation takes hold, roots accelerate erosion and eventually conceal the fossils once again.“While climate change has allowed these fossils to be studied, continued warming will also eventually lead to their loss,” Maxwell warns. In Fiona’s story, scientists find not only a record of ancient life, but also a warning etched in stone and bone: what time reveals, climate can reclaim.Article SourcesOur writers at Discovermagazine.com use peer-reviewed studies and high-quality sources for our articles, and our editors review for scientific accuracy and editorial standards. Review the sources used below for this article:María de los Ángeles Orfila is a science journalist based in Montevideo, Uruguay, focusing on long-form storytelling. Her work has appeared in Discover Magazine, Science, National Geographic, among other outlets, and in leading Uruguayan publications such as El País and El Observador. She was a fellow in the 2023 Sharon Dunwoody Mentoring Program by The Open Notebook and often explores the intersections of science, culture, and Latin American identity.

Job offer scams have increased dramatically over the past few years, with the Federal Trade Commission stating that financial losses suffered by victims increased from $90M in 2020 to half a trillion dollars last year … Deepfake videos are increasingly common, but while scammers are using hi-tech AI methods, you can use some very low-tech safeguards to protect yourself. Job offer scams are usually geared toward identity theft. You’ll receive an approach, often through a legitimate-looking LinkedIn profile, offering you an interview. At some point during the fake hiring process, you’ll be asked to verify your ID using something like your driving license, and that will then be used to take out credit cards and loans in your name. There are companies out there fighting AI-powered scams with AI-powered detection software, but a Wired piece says that a lot of people are turning toward much simpler forms of verification. Some corporate professionals are turning instead to old-fashioned social engineering techniques to verify every fishy-seeming interaction they have. Welcome to the Age of Paranoia, when someone might ask you to send them an email while you’re mid-conversation on the phone, slide into your Instagram DMs to ensure the LinkedIn message you sent was really from you, or request you text a selfie with a time stamp, proving you are who you claim to be. Some colleagues say they even share code words with each other, so they have a way to ensure they’re not being misled if an encounter feels off. Experts say that simple methods like this can be very effective, and both recruiters and candidates alike are using them. For example, in a genuine interview you might be asked a series of seemingly-random questions like your favorite local coffee shop – a simple test to see whether you do really live in the city shown on your résumé. Another step either side can take is to ask the other person to use their phone camera to take a live photo of the laptop being used for the call. This will reveal whether it’s real or running deepfake software. 9to5Mac’s Take Deepfake video tech in particular makes it easier than ever for a scammer to convincingly impersonate a friend, family member, or anyone else. If you receive an unexpected request for help, especially anything involving money, always use another method to contact them to verify. A growing number of people are agreeing codewords to be used by family members if they really are in trouble. Unsolicited approaches from recruiters may be genuine, but should definitely put you on full alert. Always contact a company’s HR department independently via the contact number on their website to verify an approach or offer is real before supplying any personal data. Photo by Chris Montgomery on Unsplash Add 9to5Mac to your Google News feed.  FTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. More.You’re reading 9to5Mac — experts who break news about Apple and its surrounding ecosystem, day after day. Be sure to check out our homepage for all the latest news, and follow 9to5Mac on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn to stay in the loop. Don’t know where to start? Check out our exclusive stories, reviews, how-tos, and subscribe to our YouTube channel